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Zhang S, Gong L, Sun Y, Zhang F, Gao W. An ultra-long-acting L-asparaginase synergizes with an immune checkpoint inhibitor in starvation-immunotherapy of metastatic solid tumors. Biomaterials 2025; 312:122740. [PMID: 39096839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Metastasis stands as the primary contributor to mortality associated with tumors. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy are frequently utilized in the management of metastatic solid tumors. Nevertheless, these therapeutic modalities are linked to serious adverse effects and limited effectiveness in preventing metastasis. Here, we report a novel therapeutic strategy named starvation-immunotherapy, wherein an immune checkpoint inhibitor is combined with an ultra-long-acting L-asparaginase that is a fusion protein comprising L-asparaginase (ASNase) and an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), termed ASNase-ELP. ASNase-ELP's thermosensitivity enables it to generate an in-situ depot following an intratumoral injection, yielding increased dose tolerance, improved pharmacokinetics, sustained release, optimized biodistribution, and augmented tumor retention compared to free ASNase. As a result, in murine models of oral cancer, melanoma, and cervical cancer, the antitumor efficacy of ASNase-ELP by selectively and sustainably depleting L-asparagine essential for tumor cell survival was substantially superior to that of ASNase or Cisplatin, a first-line anti-solid tumor medicine, without any observable adverse effects. Furthermore, the combination of ASNase-ELP and an immune checkpoint inhibitor was more effective than either therapy alone in impeding melanoma metastasis. Overall, the synergistic strategy of starvation-immunotherapy holds excellent promise in reshaping the therapeutic landscape of refractory metastatic tumors and offering a new alternative for next-generation oncology treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanke Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Like Gong
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuanzi Sun
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weiping Gao
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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2
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Wang W, Kou J, Long J, Wang T, Zhang M, Wei M, Xie Q. GC/MS and LC/MS serum metabolomic analysis of Chinese LN patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1523. [PMID: 38233574 PMCID: PMC10794181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52137-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
China, being a densely populated nation, faces a substantial economic burden due to a high incidence of lupus nephritis (LN) cases. The concealed onset of LN has resulted in many individuals have missed the optimal timing for treatment. The aim of the research is to study the serum metabolomics of Chinese LN patients using gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) and liquid chromatography (LC)/MS to identify potential diagnostic markers. Fifty LN patients and fifty normal controls, matched for Body Mass Index (BMI) and age, were selected. Serum analysis was conducted using GC/MS and LC/MS, followed by multivariate statistical analysis. Various multidimensional analyses, including principal component analysis, partial least squares discrimination analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis, along with one-dimensional analyses such as t-tests, were performed. Metabolites with variable importance in projection value > 1 and a p-value < 0.05 were considered critical biomarkers for LN. Furthermore, identified biomarkers delineated relevant metabolic pathways, and a metabolic pathway map was obtained from the database. Forty-one metabolites were identified as potential LN biomarkers, primarily associated with immune regulation, energy metabolism, intestinal microbial metabolism, renal damage, and oxidative stress. The potential for diagnosing LN and other diseases through metabolomics is demonstrated. Future research should explore larger sample sizes, metabolomic comparisons across different diseases and health states, and integration of metabolomics with clinical diagnostics. Such studies will enhance the understanding of metabolomics in medical diagnosis and provide robust support for its practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Rongdu Avenue No. 270, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Kou
- Department of Ultrasound Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics), Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Jie Long
- Department of Nephrology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, No.555 Youyi East Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Tianhui Road 270, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingmei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Tianhui Road 270, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wei
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Tianhui Road 270, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingyun Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Rongdu Avenue No. 270, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Shishparenok AN, Gladilina YA, Zhdanov DD. Engineering and Expression Strategies for Optimization of L-Asparaginase Development and Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15220. [PMID: 37894901 PMCID: PMC10607044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering for heterologous expression has advanced in recent years. Model systems such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pichia pastoris are often used as host microorganisms for the enzymatic production of L-asparaginase, an enzyme widely used in the clinic for the treatment of leukemia and in bakeries for the reduction of acrylamide. Newly developed recombinant L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) may have a low affinity for asparagine, reduced catalytic activity, low stability, and increased glutaminase activity or immunogenicity. Some successful commercial preparations of L-ASNase are now available. Therefore, obtaining novel L-ASNases with improved properties suitable for food or clinical applications remains a challenge. The combination of rational design and/or directed evolution and heterologous expression has been used to create enzymes with desired characteristics. Computer design, combined with other methods, could make it possible to generate mutant libraries of novel L-ASNases without costly and time-consuming efforts. In this review, we summarize the strategies and approaches for obtaining and developing L-ASNase with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya N. Shishparenok
