1
|
Kovalev MA, Gladysh NS, Bogdanova AS, Bolsheva NL, Popchenko MI, Kudryavtseva AV. Editing Metabolism, Sex, and Microbiome: How Can We Help Poplar Resist Pathogens? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1308. [PMID: 38279306 PMCID: PMC10816636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poplar (Populus) is a genus of woody plants of great economic value. Due to the growing economic importance of poplar, there is a need to ensure its stable growth by increasing its resistance to pathogens. Genetic engineering can create organisms with improved traits faster than traditional methods, and with the development of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing systems, scientists have a new highly effective tool for creating valuable genotypes. In this review, we summarize the latest research data on poplar diseases, the biology of their pathogens and how these plants resist pathogens. In the final section, we propose to plant male or mixed poplar populations; consider the genes of the MLO group, transcription factors of the WRKY and MYB families and defensive proteins BbChit1, LJAMP2, MsrA2 and PtDef as the most promising targets for genetic engineering; and also pay attention to the possibility of microbiome engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A. Kovalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (N.S.G.); (A.S.B.); (N.L.B.); (M.I.P.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya S. Gladysh
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (N.S.G.); (A.S.B.); (N.L.B.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Alina S. Bogdanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (N.S.G.); (A.S.B.); (N.L.B.); (M.I.P.)
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127434 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L. Bolsheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (N.S.G.); (A.S.B.); (N.L.B.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Mikhail I. Popchenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (N.S.G.); (A.S.B.); (N.L.B.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (N.S.G.); (A.S.B.); (N.L.B.); (M.I.P.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tyagi K, Kumar P, Pandey A, Ginwal HS, Barthwal S, Nautiyal R, Meena RK. First record of Cladosporium oxysporum as a potential novel fungal hyperparasite of Melampsora medusae f. sp. deltoidae and screening of Populus deltoides clones against leaf rust. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:213. [PMID: 37251733 PMCID: PMC10212908 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Melampsora medusae f. sp. deltoidae is causing serious foliar rust disease on Populus deltoides clones in India. In the present study, a novel fungal hyperparasite on M. medusae has been reported. The hyperparasitic fungus was isolated from the uredeniospores of the rust fungi and identified as Cladosporium oxysporum by morphological characterization and DNA barcode technique based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of nrDNA and beta-tubulin (TUB) gene region. Hyperparasitism was further confirmed through leaf assay and cavity slide methods. Leaf assay method showed no adverse effect of C. oxysporum on poplar leaves. However, the mean germination percentage of urediniospores was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the cavity slide method when a conidial suspension (1.5 × 107 conidia per ml) of C. oxysporum was applied in different deposition sequences. Scanning and light microscopic observations were made to explore the mode of action of the hyperparasitism. The antagonistic fungus vividly showed three different types of antagonism mechanisms, including enzymatic, direct, and contact parasitism. Alternatively, by screening 25 high-yielding clones of P. deltoides, five clones (FRI-FS-83, FRI-FS-92, FRI-FS-140, FRI-AM-111, and D-121) were enlisted under highly resistant category. Present study revealed an antagonistic relationship between C. oxysporum and M. medusae, which could be an effective method of biocontrol in field plantations of poplar. Combining this biocontrol approach with the use of resistant host germplasm could be an environment friendly strategy for preventing foliar rust and increasing poplar productivity in northern India. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03623-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Tyagi
- Division of Genetics and Tree Improvement, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248195 Uttarakhand India
| | - Prabal Kumar
- Division of Silviculture and Forest Management, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248006 Uttarakhand India
| | - Amit Pandey
- Division of Forest Protection, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248006 Uttarakhand India
| | - Harish S. Ginwal
- Division of Genetics and Tree Improvement, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248195 Uttarakhand India
| | - Santan Barthwal
- Division of Genetics and Tree Improvement, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248195 Uttarakhand India
| | - Raman Nautiyal
- Division of Forestry Statistics, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun, 248006 Uttarakhand India
- Present Address: Institute of Green Economy, Gurugram, India
| | - Rajendra K. Meena
- Division of Genetics and Tree Improvement, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248195 Uttarakhand India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Burdon RD, Bartlett MJ. Putative biotic drivers of plant phenology: With special reference to pathogens and deciduousness. