1
|
Li J, Liu K, Dong Y, Chen L, Wang Z, Chen J, Zhang X. Potential effects of soil petroleum contamination on decomposition of Artemisia annua plant litter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:1022-1030. [PMID: 38747329 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00096j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of petroleum contaminants in phytoremediating plants can significantly impact the decomposition of their litter. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects and the potential influence of the contaminant concentration remain unclear. In this study, litter from Artemisia annua plants grown in soil with varying concentrations of petroleum (0, 15, 30, and 45 g kg-1) was collected. The litter samples were then inoculated with soil microorganisms and subjected to an indoor simulation of decomposition under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Changes in the chemical properties, activities of decomposition-related enzymes in the litter, and decomposition rates were measured. Additionally, structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the mechanism through which soil petroleum contamination affects litter decomposition. The findings revealed several key points: (1) increasing soil petroleum contamination tended to reduce the concentration of carbon and nitrogen in litter while increasing those of lignin and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). (2) Soil petroleum contamination tended to increase the activities of both total lignocellulases and total nutrient cycling-related enzymes in litter. (3) Soil petroleum contamination might indirectly inhibit the activity of lignocellulases by increasing the concentration of lignin and TPH in litter. However, it might also directly accelerate the activity of these enzymes, resulting in contradictory effects on litter decomposition. (4) Finally, A. annua litter produced in soil contaminated with 15 and 30 g kg-1 of petroleum exhibited significantly lower decomposition rates than that from uncontaminated soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China.
| | - Kaixuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China.
| | - Yuxin Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China.
| | - Lingsu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China.
| | - Ziquan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China.
| | - Jinqiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Xiao H, Pang L, Wang F. Fungal Hyphae on the Assimilation Branches Are Beneficial for Haloxylon ammodendron to Absorb Atmospheric Water Vapor: Adapting to an Extreme Drought Environment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1233. [PMID: 38732449 PMCID: PMC11085276 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Research on endophytic fungi in desert plants, particularly the epiphytic or endophytic fungi of leaves, remains limited. In the extremely arid regions of northwest China, the ultra-xerophytic desert plant Haloxylon ammodendron harbors white fungi on its assimilating branches during autumn. The hyphae of these fungi intertwine, both internally and externally, comprising superficial, bridging, and endophytic types. The superficial hyphae attach to the surface of the assimilating branches and continuously grow and intersect, forming a thick layer of felt-like hyphae. This thick, felt-like layer of hyphae facilitates the adsorption of atmospheric water vapor on the surface of the hyphae or the assimilating branches, allowing H. ammodendron to capture atmospheric moisture, even under low humidity. Some superficial hyphae penetrate the cuticle into the epidermis, becoming bridging hyphae, which can rapidly transport water from the outside of the epidermis to the inside. The endophytic hyphae shuttle within the epidermis, achieving rapid water transfer within the epidermis of the assimilating branches. The presence of these three types of hyphae not only enables the assimilating branches of H. ammodendron to achieve rapid water absorption and transmission, but also facilitates the uptake of atmospheric water vapor under low humidity conditions. We discuss the mechanism by which the hyphae promote water absorption from the perspectives of hyphal composition, the formation of felt-like structures, and environmental conditions. We consider the presence of fungal hyphae on the surface of the H. ammodendron assimilating branches as an inevitable ecological process in arid environments. This study provides important theoretical insights into the mechanisms underlying the strong drought resistance of desert plants in extremely arid regions and offers strategies for desertification control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Water and Soil Resources Research Office in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Honglang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Water and Soil Resources Research Office in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Pang
- Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Water and Soil Resources Research Office in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Christian N, Perlin MH. Plant-endophyte communication: Scaling from molecular mechanisms to ecological outcomes. Mycologia 2024; 116:227-250. [PMID: 38380970 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2299658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Diverse communities of fungal endophytes reside in plant tissues, where they affect and are affected by plant physiology and ecology. For these intimate interactions to form and persist, endophytes and their host plants engage in intricate systems of communication. The conversation between fungal endophytes and plant hosts ultimately dictates endophyte community composition and function and has cascading effects on plant health and plant interactions. In this review, we synthesize our current knowledge on the mechanisms and strategies of communication used by endophytic fungi and their plant hosts. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of communication that lead to organ specificity of endophytic communities and distinguish endophytes, pathogens, and saprotrophs. We conclude by offering emerging perspectives on the relevance of plant-endophyte communication to microbial community ecology and plant health and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Christian
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Michael H Perlin
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muneer MA, Chen X, Wang H, Munir MZ, Afridi MS, Yan X, Ji B, Li W, Wu L, Zheng C. Unraveling two decades of phyllosphere endophytes: tracing research trends and insights through visualized knowledge maps, with emphasis on microbial interactions as emerging frontiers. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:12. [PMID: 38319560 PMCID: PMC10847081 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-024-00148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Phyllosphere endophytes play a critical role in a myriad of biological functions, such as maintaining plant health and overall fitness. They play a determinative role in crop yield and quality by regulating vital processes, such as leaf functionality and longevity, seed mass, apical growth, flowering, and fruit development. This study conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis aiming to review the prevailing research trajectories in phyllosphere endophytes and harness both primary areas of interest and emerging challenges. A total of 156 research articles on phyllosphere endophytes, published between 2002 and 2022, were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). A systematic analysis was conducted using CiteSpace to visualize the evolution of publication frequency, the collaboration network, the co-citation network, and keywords co-occurrence. The findings indicated that initially, there were few publications on the topic of phyllosphere endophytes. However, from 2011 onwards, there was a notable increase in the number of publications on phyllosphere endophytes, gaining worldwide attention. Among authors, Arnold, A Elizabeth is widely recognized as a leading author in this research area. In terms of countries, the USA and China hold the highest rankings. As for institutional ranking, the University of Arizona is the most prevalent and leading institute in this particular subject. Collaborative efforts among the authors and institutions tend to be confined to small groups, and a large-scale collaborative network needs to be established. This study identified the influential journals, literature, and hot research topics. These findings also highlight the interconnected nature of key themes, e.g., phyllosphere endophyte research revolves around the four pillars: diversity, fungal endophytes, growth, and endophytic fungi. This study provides an in-depth perspective on phyllosphere endophytes studies, revealing the identification of biodiversity and microbial interaction of phyllosphere endophytes as the principal research frontiers. These analytical findings not only elucidate the recent trajectory of phyllosphere endophyte research but also provide invaluable insights for similar studies and their potential applications on a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif Muneer
- International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention; Anhui Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Manufacture and Efficient Utilization of Green Phosphorus Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hexin Wang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention; Anhui Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Manufacture and Efficient Utilization of Green Phosphorus Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Munir
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 2199, Lishui Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Siddique Afridi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, CEP 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Baoming Ji
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Fujian Institute of Tobacco Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Liangquan Wu
- International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chaoyuan Zheng
- International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blaschke M, Siemonsmeier A, Harjes J, Okach DO, Rambold G. Comparison of survey methods for fungi using metabarcoding and fruit body inventories in an altitudinal gradient. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:269. [PMID: 37354241 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Metabarcoding of environmental samples is nowadays an established method in biodiversity research. When it comes to studying fungal populations in various ecotypes, fruit body inventories are the traditional method to assess the diversity of fungal communities. In this study, both methods-metabarcoding of soil samples and a traditional fruit body inventory-were conducted on 144 sample plots in an altitudinal gradient in the Bavarian Forest (Germany) and the results were compared. Metabarcoding detected significantly more species than the traditional fruit body inventory. The majority of taxa recorded in the fruit body inventory belonged to the Basidiomycota, whereas in the metabarcoding data, the distribution of species between Basidiomycota and Ascomycota was approximately balanced. Species of several orders forming inconspicuous or hypogeous fruit bodies were detected only by metabarcoding, while several wood decomposers were recorded only in the fruit body inventory. The proportion of detected wood-colonising species with melanized spores was considerably higher with metabarcoding than with the fruit body inventory, where more than 70% of recorded wood-colonisers had hyaline spores. Based on the metabarcoding data, a decline of species richness with increasing altitude was evident, but this was not visible in the fruit body inventory data. Detrended correspondence analyses yielded similar results for relative species community similarities with both survey methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaschke
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 1, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Angela Siemonsmeier
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
- University of Applied Forest Science Rottenburg, Schadenweilerhof, 72108, Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany
| | - Janno Harjes
- Department of Mycology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Daniel O Okach
- Department of Mycology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rambold
- Department of Mycology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Davis EL, Weatherhead E, Koide RT. The potential saprotrophic capacity of foliar endophytic fungi from Quercus gambelii. FUNGAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
7
|
Bhunjun CS, Phukhamsakda C, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Saxena RK, Li Q. Do all fungi have ancestors with endophytic lifestyles? FUNGAL DIVERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-023-00516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
|
8
|
Linking processes to community functions—insights into litter decomposition combining fungal metatranscriptomics and environmental NMR profiling. Mycol Prog 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn forest ecosystems, decomposition is essential for carbon and nutrient cycling and therefore a key process for ecosystem functioning. During the decomposition process, litter chemistry, involved decomposer organisms, and enzymatic activity change interdependently. Chemical composition of the litter is the most complex and dynamic component in the decomposition process and therefore challenging to assess holistically. In this study, we aimed to characterize chemical shifts during decomposition and link them to changes in decomposer fungal activity. We characterized the chemical composition of freshly fallen autumn leaves of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and the corresponding leaf litter after 1 year of decomposition by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We further tested the applicability of spiking experiments for qualitative and quantitative characterization of leaves and litter chemistry. The composition and transcriptional activity of fungal communities was assessed by high-throughput Illumina sequencing in the same litter samples. We were able to distinguish freshly fallen leaves from 1-year-old litter based on their chemical composition. Chemical composition of leaves converged among regions with progressing decomposition. Fungal litter communities differed in composition among regions, but they were functionally redundant according to the expression of genes encoding litter degrading enzymes (CAZymes). Fungi of the saprotrophic genera Mycena and Chalara correlated with transcription of litter-degrading CAZymes in 1-year-old litter. Forestry measures influenced the diversity and transcription rate of the detected CAZymes transcripts in litter. Their expression was primarily predicted by composition of the soluble chemical fraction of the litter. Environmental NMR fingerprints thus proved valuable for inferring ecological contexts. We propose and discuss a holistic framework to link fungal activity, enzyme expression, and chemical composition.