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.S.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Yulia A. Gladilina
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.S.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.S.); (Y.A.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Miklukho—Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Lefin N, Miranda J, Beltrán JF, Belén LH, Effer B, Pessoa A, Farias JG, Zamorano M. Current state of molecular and metabolic strategies for the improvement of L-asparaginase expression in heterologous systems. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1208277. [PMID: 37426818 PMCID: PMC10323146 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1208277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous expression of L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) has become an important area of research due to its clinical and food industry applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular and metabolic strategies that can be used to optimize the expression of L-ASNase in heterologous systems. This article describes various approaches that have been employed to increase enzyme production, including the use of molecular tools, strain engineering, and in silico optimization. The review article highlights the critical role that rational design plays in achieving successful heterologous expression and underscores the challenges of large-scale production of L-ASNase, such as inadequate protein folding and the metabolic burden on host cells. Improved gene expression is shown to be achievable through the optimization of codon usage, synthetic promoters, transcription and translation regulation, and host strain improvement, among others. Additionally, this review provides a deep understanding of the enzymatic properties of L-ASNase and how this knowledge has been employed to enhance its properties and production. Finally, future trends in L-ASNase production, including the integration of CRISPR and machine learning tools are discussed. This work serves as a valuable resource for researchers looking to design effective heterologous expression systems for L-ASNase production as well as for enzymes production in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Lefin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Javiera Miranda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge F. Beltrán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Lisandra Herrera Belén
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brian Effer
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge G. Farias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mauricio Zamorano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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5
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Gladilina YA, Shishparenok AN, Zhdanov DD. [Approaches for improving L-asparaginase expression in heterologous systems]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:19-38. [PMID: 36857424 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236901019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) is one of the most demanded enzymes used in the pharmaceutical industry as a drug and in the food industry to prevent the formation of toxic acrylamide. Researchers aimed to improve specific activity and reduce side effects to create safer and more potent enzyme products. However, protein modifications and heterologous expression remain problematic in the production of asparaginases from different species. Heterologous expression in optimized producer strains is rationally organized; therefore, modified and heterologous protein expression is enhanced, which is the main strategy in the production of asparaginase. This strategy solves several problems: incorrect protein folding, metabolic load on the producer strain and codon misreading, which affects translation and final protein domains, leading to a decrease in catalytic activity. The main approaches developed to improve the heterologous expression of L-asparaginases are considered in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D D Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Al-Hazmi NE, Naguib DM. Plant asparaginase versus microbial asparaginase as anticancer agent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27283-27293. [PMID: 34978032 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The considerable effect of enzymes on human health draws great attention to enzyme-based drugs (therapeutic enzymes), in recent times. L-asparaginase (ASNase) is a well-known therapeutic enzyme. It has varied applications and is a single molecule for the treatment of multiple diseases. This study tries to extract asparaginase from soybean debris (agricultural wastes) as a cheap plant source and compare this with microbial asparaginase as an agent in cancer chemotherapy. The asparaginase was extracted and purified from soybean debris (plant asparaginase) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (microbial asparaginase), then the physiochemical characters were determined for the two enzymes, and the anticancer activity of plant and microbial asparaginase was determined against gastric cancer (CLS-145), pancreatic cancer (AsPC-1), colon cancer (HCT116), esophagus cancer (KYSE-410), liver cancer (HepG2), breast cancer (MCF-7), and cervical cancer (HELLA). The results showed that plant asparaginase was superior to microbial asparaginase in its physiochemical characters. Plant asparaginase showed higher stability and activity under the conditions of changing either the temperature or the pH; also plant asparaginase has a higher affinity to the asparagine than the microbial asparaginase; besides, this plant asparaginase did not show activity with glutamine as a substrate. The plant asparaginase showed higher anticancer activity than that of microbial asparaginase against all studied cancer cell lines. The present study introduces as the first time a comparative study between the plant and microbial asparaginase which proves that soybean debris asparaginase can be more efficient and safe than that of the microbial asparaginase as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biology (Microbiology), University College of Qunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deyala M Naguib
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts in Qilwah, Albaha University, Qilwah, Saudi Arabia.
