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Goyette S, Spirin V, Spribille T. Systemic infection of Bryoria (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) by Athelia (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) in western North America. Mycologia 2023; 115:299-316. [PMID: 37105719 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2186679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Bryoria (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) is one of the dominant genera of hair lichens in western North America and is characteristic of high-elevation conifer forest ecosystems. In areas where Bryoria is abundant, it is common to find thalli in which the thalline filaments become conglutinated, forming brittle dead zones. After sampling Bryoria thalli across western Canada and the northwestern United States at different times of the year, we found that this dieback phenomenon is associated with the winter growth of a mold-forming basidiomycete. We report that this fungus belongs to Athelia (Atheliaceae, Basidiomycota), a genus known to contain lichen pathogens, most notably A. arachnoidea. By sequencing a combination of genetic markers-nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), partial nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and partial translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1)-paired with morphometric analyses, we reveal the involvement of at least three additional lineages of lichen-associated Athelia and describe one as a new species, A. abscondita. Athelia abscondita is morphologically distinguished from other Athelia species by its basidia and basidiospores, was found to frequently infect members of Bryoria sect. Implexae, and was occasionally on other foliose and fruticose species within Parmeliaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Goyette
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- Beaty Biodiversity Museum, The University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Viacheslav Spirin
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, Helsinki, Finland, FI 00014
| | - Toby Spribille
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
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Lücking R, Leavitt SD, Hawksworth DL. Species in lichen-forming fungi: balancing between conceptual and practical considerations, and between phenotype and phylogenomics. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLichens are symbiotic associations resulting from interactions among fungi (primary and secondary mycobionts), algae and/or cyanobacteria (primary and secondary photobionts), and specific elements of the bacterial microbiome associated with the lichen thallus. The question of what is a species, both concerning the lichen as a whole and its main fungal component, the primary mycobiont, has faced many challenges throughout history and has reached new dimensions with the advent of molecular phylogenetics and phylogenomics. In this paper, we briefly revise the definition of lichens and the scientific and vernacular naming conventions, concluding that the scientific, Latinized name usually associated with lichens invariably refers to the primary mycobiont, whereas the vernacular name encompasses the entire lichen. Although the same lichen mycobiont may produce different phenotypes when associating with different photobionts or growing in axenic culture, this discrete variation does not warrant the application of different scientific names, but must follow the principle "one fungus = one name". Instead, broadly agreed informal designations should be used for such discrete morphologies, such as chloromorph and cyanomorph for lichens formed by the same mycobiont but with either green algae or cyanobacteria. The taxonomic recognition of species in lichen-forming fungi is not different from other fungi and conceptual and nomenclatural approaches follow the same principles. We identify a number of current challenges and provide recommendations to address these. Species delimitation in lichen-forming fungi should not be tailored to particular species concepts but instead be derived from empirical evidence, applying one or several of the following principles in what we call the LPR approach: lineage (L) coherence vs. divergence (phylogenetic component), phenotype (P) coherence vs. divergence (morphological component), and/or reproductive (R) compatibility vs. isolation (biological component). Species hypotheses can be established based on either L or P, then using either P or L (plus R) to corroborate them. The reliability of species hypotheses depends not only on the nature and number of characters but also on the context: the closer the relationship and/or similarity between species, the higher the number of characters and/or specimens that should be analyzed to provide reliable delimitations. Alpha taxonomy should follow scientific evidence and an evolutionary framework but should also offer alternative practical solutions, as long as these are scientifically defendable. Taxa that are delimited phylogenetically but not readily identifiable in the field, or are genuinely cryptic, should not be rejected due to the inaccessibility of proper tools. Instead, they can be provisionally treated as undifferentiated complexes for purposes that do not require precise