Collapse
|
9
|
Taylor AF, Freitag TE, Robinson L, White D, Hedley P, Britton AJ. Nitrogen deposition and temperature structure fungal communities associated with alpine moss-sedge heath in the UK. FUNGAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
10
|
Interaction between growth environment and host progeny shape fungal endophytic assemblages in transplanted Fagus sylvatica. FUNGAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Liu J, Ding C, Zhang W, Wei Y, Zhou Y, Zhu W. Litter mixing promoted decomposition rate through increasing diversities of phyllosphere microbial communities. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1009091. [PMID: 36425041 PMCID: PMC9678933 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1009091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Decomposition of forest litter is an essential process for returning nutrients to the soil, which is crucial for preserving soil fertility and fostering the regular biological cycle and nutrient balance of the forest ecosystem. About 70% of the land-based forest litter is made up primarily of leaf litter. However, research on the complex effects and key determinants of leaf litter decomposition is still lacking. In this study, we examined the characteristics of nutrient release and microbial diversity structure during the decomposition of three types of litter in arid and semi-arid regions using 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing technology as well as nutrient content determination. It was revealed that the nutrient content and rate of decomposition of mixed litters were significantly different from those of single species. Following litter mixing, the richness and diversity of the microbial community on leaves significantly increased. It was determined that there was a significant correlation between bacterial diversity and content (Total N, Total P, N/P, and C/P). This study provided a theoretical framework for investigating the decomposition mechanism of mixed litters by revealing the microbial mechanism of mixed decomposition of litters from the microbial community and nutrient levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), Shenyang Agricultural University, Tieling, China
| | - Changjun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Changjun Ding,
| | - Weixi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Wei
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
- Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), Shenyang Agricultural University, Tieling, China
| | - Yongbin Zhou
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
- Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), Shenyang Agricultural University, Tieling, China
| | - Wenxu Zhu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bano A, Waqar A, Khan A, Tariq H. Phytostimulants in sustainable agriculture. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.801788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The consistent use of synthetic fertilizers and chemicals in traditional agriculture has not only compromised the fragile agroecosystems but has also adversely affected human, aquatic, and terrestrial life. The use of phytostimulants is an alternative eco-friendly approach that eliminates ecosystem disruption while maintaining agricultural productivity. Phytostimulants include living entities and materials, such as microorganisms and nanomaterials, which when applied to plants or to the rhizosphere, stimulate plant growth and induce tolerance to plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we focus on plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), beneficial fungi, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF), actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, azolla, and lichens, and their potential benefits in the crop improvement, and mitigation of abiotic and biotic stresses either alone or in combination. PGPR, AMF, and PGPF are plant beneficial microbes that can release phytohormones, such as indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and cytokinins, promoting plant growth and improving soil health, and in addition, they also produce many secondary metabolites, antibiotics, and antioxidant compounds and help to combat biotic and abiotic stresses. Their ability to act as phytostimulator and a supplement of inorganic fertilizers is considered promising in practicing sustainable agriculture and organic farming. Glomalin is a proteinaceous product, produced by AMF, involved in soil aggregation and elevation of soil water holding capacity under stressed and unstressed conditions. The negative effects of continuous cropping can be mitigated by AMF biofertilization. The synergistic effects of PGPR and PGPF may be more effective. The mechanisms of control exercised by PGPF either direct or indirect to suppress plant diseases viz. by competing for space and nutrients, mycoparasitism, antibiosis, mycovirus-mediated cross-protection, and induced systemic resistance (ISR) have been discussed. The emerging role of cyanobacterial metabolites and the implication of nanofertilizers have been highlighted in sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
|
13
|