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8932. [PMID: 35784056 PMCID: PMC9163672 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant phenology is not only manifested in the seasonal timing of vegetative and reproductive processes but also has ontogenetic aspects. The adaptive basis of seasonal phenology has been considered mainly in terms of climatic drivers. However, some biotic factors as likely evolutionary influences on plants' phenology appear to have been under-researched. Several specific cases of putative biotic factors driving plant phenology are outlined, involving both herbivores and pathogens. These illustrate the diversity of likely interactions rather than any systematic coverage or review. Emphasis is on woody perennials, in which phenology is often most multifaceted and complicated by the ontogenetic aspect. The complete seasonal leaf fall that characterizes deciduous plants may be a very important defense against some pathogens. Whether biotic influences drive acquisition or long-term persistence of deciduousness is considered. In one case, of leaf rusts in poplars, countervailing influences of the rusts and climate suggest persistence. Often, however, biotic and environmental influences likely reinforce each other. The timing and duration of shoot flushing may in at least some cases contribute to defenses against herbivores, largely through brief periods of "predator satiation" when plant tissues have highest food value. Wide re-examination of plant phenology, accommodating the roles of biotic factors and their interplays with environments as additional adaptive drivers, is advocated toward developing and applying hypotheses that are observationally or experimentally testable.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ji JX, Li Z, Li Y, Kakishima M. Life cycle and taxonomy of Melampsora abietis-populi in China and its phylogenetic position in Melampsora on Populus. Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
5
|
Gao P, Nan ZB, Christensen MJ, Barbetti MJ, Duan TY, Liu QT, Meng FJ, Huang JF. Factors Influencing Rust (Melampsora apocyni) Intensity on Cultivated and Wild Apocynum venetum in Altay Prefecture, China. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:593-606. [PMID: 30307801 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-18-0145-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rust (Melampsora apocyni) on Apocynum venetum is the major constraint to the commercial development of this medicinal herb. To determine the factors influencing rust intensity (maximum disease index [DImax]), rust was investigated from 2011 to 2015 in both cultivated and wild A. venetum plants. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) was used to analyze the paths and extent of the factors related to pathogen, environment, and host that affect rust intensity. DImax exhibited considerable variations across years and study sites, with variations linked to various factors fostering disease development. PLS-PM explained 80.0 and 70.1% of variations in DImax in cultivated and wild plants, respectively. Precipitation was the key factor determining DImax in both cultivated and wild plants (path coefficient [PC] = 0.313 and 0.544, respectively). In addition, the topsoil water content in cultivated plants and the total vegetation coverage in wild plants were also critical determinants of DImax via their effects on the microclimatic factor (contribution coefficients [CC] = 0.681 and 0.989, respectively; PC = 0.831 and 0.231, respectively). In both cultivated and wild plants, host factors were mainly dominated by A. venetum density (CC = 0.989 and 0.894, respectively), and their effect on DImax via the microclimatic factor (PC = 0.841 and 0.862, respectively) exceeded that via the inoculum factor (PC = 0.705 and 0.130, respectively). However, the indirect effects led to DImax variation, while the dilution effect on host (CC = 0.154) from weed in wild plants led to the indirect effect size in wild plants of 0.200, which was lower than -0.699 in cultivated plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Gao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, P. R. China
- 2 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province 030801, P. R. China
| | - Z B Nan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, P. R. China
- 3 Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou University
- 4 College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University
| | - M J Christensen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, P. R. China
- 4 College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University
| | - M J Barbetti
- 5 School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; and
| | - T Y Duan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, P. R. China
- 3 Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou University
- 4 College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University
| | - Q T Liu
- 6 Altay Gaubau Tea Co., Ltd., Altay 836500, P. R. China
| | - F J Meng
- 6 Altay Gaubau Tea Co., Ltd., Altay 836500, P. R. China
| | - J F Huang
- 6 Altay Gaubau Tea Co., Ltd., Altay 836500, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The First Record of a North American Poplar Leaf Rust Fungus, Melampsora medusae, in China. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of species and hybrids of black and balsam poplars or cottonwoods (Populus L., sections Aigeiros and Tacamahaca) grow naturally, or have been introduced to grow in plantations in China. Many species of Melampsora can cause poplar leaf rust in China, and their distributions and host specificities are not entirely known. This study was prompted by the new susceptibility of a previously resistant cultivar, cv. ‘Zhonghua hongye’ of Populus deltoides (section Aigeiros), as well as by the need to know more about the broader context of poplar leaf rust in China. Rust surveys from 2015 through 2018 in Shaanxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Henan, Shanxi, Qinghai, Beijing, and Inner Mongolia revealed some samples with urediniospores with the echinulation pattern of M. medusae. The morphological characteristics of urediniospores and teliospores from poplar species of the region were further examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the rDNA ITS region (ITS1, 5.8S rRNA gene, and ITS2) and the nuclear large subunit rDNA (D1/D2) was used to further confirm morphology-based identification. Based on combined analyses, five of the fifteen fully characterized samples were identified as Melampsora medusae: one from Shaanxi and four from Sichuan. Two of the five were from Populus deltoides cv. ‘Zhonghua hongye’. Three others were identified on Populus szechuanica, P. simonii, and P. yunnanensis. Additional samples of M. medusae were collected in Shaanxi in 2017 and 2018, and from Henan in 2015 through 2018. Altogether these findings show that this introduced pathogen is widespread and persistent from year to year in China. This is the first report of this North American poplar leaf rust species, Melampsora medusae, in China. It has previously been reported outside North America in Argentina, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Russia.