determinations. The application of infraspecific (gamma) taxonomy should be restricted to cases where there is a biological rationale, i.e., lineages of a species complex that show limited phylogenetic divergence but no evidence of reproductive isolation. Gamma taxonomy should not be used to denote discrete phenotypical variation or ecotypes not warranting the distinction at species level. We revise the species pair concept in lichen-forming fungi, which recognizes sexually and asexually reproducing morphs with the same underlying phenotype as different species. We conclude that in most cases this concept does not hold, but the actual situation is complex and not necessarily correlated with reproductive strategy. In cases where no molecular data are available or where single or multi-marker approaches do not provide resolution, we recommend maintaining species pairs until molecular or phylogenomic data are available. This recommendation is based on the example of the species pair Usnea aurantiacoatra vs. U. antarctica, which can only be resolved with phylogenomic approaches, such as microsatellites or RADseq. Overall, we consider that species delimitation in lichen-forming fungi has advanced dramatically over the past three decades, resulting in a solid framework, but that empirical evidence is still missing for many taxa. Therefore, while phylogenomic approaches focusing on particular examples will be increasingly employed to resolve difficult species complexes, broad screening using single barcoding markers will aid in placing as many taxa as possible into a molecular matrix. We provide a practical protocol how to assess and formally treat taxonomic novelties. While this paper focuses on lichen fungi, many of the aspects discussed herein apply generally to fungal taxonomy. The new combination Arthonia minor (Lücking) Lücking comb. et stat. nov. (Bas.: Arthonia cyanea f. minor Lücking) is proposed.
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Guterres DC, Dos Santos MDDM, Silva RAFD, Souza ESDC, Soares WRO, Pinho DB, Dianese JC. Cladosterigma: an enigmatic fungus, previously considered a basidiomycete, now revealed as an ascomycete member of the Gomphillaceae. Mycologia 2020; 112:829-846. [PMID: 32684107 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1781501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cladosterigma clavariellum has been treated as a basidiomycete since its first description by Spegazzini in 1886 as Microcera clavariella. After further morphological studies, between 1919 and 2011, it remained among the basidiomycetes, most recently as incertae sedis in the order Cryptobasidiales. Our studies, based on light and scanning electron microscopy, supported by multilocus phylogenetic analyses-second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1), small subunit (18S), large subunit (28S), and nuclear internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) of the nuclear rDNA sequences, and mitochondrial rDNA small subunit (mtSSU)-finally determined the phylogenetic placement of Cladosterigma as the first nonlichenicolous mycoparasitic member of the Gomphillaceae within the Graphidales, an ascomycete order previously composed predominantly of lichen-forming fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Danilo Batista Pinho
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília , 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - José Carmine Dianese
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília , 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Celular/Biologia Microbiana, Universidade de Brasília , 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Spribille T, Fryday AM, Pérez-Ortega S, Svensson M, Tønsberg T, Ekman S, Holien H, Resl P, Schneider K, Stabentheiner E, Thüs H, Vondrák J, Sharman L. Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. LICHENOLOGIST (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 52:61-181. [PMID: 32788812 PMCID: PMC7398404 DOI: 10.1017/s0024282920000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are widely acknowledged to be a key component of high latitude ecosystems. However, the time investment needed for full inventories and the lack of taxonomic identification resources for crustose lichen and lichenicolous fungal diversity have hampered efforts to fully gauge the depth of species richness in these ecosystems. Using a combination of classical field inventory and extensive deployment of chemical and molecular analysis, we assessed the diversity of lichens and associated fungi in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska (USA), a mixed landscape of coastal boreal rainforest and early successional low elevation habitats deglaciated after the Little Ice Age. We collected nearly 5000 specimens and found a total of 947 taxa, including 831 taxa of lichen-forming and 96 taxa of lichenicolous fungi together with 20 taxa of saprotrophic fungi typically included in lichen studies. A total of 98 species (10.3% of those detected) could not be assigned to known species and of those, two genera and 27 species are described here as new to science: Atrophysma cyanomelanos gen. et sp. nov., Bacidina circumpulla, Biatora marmorea, Carneothele sphagnicola gen. et sp. nov., Cirrenalia lichenicola, Corticifraga nephromatis, Fuscidea muskeg, Fuscopannaria dillmaniae, Halecania