Chun SJ, Cui Y, Yoo SH, Lee JR. Organic Connection of Holobiont Components and the Essential Roles of Core Microbes in the Holobiont Formation of Feral Brassica napus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:920759. [PMID: 35875588 PMCID: PMC9305074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.920759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica napus (Rapeseed) is an econfomically important oil-producing crop. The microbial interactions in the plant holobiont are fundamental to the understanding of plant growth and health. To investigate the microbial dynamics in the holobiont of feral B. napus, a total of 215 holobiont samples, comprised of bulk soil, primary root, lateral root, dead leaf, caulosphere, basal leaf, apical leaf, carposphere, and anthosphere, were collected from five different grassland sites in South Korea. The soil properties differed in different sampling sites, but prokaryotic communities were segregated according to plant holobiont components. The structures of the site-specific SparCC networks were similar across the regions. Recurrent patterns were found in the plant holobionts in the recurrent network. Ralstonia sp., Massilia sp., and Rhizobium clusters were observed consistently and were identified as core taxa in the phyllosphere, dead leaf microbiome, and rhizosphere, respectively. Arthropod-related microbes, such as Wolbachia sp., Gilliamella sp., and Corynebacteriales amplicon sequence variants, were found in the anthosphere. PICRUSt2 analysis revealed that microbes also possessed specific functions related to holobiont components, such as functions related to degradation pathways in the dead leaf microbiome. Structural equation modeling analysis showed the organic connections among holobiont components and the essential roles of the core microbes in the holobiont formations in natural ecosystem. Microbes coexisting in a specific plant showed relatively stable community structures, even though the regions and soil characteristics were different. Microbes in each plant component were organically connected to form their own plant holobiont. In addition, plant-related microbes, especially core microbes in each holobiont, showed recurrent interaction patterns that are essential to an understanding of the survival and coexistence of plant microbes in natural ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jun Chun
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seong-Jun Chun,
| | - Yingshun Cui
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyang Yoo
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
| | - Jung Ro Lee
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu B, Ju Y, Xia C, Zhong R, Christensen MJ, Zhang X, Nan Z. The effect of Epichloë endophyte on phyllosphere microbes and leaf metabolites in Achnatherum inebrians. iScience 2022; 25:104144. [PMID: 35402863 PMCID: PMC8991375 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon exposure to the prevailing environment, leaves become increasingly colonized by fungi and bacteria located on the surface (epiphytic) or within (endophytic) the leaves. Many cool season grasses, including Achnatherum inebrians, host a seed-borne, intercellular, mutualistic Epichloë fungal endophyte, the growth of which is synchronized with the host grass. A study utilizing illumina sequencing was used to examine the epiphytic and endophytic microbial communities in Epichloë endophyte-infected and endophyte-free A. inebrians plants growing under hot dry field conditions. The presence of Epichloë endophyte increased the Shannon and decreased Simpson diversity of bacterial and fungal communities. Sphingomonas and Hymenobacter bacteria and Filobasidium and Mycosphaerella fungi were growing largely epiphytically, whereas Methylobacterium, Escherichia-Shigella, and the fungus Blumeria were mostly found within leaves with the location of colonization influenced by the Epichloë endophyte. In addition, leaf metabolites in Epichloë-infected and Epichloë-free leaves were examined using LC/MS. Epichloë was significantly correlated with 132 metabolites. Epichloë altered the composition and diversity of phyllosphere microbial communities 414 detected metabolites were annotated, of which the 132 differential metabolites There were 229 significant correlations between metabolites and microbial phyla
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xingxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hayer M, Wymore AS, Hungate BA, Schwartz E, Koch BJ, Marks JC. Microbes on decomposing litter in streams: entering on the leaf or colonizing in the water? THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:717-725. [PMID: 34580429 PMCID: PMC8857200 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
When leaves fall in rivers, microbial decomposition commences within hours. Microbial assemblages comprising hundreds of species of fungi and bacteria can vary with stream conditions, leaf litter species, and decomposition stage. In terrestrial ecosystems, fungi and bacteria that enter soils with dead leaves often play prominent roles in decomposition, but their role in aquatic decomposition is less known. Here, we test whether fungi and bacteria that enter streams on senesced leaves are growing during decomposition and compare their abundances and growth to bacteria and fungi that colonize leaves in the water. We employ quantitative stable isotope probing to identify growing microbes across four leaf litter species and two decomposition times. We find that most of the growing fungal species on decomposing leaves enter the water with the leaf, whereas most growing bacteria colonize from the water column. Results indicate that the majority of bacteria found on litter are growing, whereas the majority of fungi are dormant. Both bacterial and fungal assemblages differed with leaf type on the dried leaves and throughout decomposition. This research demonstrates the importance of fungal species that enter with the leaf on aquatic decomposition and the prominence of bacteria that colonize decomposing leaves in the water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hayer
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.