Collapse
|
7
|
Albornoz MV, Lolas M, Verdugo JA, Ramírez CC. Identification of Virulences of the Rust Fungus Melampsora larici-populina Occurring in Chile. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:2201-2204. [PMID: 30216126 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-18-0033-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melampsora larici-populina Kleb. is a Eurasian species that causes leaf rust of many species of Populus from sections Tacamahaca and Aigeiros. This rust has been inadvertently introduced to many parts around the world affecting poplar species that grow naturally, which may be susceptible to this fungus. In Chile, early European settlers introduced poplars; rust, attributed to M. larici-populina, has been reported in these trees since 1918. However, a modern confirmation has been lacking, and pathogenic variation of the Chilean population of M. larici-populina has not been investigated. Using a morphological analysis of urediniospores and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, we confirmed the presence of M. larici-populina in Chile. ITS regions exhibited 100% homology with M. larici-populina. Scanning electron microscopy showed that spores were 26 to 47 µm in length, 13 to 16 µm in width, and echinulate except for apices, which are smooth, characteristics described for this species of rust. The variability of M. larici-populina is characterized by the presence of pathotypes, which allows the fungus to infect despite the resistance of certain poplar hybrids. We concluded that the identified spores belong to M. larici-populina, with virulences 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. These results describe variation in virulence of M. larici-populina, which suggests the presence of a sexual stage in Chile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta V Albornoz
- Centro Regional de Innovación Hortofrutícola de Valparaíso Ceres, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile
| | - Mauricio Lolas
- Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Jaime A Verdugo
- Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Claudio C Ramírez
- Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jeger M, Bragard C, Caffier D, Candresse T, Chatzivassiliou E, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Grégoire JC, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navajas Navarro M, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Rossi V, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, Van der Werf W, West J, Winter S, Boberg J, Gonthier P, Pautasso M. Pest categorisation of Melampsora medusae. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05354. [PMID: 32625987 PMCID: PMC7009427 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Melampsora medusae, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Melampsoraceae. The pathogen is regulated in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as a harmful organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. M. medusae is a heteroecious rust fungus with Populus spp. as primary telial hosts and various conifers (Larix, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Abies, Picea and Tsuga spp.) as secondary aecial hosts. M. medusae is native to North America and has spread to South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, as well as the EU, where M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae has been reported with a restricted distribution and low impacts from Belgium, south-west France and southern Portugal. The pest could spread to other EU countries, via dissemination of spores, movement of host plants for planting and cut branches. Climate is assumed not to be a limiting factor for the establishment of the pathogen in the EU. M. medusae is the most widespread and important Melampsora rust in North America. In western Canada, extensive damage has been reported to conifers and Populus spp. in nurseries and plantations as well as in woodlands. M. medusae is damaging in both Australia and New Zealand. The pest could have economic and environmental impacts in the EU if aggressive isolates of M. medusae were introduced into the EU. Import prohibition of host plants for planting is an available measure to reduce the risk of further introductions. Some resistant Populus cultivars are available. Moreover, increasing the genetic diversity of poplar plantations can prevent disease impacts. The main uncertainty concerns the factors explaining the low pathogenicity of the populations of M. medusae present in the EU. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met (the pest is present, but with a restricted distribution, and is officially under control). Given that plants for planting are not the main pathway of spread, not all criteria for consideration as a regulated non-quarantine pest are met.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lorrain C, Marchal C, Hacquard S, Delaruelle C, Pétrowski J, Petre B, Hecker A, Frey P, Duplessis S. The Rust Fungus Melampsora larici-populina Expresses a Conserved Genetic Program and Distinct Sets of Secreted Protein Genes During Infection of Its Two Host Plants, Larch and Poplar. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:695-706. [PMID: 29336199 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0319-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms required for broad-spectrum or specific host colonization of plant parasites are poorly understood. As a perfect illustration, heteroecious rust fungi require two alternate host plants to complete their life cycles. Melampsora larici-populina infects two taxonomically unrelated plants, larch, on which sexual reproduction is achieved, and poplar, on which clonal multiplication occurs, leading to severe epidemics in plantations. We applied deep RNA sequencing to three key developmental stages of M. larici-populina infection on larch: basidia, pycnia, and aecia, and we performed comparative transcriptomics of infection on poplar and larch hosts, using available expression data. Secreted protein was the only significantly overrepresented category among differentially expressed M. larici-populina genes between the basidial, the pycnial, and the aecial stages, highlighting their probable involvement in the infection process. Comparison of fungal transcriptomes in larch and poplar revealed a majority of rust genes were commonly expressed on the two hosts and a fraction exhibited host-specific expression. More particularly, gene families encoding small secreted proteins presented striking expression profiles that highlight probable candidate effectors specialized on each host. Our results bring valuable new information about the biological cycle of rust fungi and identify genes that may contribute to host specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Lorrain
- 1 INRA/Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA Centre Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; and
| | - Clémence Marchal
- 1 INRA/Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA Centre Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; and
| | - Stéphane Hacquard
- 1 INRA/Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA Centre Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; and
| | - Christine Delaruelle
- 1 INRA/Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA Centre Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; and
| | - Jérémy Pétrowski
- 1 INRA/Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA Centre Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; and
| | - Benjamin Petre
- 1 INRA/Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA Centre Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; and
- 2 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, U.K
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- 1 INRA/Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA Centre Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; and
| | - Pascal Frey
- 1 INRA/Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA Centre Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; and
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- 1 INRA/Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA Centre Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; and
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Persoons A, Hayden KJ, Fabre B, Frey P, De Mita S, Tellier A, Halkett F. The escalatory Red Queen: Population extinction and replacement following arms race dynamics in poplar rust. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1902-1918. [PMID: 28012228 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Host-parasite systems provide convincing examples of Red Queen co-evolutionary dynamics. Yet, a key process underscored in Van Valen's theory - that arms race dynamics can result in extinction - has never been documented. One reason for this may be that most sampling designs lack the breadth needed to illuminate the rapid pace of adaptation by pathogen populations. In this study, we used a 25-year temporal sampling to decipher the demographic history of a plant pathogen: the poplar rust fungus, Melampsora larici-populina. A major adaptive event occurred in 1994 with the breakdown of R7 resistance carried by several poplar cultivars widely planted in Western Europe since 1982. The corresponding virulence rapidly spread in M. larici-populina populations and nearly reached fixation in northern France, even on susceptible hosts. Using both temporal records of virulence profiles and temporal population genetic data, our analyses revealed that (i) R7 resistance breakdown resulted in the emergence of a unique and homogeneous genetic group, the so-called cultivated population, which predominated in northern France for about 20 years, (ii) selection for Vir7 individuals brought with it multiple other virulence types via hitchhiking, resulting in an overall increase in the population-wide number of virulence types and (iii) - above all - the emergence of the cultivated population superseded the initial population which predominated at the same place before R7 resistance breakdown. Our temporal analysis illustrates how antagonistic co-evolution can lead to population extinction and replacement, hence providing direct evidence for the escalation process which is at the core of Red Queen dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pascal Frey
- UMR IAM, INRA, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | | | - Aurélien Tellier
- Section of Population Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Fabien Halkett
- UMR IAM, INRA, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ali B, Sohail Y, Toome-Heller M, Mumtaz AS. Melampsora pakistanica sp. nov., a new rust fungus on Euphorbia helioscopia (Sun spurge) from Pakistan. Mycol Prog 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-016-1244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Jiang Y, Ye J, Veromann LL, Niinemets Ü. Scaling of photosynthesis and constitutive and induced volatile emissions with severity of leaf infection by rust fungus (Melampsora larici-populina) in Populus balsamifera var. suaveolens. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:856-72. [PMID: 27225874 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections result in decreases in photosynthesis, induction of stress and signaling volatile emissions and reductions in constitutive volatile emissions, but the way different physiological processes scale with the severity of infection is poorly known. We studied the effects of infection by the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Melampsora larici-populina Kleb., the causal agent of poplar leaf rust disease, on photosynthetic characteristics, and constitutive isoprene and induced volatile emissions in leaves of Populus balsamifera var. suaveolens (Fisch.) Loudon. exhibiting different degrees of damage. The degree of fungal damage, quantified by the total area of chlorotic and necrotic leaf areas, varied between 0 (noninfected control) and ∼60%. The rates of all physiological processes scaled quantitatively with the degree of visual damage, but the scaling with damage severity was weaker for photosynthetic characteristics than for constitutive and induced volatile release. Over the whole range of damage severity, the net assimilation rate per area (AA) decreased 1.5-fold, dry mass per unit area 2.4-fold and constitutive isoprene emissions 5-fold, while stomatal conductance increased 1.9-fold and dark respiration rate 1.6-fold. The emissions of key stress and signaling volatiles (methanol, green leaf volatiles, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and methyl salicylate) were in most cases nondetectable in noninfested leaves, and increased strongly with increasing the spread of infection. The moderate reduction in AA resulted from the loss of photosynthetically active biomass, but the reduction in constitutive isoprene emissions and the increase in induced volatile emissions primarily reflected changes in the activities of corresponding biochemical pathways. Although all physiological alterations in fungal-infected leaves occurred in a stress severity-dependent manner, modifications in primary and secondary metabolic pathways scaled differently due to contrasting operational mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia College of Art, Changzhou University, Gehu 1, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayan Ye
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Linda-Liisa Veromann
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pernaci M, De Mita S, Andrieux A, Pétrowski J, Halkett F, Duplessis S, Frey P. Genome-wide patterns of segregation and linkage disequilibrium: the construction of a linkage genetic map of the poplar rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:454. [PMID: 25309554 PMCID: PMC4159982 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The poplar rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina causes significant yield reduction and severe economic losses in commercial poplar plantations. After several decades of breeding for qualitative resistance and subsequent breakdown of the released resistance genes, breeders now focus on quantitative resistance, perceived to be more durable. But quantitative resistance also can be challenged by an increase of aggressiveness in the pathogen. Thus, it is of primary importance to better understand the genetic architecture of aggressiveness traits. To this aim, our goal is to build a genetic linkage map for M. larici-populina in order to map quantitative trait loci related to aggressiveness. First, a large progeny of M. larici-populina was generated through selfing of the reference strain 98AG31 (which genome sequence is available) on larch plants, the alternate host of the poplar rust fungus. The progeny's meiotic origin was validated through a segregation analysis of 115 offspring with 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers, of which 12 segregated in the expected 1:2:1 Mendelian ratio. A microsatellite-based linkage disequilibrium analysis allowed us to identify one potential linkage group comprising two scaffolds. The whole genome of a subset of 47 offspring was resequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 technology at a mean sequencing depth of 6X. The reads were mapped onto the reference genome of the parental strain and 144,566 SNPs were identified across the genome. Analysis of distribution and polymorphism of the SNPs along the genome led to the identification of 2580 recombination blocks. A second linkage disequilibrium analysis, using the recombination blocks as markers, allowed us to group 81 scaffolds into 23 potential linkage groups. These preliminary results showed that a high-density linkage map could be constructed by using high-quality SNPs based on low-coverage resequencing of a larger number of M. larici-populina offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Pernaci
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique, UMR1136Champenoux, France
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Stéphane De Mita
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique, UMR1136Champenoux, France
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Axelle Andrieux
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique, UMR1136Champenoux, France
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jérémy Pétrowski
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique, UMR1136Champenoux, France
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Fabien Halkett
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique, UMR1136Champenoux, France
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique, UMR1136Champenoux, France
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Pascal Frey
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique, UMR1136Champenoux, France