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7
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Jovel J, Nimaga A, Jordan T, O’Keefe S, Patterson J, Thiesen A, Hotte N, Bording-Jorgensen M, Subedi S, Hamilton J, Carpenter EJ, Lauga B, Elahi S, Madsen KL, Wong GKS, Mason AL. Metagenomics Versus Metatranscriptomics of the Murine Gut Microbiome for Assessing Microbial Metabolism During Inflammation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:829378. [PMID: 35185850 PMCID: PMC8851394 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.829378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Shotgun metagenomics studies have improved our understanding of microbial population dynamics and have revealed significant contributions of microbes to gut homeostasis. They also allow in silico inference of the metagenome. While they link the microbiome with metabolic abnormalities associated with disease phenotypes, they do not capture microbial gene expression patterns that occur in response to the multitude of stimuli that constantly ambush the gut environment. Metatranscriptomics closes that gap, but its implementation is more expensive and tedious. We assessed the metabolic perturbations associated with gut inflammation using shotgun metagenomics and metatranscriptomics. Shotgun metagenomics detected changes in abundance of bacterial taxa known to be SCFA producers, which favors gut homeostasis. Bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes were found at decreased abundance, while those in phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were found at increased abundance. Surprisingly, inferring the coding capacity of the microbiome from shotgun metagenomics data did not result in any statistically significant difference, suggesting functional redundancy in the microbiome or poor resolution of shotgun metagenomics data to profile bacterial pathways, especially when sequencing is not very deep. Obviously, the ability of metatranscriptomics libraries to detect transcripts expressed at basal (or simply low) levels is also dependent on sequencing depth. Nevertheless, metatranscriptomics informed about contrasting roles of bacteria during inflammation. Functions involved in nutrient transport, immune suppression and regulation of tissue damage were dramatically upregulated, perhaps contributed by homeostasis-promoting bacteria. Functions ostensibly increasing bacteria pathogenesis were also found upregulated, perhaps as a consequence of increased abundance of Proteobacteria. Bacterial protein synthesis appeared downregulated. In summary, shotgun metagenomics was useful to profile bacterial population composition and taxa relative abundance, but did not inform about differential gene content associated with inflammation. Metatranscriptomics was more robust for capturing bacterial metabolism in real time. Although both approaches are complementary, it is often not possible to apply them in parallel. We hope our data will help researchers to decide which approach is more appropriate for the study of different aspects of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jovel
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Office of Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Juan Jovel,
| | - Aissata Nimaga
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
| | - Tracy Jordan
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sandra O’Keefe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jordan Patterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aducio Thiesen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Naomi Hotte
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Sudip Subedi
- Office of Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica Hamilton
- Office of Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eric J. Carpenter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Béatrice Lauga
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karen L. Madsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, China
| | - Andrew L. Mason
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Andrew L. Mason,
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8
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Rafeeq H, Hussain A, Tarar MHA, Afsheen N, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Expanding the bio-catalysis scope and applied perspectives of nanocarrier immobilized asparaginases. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:453. [PMID: 34616647 PMCID: PMC8486911 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
l-asparaginase is an essential enzyme in medicine and a well-known chemotherapeutic agent. This enzyme's importance is not limited to its use as an anti-cancer agent; it also has a wide variety of medicinal applications. Antimicrobial properties, prevention of infectious disorders, autoimmune diseases, and canine and feline cancer are among the applications. Apart from the healthcare industry, its importance has been identified in the food industry as a food manufacturing agent to lower acrylamide levels. When isolated from their natural habitats, they are especially susceptible to different denaturing conditions due to their protein composition. The use of an immobilization technique is one of the most common approaches suggested to address these limitations. Immobilization is a technique that involves fixing enzymes to or inside stable supports, resulting in a heterogeneous immobilized enzyme framework. Strong support structures usually stabilize the enzymes' configuration, and their functions are maintained as a result. In recent years, there has been a lot of curiosity and focus on the ability of immobilized enzymes. The nanomaterials with ideal properties can be used to immobilize enzymes to regulate key factors that determine the efficacy of bio-catalysis. With applications in biotechnology, immunosensing, biomedicine, and nanotechnology sectors have opened a realm of opportunities for enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Rafeeq
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asim Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Nadia Afsheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, 223003 China
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849 Monterrey, Mexico
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9
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10
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Vimal A, Kumar A. Antimicrobial potency evaluation of free and immobilized l-asparaginase using chitosan nanoparticles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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L-Asparaginase Production using Solid-state Fermentation by an Endophytic Talaromyces pinophilus Isolated from Rhizomes of Curcuma amada. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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12
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Chand S, Mahajan RV, Prasad JP, Sahoo DK, Mihooliya KN, Dhar MS, Sharma G. A comprehensive review on microbial l-asparaginase: Bioprocessing, characterization, and industrial applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:619-647. [PMID: 31954377 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (E.C.3.5.1.1.) is a vital enzyme that hydrolyzes l-asparagine to l-aspartic acid and ammonia. This property of l-asparaginase inhibits the protein synthesis in cancer cells, making l-asparaginase a mainstay of pediatric chemotherapy practices to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. l-Asparaginase is also recognized as one of the important food processing agent. The removal of asparagine by l-asparaginase leads to the reduction of acrylamide formation in fried food items. l-Asparaginase is produced by various organisms including animals, plants, and microorganisms, however, only microorganisms that produce a substantial amount of this enzyme are of commercial significance. The commercial l-asparaginase for healthcare applications is chiefly derived from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. A high rate of hypersensitivity and adverse reactions limits the long-term clinical use of l-asparaginase. Present review provides thorough information on microbial l-asparaginase bioprocess optimization including submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation for l-asparaginase production, downstream purification, its characterization, and issues related to the clinical application including toxicity and hypersensitivity. Here, we have highlighted the bioprocess techniques that can produce improved and economically viable yields of l-asparaginase from promising microbial sources in the current scenario where there is an urgent need for alternate l-asparaginase with less adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chand
- National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richi V Mahajan
- National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jai Prakash Prasad
- National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debendra K Sahoo
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanti Nandan Mihooliya
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mahesh S Dhar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Girish Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Amity Centre for Cancer Epidemiology & Cancer Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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