| | - Adam S. Wymore
- grid.167436.10000 0001 2192 7145Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - Bruce A. Hungate
- grid.261120.60000 0004 1936 8040Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
| | - Egbert Schwartz
- grid.261120.60000 0004 1936 8040Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
| | - Benjamin J. Koch
- grid.261120.60000 0004 1936 8040Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
| | - Jane C. Marks
- grid.261120.60000 0004 1936 8040Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kambach S, Sadlowski C, Peršoh D, Guerreiro MA, Auge H, Röhl O, Bruelheide H. Foliar Fungal Endophytes in a Tree Diversity Experiment Are Driven by the Identity but Not the Diversity of Tree Species. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1081. [PMID: 34685452 PMCID: PMC8539603 DOI: 10.3390/life11101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic foliar fungal endophytes can have beneficial effects on host trees and might alleviate climate-induced stressors. Whether and how the community of foliar endophytes is dependent on the tree neighborhood is still under debate with contradicting results from different tree diversity experiments. Here, we present our finding regarding the effect of the tree neighborhood from the temperate, densely planted and 12-years-old Kreinitz tree diversity experiment. We used linear models, redundancy analysis, Procrustes analysis and Holm-corrected multiple t-tests to quantify the effects of the plot-level tree neighborhood on the diversity and composition of foliar fungal endophytes in Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Picea abies. Against our expectations, we did not find an effect of tree diversity on endophyte diversity. Endophyte composition, however, was driven by the identity of the host species. Thirteen endophytes where overabundant in tree species mixtures, which might indicate frequent spillover or positive interactions between foliar endophytes. The independence of the diversity of endophytes from the diversity of tree species might be attributed to the small plot size and the high density of tree individuals. However, the mechanistic causes for these cryptic relationships still remain to be uncovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kambach
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany;
| | - Christopher Sadlowski
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (C.S.); (D.P.); (M.A.G.); (O.R.)
| | - Derek Peršoh
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (C.S.); (D.P.); (M.A.G.); (O.R.)
| | - Marco Alexandre Guerreiro
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (C.S.); (D.P.); (M.A.G.); (O.R.)
| | - Harald Auge
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany;
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Röhl
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (C.S.); (D.P.); (M.A.G.); (O.R.)
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany;
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zaret MM, Bauer JT, Clay K, Whitaker BK. Conspecific leaf litter induces negative feedbacks in Asteraceae seedlings. Ecology 2021; 102:e03557. [PMID: 34625950 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The plant soil feedback (PSF) framework has been instrumental in understanding the impacts of soil microbes on plant fitness and species coexistence. PSFs develop when soil microbial communities are altered due to the identity and density of a particular plant species, which can then enhance or inhibit the local survival and growth of that plant species as well as different plant species. The recent extension of the PSF framework to aboveground microbiota, termed here as plant phyllosphere feedbacks (PPFs), can also help to determine the impact of aboveground microbes on plant fitness and species interactions. However, experimental tests of PPFs during early plant growth are nascent and the prevalence of PPFs across diverse plant species remains unknown. Additionally, it is unclear whether plant host characteristics, such as functional traits or phylogenetic distance, may help to predict the strength and direction of PPFs. To test for the prevalence of litter-mediated PPFs, recently senesced plant litter from 10 native Asteraceae species spanning a range of life history strategies was used to inoculate seedlings of both conspecific and heterospecific species. We found that exposure to conspecific litter significantly reduced the growth of four species relative to exposure to heterospecific litter (i.e., significant negative PPFs), three species experienced marginally significant negative PPFs, and the PPF estimates for all 10 species were negative. However, neither plant functional traits, nor phylogenetic distance were predictive of litter feedbacks across plant species pairs, suggesting that other mechanisms or traits not measured may be driving conspecific negative PPFs. Our results indicate that negative, litter-mediated PPFs are common among native Asteraceae species and that they may have substantial impacts on plant growth and plant species interactions, particularly during early plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max M Zaret
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan T Bauer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA.,Institute for the Environment and Sustainability, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Briana K Whitaker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bashir I, War AF, Rafiq I, Reshi ZA, Rashid I, Shouche YS. Phyllosphere microbiome: Diversity and functions. Microbiol Res 2021; 254:126888. [PMID: 34700185 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phyllosphere or aerial surface of plants represents the globally largest and peculiar microbial habitat that inhabits diverse and rich communities of bacteria, fungi, viruses, cyanobacteria, actinobacteria, nematodes, and protozoans. These hyperdiverse microbial communities are related to the host's specific functional traits and influence the host's physiology and the ecosystem's functioning. In the last few years, significant advances have been made in unravelling several aspects of phyllosphere microbiology, including diversity and microbial community composition, dynamics, and functional interactions. This review highlights the current knowledge about the assembly, structure, and composition of phyllosphere microbial communities across spatio-temporal scales, besides functional significance of different microbial communities to the plant host and the surrounding environment. The knowledge will help develop strategies for modelling and manipulating these highly beneficial microbial consortia for furthering scientific inquiry into their interactions with the host plants and also for their useful and economic utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Bashir
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Aadil Farooq War
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Iflah Rafiq