athallina, Hydropunctaria alaskana, Lambiella aliphatica, Lecania hydrophobica, Lecanora viridipruinosa, Lecidea griseomarginata, L. streveleri, Miriquidica gyrizans, Niesslia peltigerae, Ochrolechia cooperi, Placynthium glaciale, Porpidia seakensis, Rhizocarpon haidense, Sagiolechia phaeospora, Sclerococcum fissurinae, Spilonema maritimum, Thelocarpon immersum, Toensbergia blastidiata and Xenonectriella nephromatis. An additional 71 'known unknown' species are cursorily described. Four new combinations are made: Lepra subvelata (G. K. Merr.) T. Sprib., Ochrolechia minuta (Degel.) T. Sprib., Steineropsis laceratula (Hue) T. Sprib. & Ekman and Toensbergia geminipara (Th. Fr.) T. Sprib. & Resl. Thirty-eight taxa are new to North America and 93 additional taxa new to Alaska. We use four to eight DNA loci to validate the placement of ten of the new species in the orders Baeomycetales, Ostropales, Lecanorales, Peltigerales, Pertusariales and the broader class Lecanoromycetes with maximum likelihood analyses. We present a total of 280 new fungal DNA sequences. The lichen inventory from Glacier Bay National Park represents the second largest number of lichens and associated fungi documented from an area of comparable size and the largest to date in North America. Coming from almost 60°N, these results again underline the potential for high lichen diversity in high latitude ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Spribille
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010Graz, Austria
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana59812, USA
| | - Alan M. Fryday
- Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan48824, USA
| | - Sergio Pérez-Ortega
- Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Departamento de Micología, Calle Claudio Moyano 1, E-28014Madrid, Spain
| | - Måns Svensson
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tor Tønsberg
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen Allégt. 41, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Ekman
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkon Holien
- Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, Box 2501, NO-7729Steinkjer, Norway
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491Trondheim, Norway
| | - Philipp Resl
- Faculty of Biology, Department I, Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Straße 67, 80638München, Germany
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Edith Stabentheiner
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Holger Thüs
- Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191Stuttgart, Germany
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, LondonSW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jan Vondrák
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lewis Sharman
- Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve, P.O. Box 140, Gustavus, Alaska99826, USA
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Zuo YB, Liu DL, Li CX, Chen YH, Wei XL. A new species of the lichenised genus Anamylopsora (Baeomycetaceae, Baeomycetales) from Tengger Desert of China. MycoKeys 2018:107-118. [PMID: 30429664 PMCID: PMC6232246 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.110.28168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The monotypic lichenised genus Anamylopsora (Baeomycetaceae, Baeomycetales), with its single species A.pulcherrima, is distributed in the arid areas of the Northern Hemisphere, including China. In this paper, we introduce another species new to science, Anamylopsorapruinosa. The new species is characterised by a densely pruinose upper surface, abundantly thick and strong rhizines and terricolous habitat. It is also strongly supported by the phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses based on nrDNA ITS sequences, in which A.pruinosa forms well-supported clade separated from A.pulcherrima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Bo Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaSouthwest Forestry UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Da-Le Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaSouthwest Forestry UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Cui-Xin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yu-Hui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xin-Li Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaSouthwest Forestry UniversityKunmingChina,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Zuo YB, Liu DL, Li CX, Chen YH, Wei XL. A new species of the lichenised genus Anamylopsora (Baeomycetaceae, Baeomycetales) from Tengger Desert of China. MycoKeys 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.41.28168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The monotypic lichenised genus Anamylopsora (Baeomycetaceae, Baeomycetales), with its single species A.pulcherrima, is distributed in the arid areas of the Northern Hemisphere, including China. In this paper, we introduce another species new to science, Anamylopsorapruinosa. The new species is characterised by a densely pruinose upper surface, abundantly thick and strong rhizines and terricolous habitat. It is also strongly supported by the phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses based on nrDNA ITS sequences, in which A.pruinosa forms well-supported clade separated from A.pulcherrima.