- Interactions Arbres - Micro organismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kenaley SC, Smart LB, Hudler GW. Genetic evidence for three discrete taxa of Melampsora (Pucciniales) affecting willows (Salix spp.) in New York State. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:704-20. [PMID: 25110133 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rust fungi in the genus Melampsora (Pucciniales) are the most important pathogens of shrub willows (Salix spp.) cultivated for biomass in New York State and temperate regions worldwide. The taxonomy and species identification of these fungi historically have been problematic as they are morphologically indistinguishable on willow and often have complex life histories. Melampsora of Salix in North America, therefore, have been circumscribed to the collective species Melampsora epitea Thüm. and further delineated to formae speciales by aecial host. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) data was obtained from 75 collections/isolates of Melampsora in NY State affecting either native and cultivated Salix spp. or suspected alternate hosts. Maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian (BI) analyses were conducted on three data partitions (individual and concatenated): complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences for all collections. Analyses of the ITS and concatenated ITS-LSU sequences revealed that Melampsora on native and cultivated willows in NY State consisted of three phylogenetically delineable taxa (phylotaxa); monophyly for each phylotaxon was strongly supported by ML, MP, and BI credibility values. Phylotaxa were also delimited phylogenetically by aecial host: Alpine currant (Ribes alpinum), eastern larch (Larix laricina), or balsam fir (Abies balsamea).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn C Kenaley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Lawrence B Smart
- Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
| | - George W Hudler
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Boutigny AL, Guinet C, Vialle A, Hamelin RC, Andrieux A, Frey P, Husson C, Ioos R. Optimization of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of the quarantine pathogen Melampsora medusae f. sp. deltoidae. Fungal Biol 2013; 117:389-98. [PMID: 23809649 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melampsora medusae (Mm), one of the causal agents of poplar rust, is classified as an A2 quarantine pest for European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) and its presence in Europe is strictly controlled. Two formae speciales have been described within Mm, Melampsora medusae f. sp. deltoidae (Mmd), and Melampsora medusae f. sp. tremuloidae (Mmt) on the basis of their pathogenicity on Populus species from the section Aigeiros (e.g. Populus deltoides) or Populus (e.g. Populus tremuloides), respectively. In this study, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed allowing the detection of Mmd, the forma specialis that is economically harmful. A set of primers and hydrolysis probe were designed based on sequence polymorphisms in the large ribosomal RNA subunit (28S). The real-time PCR assay was optimized and performance criteria of the detection method, i.e. sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness, were assessed. The real-time PCR method was highly specific and sensitive and allowed the detection of one single urediniospore of Mmd in a mixture of 2 mg of urediniospores of other Melampsora species. This test offers improved specificity over currently existing conventional PCR tests and can be used for specific surveys in European nurseries and phytosanitary controls, in order to avoid introduction and spread of this pathogen in Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Boutigny
- ANSES Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, IFR110 EFABA, Domaine de Pixérécourt, BP 90059, 54220 Malzéville, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vialle A, Feau N, Frey P, Bernier L, Hamelin RC. Phylogenetic species recognition reveals host-specific lineages among poplar rust fungi. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 66:628-44. [PMID: 23147268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fungal species belonging to the genus Melampsora (Basidiomycota, Pucciniales) comprise rust pathogens that alternate between Salicaceae and other plant hosts. Species delineation and identification are difficult within this group due to the paucity of observable morphological features. Several Melampsora rusts are highly host-specific and this feature has been used for identification at the species level. However, this criterion is not always reliable since different Melampsora rust species can overlap on one host but specialize on a different one. To date, two different species recognition methods are used to recognize and define species within the Melampsora genus: (i) morphological species recognition, which is based solely on morphological criteria; and (ii) ecological species recognition, which combines morphological criteria with host range to recognize and define species. In order to clarify species recognition within the Melampsora genus, we applied phylogenetic species recognition to Melampsora poplar rusts by conducting molecular phylogenetic analyses on 15 Melampsora taxa using six nuclear and mitochondrial loci. By assessing the genealogical concordance between phylogenies, we identified 12 lineages that evolved independently, corresponding to distinct phylogenetic species. All 12 lineages were concordant with host specialization, but only three belonged to strictly defined morphological species. The estimation of the species tree obtained with Bayesian concordance analysis highlighted a potential co-evolutionary history between Melampsora species and their reciprocal aecial host plants. Within the Melampsora speciation process, aecial host may have had a strong effect on ancestral evolution, whereas telial host specificity seems to have evolved more recently. The morphological characters initially used to define species boundaries in the Melampsora genus are not reflective of the evolutionary and genetic relationships among poplar rusts. In order to construct a more meaningful taxonomy, host specificity must be considered an important criterion for delineating and describing species within the genus Melampsora as previously suggested by ecological species recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Vialle
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4C7.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|