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zafar A Reshi
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Irfan Rashid
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rajulu MBG, Suryanarayanan TS, Murali TS, Thirunavukkarasu N, Venkatesan G. Minor species of foliar fungal endophyte communities: do they matter? Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Dahl MB, Peršoh D, Jentsch A, Kreyling J. Root-Associated Mycobiomes of Common Temperate Plants (Calluna vulgaris and Holcus lanatus) Are Strongly Affected by Winter Climate Conditions. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:403-415. [PMID: 33452897 PMCID: PMC8384817 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Winter temperatures are projected to increase in Central Europe. Subsequently, snow cover will decrease, leading to increased soil temperature variability, with potentially different consequences for soil frost depending on e.g. altitude. Here, we experimentally evaluated the effects of increased winter soil temperature variability on the root associated mycobiome of two plant species (Calluna vulgaris and Holcus lanatus) at two sites in Germany; a colder and wetter upland site with high snow accumulation and a warmer and drier lowland site, with low snow accumulation. Mesocosm monocultures were set-up in spring 2010 at both sites (with soil and plants originating from the lowland site). In the following winter, an experimental warming pulse treatment was initiated by overhead infrared heaters and warming wires at the soil surface for half of the mesocosms at both sites. At the lowland site, the warming treatment resulted in a reduced number of days with soil frost as well as increased the average daily temperature amplitude. Contrary, the treatment caused no changes in these parameters at the upland site, which was in general a much more frost affected site. Soil and plant roots were sampled before and after the following growing season (spring and autumn 2011). High-throughput sequencing was used for profiling of the root-associated fungal (ITS marker) community (mycobiome). Site was found to have a profound effect on the composition of the mycobiome, which at the upland site was dominated by fast growing saprotrophs (Mortierellomycota), and at the lowland site by plant species-specific symbionts (e.g. Rhizoscyphus ericae and Microdochium bolleyi for C. vulgaris and H. lanatus respectively). The transplantation to the colder upland site and the temperature treatment at the warmer lowland site had comparable consequences for the mycobiome, implying that winter climate change resulting in higher temperature variability has large consequences for mycobiome structures regardless of absolute temperature of a given site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Borg Dahl
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17487, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
| | - Derek Peršoh
- Geobotanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreyling
- Institute of Botany and Landscape ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gkoutselis G, Rohrbach S, Harjes J, Obst M, Brachmann A, Horn MA, Rambold G. Microplastics accumulate fungal pathogens in terrestrial ecosystems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13214. [PMID: 34267241 PMCID: PMC8282651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) is a pervasive pollutant in nature that is colonised by diverse groups of microbes, including potentially pathogenic species. Fungi have been largely neglected in this context, despite their affinity for plastics and their impact as pathogens. To unravel the role of MP as a carrier of fungal pathogens in terrestrial ecosystems and the immediate human environment, epiplastic mycobiomes from municipal plastic waste from Kenya were deciphered using ITS metabarcoding as well as a comprehensive meta-analysis, and visualised via scanning electron as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy. Metagenomic and microscopic findings provided complementary evidence that the terrestrial plastisphere is a suitable ecological niche for a variety of fungal organisms, including important animal and plant pathogens, which formed the plastisphere core mycobiome. We show that MPs serve as selective artificial microhabitats that not only attract distinct fungal communities, but also accumulate certain opportunistic human pathogens, such as cryptococcal and Phoma-like species. Therefore, MP must be regarded a persistent reservoir and potential vector for fungal pathogens in soil environments. Given the increasing amount of plastic waste in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, this interrelation may have severe consequences for the trans-kingdom and multi-organismal epidemiology of fungal infections on a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Gkoutselis
- Department of Mycology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Rohrbach
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janno Harjes
- Department of Mycology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin Obst
- Experimental Biogeochemistry, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marcus A Horn
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Rambold
- Department of Mycology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gorfer M, Mayer M, Berger H, Rewald B, Tallian C, Matthews B, Sandén H, Katzensteiner K, Godbold DL. High Fungal Diversity but Low Seasonal Dynamics and Ectomycorrhizal Abundance in a Mountain Beech Forest. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:243-256. [PMID: 33755773 PMCID: PMC8282586 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Forests on steep slopes constitute a significant proportion of European mountain areas and are important as production and protection forests. This study describes the soil fungal community structure in a European beech-dominated mountain forest stands in the Northern Calcareous Alps and investigates how it is determined by season and soil properties. Samples were collected at high spatial resolution in an area of ca. 100 m × 700 m in May (spring) and August (summer). Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing of the ITS2-region revealed distinct patterns for the soil fungal communities. In contrast to other studies from temperate European beech forest stands, Ascomycota dominated the highly diverse fungal community, while ectomycorrhizal fungi were of lower abundance. Russulaceae, which are often among the dominant ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with European beech, were absent from all samples. Potentially plant pathogenic fungi were more prevalent than previously reported. Only subtle seasonal differences were found between fungal communities in spring and summer. Especially, dominant saprotrophic taxa were largely unaffected by season, while slightly stronger effects were observed for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Soil characteristics like pH and organic carbon content, on the other hand, strongly shaped abundant taxa among the saprotrophic fungal community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gorfer
- Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Mayer
- Forest Ecology, Dept. of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Boris Rewald
- Forest Ecology, Dept. of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Claudia Tallian
- Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bradley Matthews
- Forest Ecology, Dept. of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Environment Agency Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Sandén
- Forest Ecology, Dept. of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Katzensteiner
- Forest Ecology, Dept. of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Douglas L Godbold
- Forest Ecology, Dept. of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wenndt AJ, Evans SE, van Diepeningen AD, Logan JR, Jacobson PJ, Seely MK, Jacobson KM. Why Plants Harbor Complex Endophytic Fungal Communities: Insights From Perennial Bunchgrass Stipagrostis sabulicola in the Namib Sand Sea. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:691584. [PMID: 34168636 PMCID: PMC8217645 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
All perennial plants harbor diverse endophytic fungal communities, but why they tolerate these complex asymptomatic symbioses is unknown. Using a multi-pronged approach, we conclusively found that a dryland grass supports endophyte communities comprised predominantly of latent saprophytes that can enhance localized nutrient recycling after senescence. A perennial bunchgrass, Stipagrostis sabulicola, which persists along a gradient of extreme abiotic stress in the hyper-arid Namib Sand Sea, was the focal point of our study. Living tillers yielded 20 fungal endophyte taxa, 80% of which decomposed host litter during a 28-day laboratory decomposition assay. During a 6-month field experiment, tillers with endophytes decomposed twice as fast as sterilized tillers, consistent with the laboratory assay. Furthermore, profiling the community active during decomposition using next-generation sequencing revealed that 59-70% of the S. sabulicola endophyte community is comprised of latent saprophytes, and these dual-niche fungi still constitute a large proportion (58-62%) of the litter community more than a year after senescence. This study provides multiple lines of evidence that the fungal communities that initiate decomposition of standing litter develop in living plants, thus providing a plausible explanation for why plants harbor complex endophyte communities. Using frequent overnight non-rainfall moisture events (fog, dew, high humidity), these latent saprophytes can initiate decomposition of standing litter immediately after tiller senescence, thus maximizing the likelihood that plant-bound nutrients are recycled in situ and contribute to the nutrient island effect that is prevalent in drylands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Wenndt
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sarah E Evans
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, United States
| | - Anne D van Diepeningen
- B.U. Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - J Robert Logan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, United States
| | - Peter J Jacobson
- Department of Biology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA, United States
| | - Mary K Seely
- Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Siddique AB, Biella P, Unterseher M, Albrectsen BR. Mycobiomes of Young Beech Trees Are Distinguished by Organ Rather Than by Habitat, and Community Analyses Suggest Competitive Interactions Among Twig Fungi. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:646302. [PMID: 33936005 PMCID: PMC8086555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.646302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) are prominent keystone species of great economic and environmental value for central Europe, hosting a diverse mycobiome. The composition of endophyte communities may depend on tree health, plant organ or tissue, and growth habitat. To evaluate mycobiome communalities at local scales, buds, and twigs were sampled from two young healthy mountain beech stands in Bavaria, Germany, four kilometers apart. With Illumina high-throughput sequencing, we found 113 fungal taxa from 0.7 million high-quality reads that mainly consisted of Ascomycota (52%) and Basidiomycota (26%) taxa. Significant correlations between richness and diversity indices were observed (p < 0.05), and mycobiomes did not differ between habitats in the current study. Species richness and diversity were higher in twigs compared to spring buds, and the assemblages in twigs shared most similarities. Interaction network analyses revealed that twig-bound fungi shared similar numbers of (interaction) links with others, dominated by negative co-occurrences, suggesting that competitive exclusion may be the predominant ecological interaction in the highly connected twig mycobiome. Combining community and network analyses strengthened the evidence that plant organs may filter endophytic communities directly through colonization access and indirectly by facilitating competitive interactions between the fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abu Bakar Siddique
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paolo Biella
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Oh SY, Park KH, Baldrian P, Fong JJ, Kwon HJ, Kim SY, Lim YW. Fungal diversity living in the root and sporophore of the endemic Korean fern Mankyua chejuense. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
26
|
Gossner MM, Beenken L, Arend K, Begerow D, Peršoh D. Insect herbivory facilitates the establishment of an invasive plant pathogen. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:6. [PMID: 37938649 PMCID: PMC9723786 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be severely affected by insect herbivores and phytopathogenic fungi, but interactions between these plant antagonists are poorly understood. We analysed the impact of feeding damage by the abundant herbivore Orchestes fagi on infection rates of beech (Fagus sylvatica) leaves with Petrakia liobae, an invasive plant pathogenic fungus. The fungus was not detected in hibernating beetles, indicating that O. fagi does not serve as vector for P. liobae, at least not between growing seasons. Abundance of the fungus in beech leaves increased with feeding damage of the beetle and this relationship was stronger for sun-exposed than for shaded leaves. A laboratory experiment revealed sun-exposed leaves to have thicker cell walls and to be more resistant to pathogen infection than shaded leaves. Mechanical damage significantly increased frequency and size of necroses in the sun, but not in shade leaves. Our findings indicate that feeding damage of adult beetles provides entry ports for fungal colonization by removal of physical barriers and thus promotes infection success by pathogenic fungi. Feeding activity by larvae probably provides additional nutrient sources or eases access to substrates for the necrotrophic fungus. Our study exemplifies that invasive pathogens may benefit from herbivore activity, which may challenge forest health in light of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Gossner