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Resl P, Fernández-Mendoza F, Mayrhofer H, Spribille T. The evolution of fungal substrate specificity in a widespread group of crustose lichens. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20180640. [PMID: 30333206 PMCID: PMC6234878 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens exhibit varying degrees of specialization with regard to the surfaces they colonize, ranging from substrate generalists to strict substrate specialists. Though long recognized, the causes and consequences of substrate specialization are poorly known. Using a phylogeny of a 150-200 Mya clade of lichen fungi, we asked whether substrate niche is phylogenetically conserved, which substrates are ancestral, whether specialists arise from generalists or vice versa and how specialization affects speciation/extinction processes. We found strong phylogenetic signal for niche conservatism. Specialists evolved into generalists and back again, but transitions from generalism to specialism were more common than the reverse. Our models suggest that for this group of fungi, 'escape' from specialization for soil, rock and bark occurred, but specialization for wood foreclosed evolution away from that substrate type. In parallel, speciation models showed positive diversification rates for soil and rock dwellers but not other specialists. Patterns in the studied group suggest that fungal substrate specificity is a key determinant of evolutionary trajectory for the entire lichen symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Resl
- Faculty of Biology, Department I, Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fernando Fernández-Mendoza
- Institute of Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Mayrhofer
- Institute of Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Toby Spribille
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
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Three new species and one new combination of Gypsoplaca (lichenized Ascomycota) from the Hengduan Mountains in China. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
During the evolution of the lichen symbiosis, shifts from one main type of photobiont to another were infrequent (Miadlikowska et al. ) but some remarkable transitions from green algal to diazotrophic cyanobacterial photobionts are known from unrelated fungal clades within the ascomycetes. Cyanobacterial, including tripartite, associations (green algal and cyanobacterial photobionts in one lichen individual) facilitate these holobionts to live as C- and N-autotrophs. Tripartite lichens are among the most productive lichens, which provide N-fertilization to forest ecosystems under oceanic climates (Peltigerales) or deliver low, but ecologically significant N-input into subarctic and alpine soil communities (Lecanorales, Agyriales). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Schneider et al. (2016) mapped morphometric data against an eight-locus fungal phylogeny across a transition of photobiont interactions from green algal to a tripartite association and used a phylogenetic comparative framework to explore the role of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in size differences in the Trapelia-Placopsis clade (Agyriales). Within the group of tripartite species, the volume of cyanobacteria-containing structures (cephalodia) correlates with thallus thickness in both phylogenetic generalized least squares and phylogenetic generalized linear mixed-effects analyses, and the fruiting body core volume increased ninefold. The authors conclude that cyanobacterial symbiosis appears to have enabled lichens to overcome size constraints in oligotrophic environments such as rock surfaces. The Trapelia-Placopsis clade analyzed by Schneider et al. (2016) is an exciting example of interactions between ecology, phylogeny and lichen biology including development - from thin crustose green algal microlichens to thick placodioid, tripartite macrolichens: as thick as three in a bed (Scott ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Scheidegger
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
