Shielding effect of anethole against arsenic induced genotoxicity in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes and effect of GSTO1 polymorphism

S100P is a core gene for diagnosing and predicting the prognosis of sepsis

Sepsis, characterized as a severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome, typically originates from an exaggerated immune response to infection that gives rise to organ dysfunction. Serving as one of the predominant causes of death among critically ill patients, it's pressing to acquire an in-depth understanding of its intricate pathological mechanisms to strengthen diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. By integrating genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data across multiple biological levels, multi-omics research analysis has emerged as a crucial tool for unveiling the complex interactions within biological systems and unraveling disease mechanisms in recent years. Samples were collected from 23 cases of sepsis patients and 10 healthy volunteers from January 2019 to December 2020. The protein components in the samples were explored by independent data acquisition (DIA) analysis method, while Circular RNA (circRNA) categories were usually identified by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology. Subsequent to the above steps, data quality monitoring was performed by employing software, and unqualified sequences were excluded, and conditions were set for differential expression network analysis (protein group and circRNA group were separately used log2 |FC|≥ 1 and log2 |FC|≥ 2, P < 0.050). Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis were performed on common differentially expressed proteins, followed by protein-protein interaction between common differentially expressed genes and cytoscape software enrichment analysis, and subsequently its association with associated diseases (Disease Ontology (DO)) was investigated in an all-round manner. Afterwards, the distribution distinction of common differentially expressed genes in sepsis group and healthy volunteer group was displayed by heat map after Meta-analysis. Subsequent to the above procedures, pivotal targets with noticeable survival curve distinctions in two states were screened out after Meta-analysis. At last, their potential value was verified by in vitro cell experiment, which provided reference for further discussion of the diagnostic value and prognostic effect of target gene. A total of 174 DEPs and 308 DEcircRNAs were identified in the proteomics analysis, while a total of 12 common differentially expressed genes were identified after joint analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network suggested the degree of interaction between the dissimilar genes, and the heat map demonstrated their specific distribution in distinct groups. Through enrichment analysis, these proteins predominantly participated in a sequence of crucial processes such as intracellular material synthesis and secretion, changes in inflammatory receptors and immune inflammatory response. The meta-analysis identified that S100P is highly expressed in sepsis. As illustrated by the ROC curve, this gene has high clinical diagnostic value, and utimately confirmed its expression in sepsis through in vitro cell experiments. In these two groups of healthy people and septic patients, S100P demonstrated a more obvious trend of differential expression; Cell experiments also proved its value in diagnosis and prognosis judgment in sepsis; As a result, they may become diagnostic and prognostic markers for sepsis in clinical practice.

Guidance for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring anti-genotoxicity

Since DNA damage can occur spontaneously or be produced by the environmental genotoxins in living cells, it is important to investigate compounds that can reverse or protect DNA damage. An appropriate methodology is essential for the responsive identification of protection offered against DNA damage. This review includes information on the current state of knowledge on prokaryotic cell-based assays (SOS chromotest, umu test, vitotox assay) and cytogenetic techniques (micronucleus assay, chromosome aberration test and sister chromatid exchange assay) with an emphasis on the possibility to explore genoprotective compounds. Throughout the last decade, studies have extrapolated the scientific methodologies utilized for genotoxicity to assess genoprotective compounds. Therefore, shortcomings of genotoxicity studies are also mirrored in antigenotoxicity studies. While regulatory authorities around the world (OECD, US-EPA and ICH) continue to update diverse genotoxic assay strategies, there are still no clear guidelines/approaches for efficient experimental design to screen genoprotective compounds. As a consequence, non-synergetic and inconsistent implementation of the test method by the researchers to execute such simulations has been adopted, which inevitably results in unreliable findings. The review has made the first attempt to collect various facets of experimentally verified approaches for evaluating genoprotective compounds, as well as to acknowledge potential significance and constraints, and further focus on the assessment of end points which are required to validate such action. Henceforth, the review makes an incredible commitment by permitting readers to equate several components of their test arrangement with the provided simplified information, allowing the selection of convenient technique for the predefined compound from a central repository.

Subcellular Organelle Toxicity Caused by Arsenic Nanoparticles in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes

BACKGROUND

Arsenic, an environmental pollutant, is a carcinogenic metalloid and also an anticancer agent.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the toxicity of arsenic nanoparticles in rat hepatocytes.

METHODS

Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were exposed to 0, 20, 40, and 100 μM of arsenic nanoparticles and its bulk counterpart. Their viability, reactive oxygen species level, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial and lysosomal damage, and apoptosis were evaluated.

RESULTS

By all concentrations, lysosomal damage and apoptosis were clearly evident in hepatocytes exposed to arsenic nanoparticles. Evaluation of mitochondria and lysosomes revealed that lysosomes were highly damaged.

CONCLUSION

Exposure to arsenic nanoparticles causes apoptosis and organelle impairment. The nanoparticles have potentially higher toxicity than the bulk arsenic. Lysosomes are highly affected. It seems that, instead of mitochondria, lysosomes are the first target organelles involved in the toxicity induced by arsenic nanoparticles.