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Ekanayaka AH, Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Daranagama DA, Phillips AJL, Hongsanan S, Jayasiri SC, Zhao Q. DISCOMYCETES: the apothecial representatives of the phylum Ascomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-017-0389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Phylogenetic placement within Lecanoromycetes of lichenicolous fungi associated with Cladonia and some other genera. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2017; 39:91-117. [PMID: 29503472 PMCID: PMC5832959 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Though most of the lichenicolous fungi belong to the Ascomycetes, their phylogenetic placement based on molecular data is lacking for numerous species. In this study the phylogenetic placement of 19 species of lichenicolous fungi was determined using four loci (LSU rDNA, SSU rDNA, ITS rDNA and mtSSU). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the studied lichenicolous fungi are widespread across the phylogeny of Lecanoromycetes. One species is placed in Acarosporales, Sarcogyne sphaerospora; five species in Dactylosporaceae, Dactylospora ahtii, D. deminuta, D. glaucoides, D. parasitica and Dactylospora sp.; four species belong to Lecanorales, Lichenosticta alcicorniaria, Epicladonia simplex, E. stenospora and Scutula epiblastematica. The genus Epicladonia is polyphyletic and the type E. sandstedei belongs to Leotiomycetes. Phaeopyxis punctum and Bachmanniomyces uncialicola form a well supported clade in the Ostropomycetidae. Epigloea soleiformis is related to Arthrorhaphis and Anzina. Four species are placed in Ostropales, Corticifraga peltigerae, Cryptodiscus epicladonia, C. galaninae and C. cladoniicola comb. nov. (= Lettauia cladoniicola). Three new species are described, Dactylospora ahtii, Cryptodiscus epicladonia and C. galaninae.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Lichen symbioses comprise a fascinating relationship between algae and fungi. The lichen symbiotic lifestyle evolved early in the evolution of ascomycetes and is also known from a few basidiomycetes. The ascomycete lineages have diversified in the lichenized stage to give rise to a tremendous variety of morphologies. Their thalli are often internally complex and stratified for optimized integration of algal and fungal metabolisms. Thalli are frequently colonized by specific nonlichenized fungi and occasionally also by other lichens. Microscopy has revealed various ways these fungi interact with their hosts. Besides the morphologically recognizable diversity of the lichen mycobionts and lichenicolous (lichen-inhabiting) fungi, many other microorganisms including other fungi and bacterial communities are now detected in lichens by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. The application of multi-omics approaches, refined microscopic techniques, and physiological studies has added to our knowledge of lichens, not only about the taxa involved in the lichen interactions, but also about their functions.
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van Nieuwenhuijzen E, Miadlikowska J, Houbraken J, Adan O, Lutzoni F, Samson R. Wood staining fungi revealed taxonomic novelties in Pezizomycotina: New order Superstratomycetales and new species Cyanodermella oleoligni. Stud Mycol 2016; 85:107-124. [PMID: 28050056 PMCID: PMC5198870 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A culture-based survey of staining fungi on oil-treated timber after outdoor exposure in Australia and the Netherlands uncovered new taxa in Pezizomycotina. Their taxonomic novelty was confirmed by phylogenetic analyses of multi-locus sequences (ITS, nrSSU, nrLSU, mitSSU, RPB1, RPB2, and EF-1α) using multiple reference data sets. These previously unknown taxa are recognised as part of a new order (Superstratomycetales) potentially closely related to Trypetheliales (Dothideomycetes), and as a new species of Cyanodermella, C. oleoligni in Stictidaceae (Ostropales) part of the mostly lichenised class Lecanoromycetes. Within Superstratomycetales a single genus named Superstratomyces with three putative species: S. flavomucosus, S. atroviridis, and S. albomucosus are formally described. Monophyly of each circumscribed Superstratomyces species was highly supported and the intraspecific genetic variation was substantially lower than interspecific differences detected among species based on the ITS, nrLSU, and EF-1α loci. Ribosomal loci for all members of Superstratomyces were noticeably different from all fungal sequences available in GenBank. All strains from this genus grow slowly in culture, have darkly pigmented mycelia and produce pycnidia. The strains of C. oleoligni form green colonies with slimy masses and develop green pycnidia on oatmeal agar. These new taxa could not be classified reliably at the class and lower taxonomic ranks by sequencing from the substrate directly or based solely on culture-dependent morphological investigations. Coupling phenotypic observations with multi-locus sequencing of fungi isolated in culture enabled these taxonomic discoveries. Outdoor situated timber provides a great potential for culturable undescribed fungal taxa, including higher rank lineages as revealed by this study, and therefore, should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J.A.M.P. Houbraken
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - O.C.G. Adan
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - F.M. Lutzoni
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - R.A. Samson
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Resl P, Mayrhofer H, Clayden SR, Spribille T, Thor G, Tønsberg T, Sheard JW. Morphological, chemical and species delimitation analyses provide new taxonomic insights into two groups of Rinodina. LICHENOLOGIST (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 48:469-488. [PMID: 29398724 PMCID: PMC5793993 DOI: 10.1017/s0024282916000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus Rinodina (Physciaceae), with approximately 300 species, has been subject to few phylogenetic studies. Consequently taxonomic hypotheses in Rinodina are largely reliant on phenotypic data, while hypotheses incorporating DNA dependent methods remain to be tested. Here we investigate Rinodina degeliana/R. subparieta and the Rinodina mniaraea group, which previously have not been subjected to comprehensive molecular and phenotypic studies. We conducted detailed morphological, anatomical, chemical, molecular phylogenetic and species delimitation studies including 24 newly sequenced specimens. We propose that Rinodina degeliana and R. subparieta are conspecific and that chemical morphs within the R. mniaraea group should be recognized as distinct species. We also propose the placement of the recently described genus Oxnerella in Physciaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Resl
- Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Mayrhofer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stephen R Clayden
- New Brunswick Museum, 277 Douglas Avenue, Saint John, New Brunswick E2K 1E5, Canada
| | - Toby Spribille
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Göran Thor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tor Tønsberg
- Department of Natural History, University Museum, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - John W Sheard
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
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Schneider K, Resl P, Spribille T. Escape from the cryptic species trap: lichen evolution on both sides of a cyanobacterial acquisition event. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3453-68. [PMID: 27037681 PMCID: PMC5324663 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Large, architecturally complex lichen symbioses arose only a few times in evolution, increasing thallus size by orders of magnitude over those from which they evolved. The innovations that enabled symbiotic assemblages to acquire and maintain large sizes are unknown. We mapped morphometric data against an eight-locus fungal phylogeny across one of the best-sampled thallus size transition events, the origins of the Placopsis lichen symbiosis, and used a phylogenetic comparative framework to explore the role of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in size differences. Thallus thickness increased by >150% and fruiting body core volume increased ninefold on average after acquisition of cyanobacteria. Volume of cyanobacteria-containing structures (cephalodia), once acquired, correlates with thallus thickness in both phylogenetic generalized least squares and phylogenetic generalized linear mixed-effects analyses. Our results suggest that the availability of nitrogen is an important factor in the formation of large thalli. Cyanobacterial symbiosis appears to have enabled lichens to overcome size constraints in oligotrophic environments such as acidic, rain-washed rock surfaces. In the case of the Placopsis fungal symbiont, this has led to an adaptive radiation of more than 60 recognized species from related crustose members of the genus Trapelia. Our data suggest that precyanobacterial symbiotic lineages were constrained to forming a narrow range of phenotypes, so-called cryptic species, leading systematists until now to recognize only six of the 13 species clusters we identified in Trapelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schneider
- Institute of Plant SciencesNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHolteigasse 6A‐8010GrazAustria
- Institute of ZoologyUniversity of GrazUniversitätsplatz 2A‐8010GrazAustria
| | - Philipp Resl
- Institute of Plant SciencesNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHolteigasse 6A‐8010GrazAustria
| | - Toby Spribille
- Institute of Plant SciencesNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHolteigasse 6A‐8010GrazAustria
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of Montana32 Campus DriveMissoulaMT59812USA
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Towards a revised generic classification of lecanoroid lichens (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence. FUNGAL DIVERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-015-0354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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