- Forest Entomology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Center for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ludwig Beenken
- Forest Protection, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Arend
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, AG Geobotany, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik Begerow
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, AG Geobotany, Bochum, Germany
| | - Derek Peršoh
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, AG Geobotany, Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhan P, Liu Y, Wang H, Wang C, Xia M, Wang N, Cui W, Xiao D, Wang H. Plant litter decomposition in wetlands is closely associated with phyllospheric fungi as revealed by microbial community dynamics and co-occurrence network. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142194. [PMID: 33207455 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phyllospheric microbes play a crucial role in the biological decomposition of plant litter in wetland ecosystems. Previous studies have mainly focused on single stages of decomposition process, and to date there have been no reports on dynamic changes in the composition of phyllospheric microbes during the multiple stages of decomposition from living plant to death. Here we investigated fungal and bacterial community succession in the leaf litter of Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, a wetland plant species using sequencing of the both fungal ITS and bacterial 16S genes. Our results revealed that, over the whole period of decomposition, the fungal communities underwent more distinct succession than did the bacterial communities. Proteobacteria dominated throughout the entire period, while, across different decomposition stages, the Ascomycete fungi were gradually replaced by the Ciliophora and Rozellomycota as the dominant fungi. Network analysis revealed higher degrees of species segregation and shorter average path lengths between species of fungi compared with species of bacteria. This suggests that fungal communities may harbor more niches and functional diversity and are potentially more susceptible to external interference than are bacterial communities. During decomposition, the contents of leaf cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the litter were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with the fungal communities, and abiotic factors accounted for 89.8% of the total variation in the fungal communities. In contract, abiotic factors only explained 6.10% of the total variation in bacterial communities, suggesting external environments as drivers of fungal community succession. Overall, we provide evidence that the complex litter decay in wetlands is the result of a dynamic cross-kingdom succession, and this process is accompanied by distinct phyllospheric fungal community dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhan
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center/Wetlands College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, People's Republic of China; School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunshuo Liu
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center/Wetlands College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Haocai Wang
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center/Wetlands College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenli Wang
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center/Wetlands College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xia
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center/Wetlands College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center/Wetlands College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanzhe Cui
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center/Wetlands College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Derong Xiao
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center/Wetlands College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Wang
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center/Wetlands College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, People's Republic of China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Burragoni SG, Jeon J. Applications of endophytic microbes in agriculture, biotechnology, medicine, and beyond. Microbiol Res 2021; 245:126691. [PMID: 33508761 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endophytes are emerging as integral components of plant microbiomes. Some of them play pivotal roles in plant development and plant responses to pathogens and abiotic stresses, whereas others produce useful and/or interesting secondary metabolites. The appreciation of their abilities to affect plant phenotypes and produce useful compounds via genetic and molecular interactions has paved the way for these abilities to be exploited for health and welfare of plants, humans and ecosystems. Here we comprehensively review current and potential applications of endophytes in the agricultural, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors. In addition, we briefly discuss the research objectives that should be focused upon in the coming years in order for endophytes and their metabolites to be fully harnessed for potential use in diverse areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sravanthi Goud Burragoni
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vale HMMD, Reis JBAD, Oliveira MD, Moreira GAM, Bomfim CA. Yeasts in native fruits from Brazilian neotropical savannah: occurrence, diversity and enzymatic potential. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2020-1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Cerrado is the second largest phytogeographic domain in Brazil, with a huge ethnobotany variety, including fruit species that stand out for their economic, industrial, biotechnological and medicinal potential. The objective of this study was to characterize the diversity of culturable yeasts and their potential for the production of hydrolytic enzymes in fruits of 13 species of native plants of the Cerrado in Brazil. Sequencing the 26S rRNA gene identified the isolates. The enzymatic potential was evaluated using specific substrates for the enzymes amylases, cellulases, proteases, and pectinases. Nine of the 13 fruit species analyzed showed yeast growth, totaling 82 isolates, identified in 26 species. The phylum Ascomycota predominated over Basidiomycota. The fruits of Butia capitata presented the highest species richness. Candida and Meyerozyma were the most frequent genera. About 57% of the isolates were able to produce at least one of the enzymes analyzed. The species Papiliotrema flavescens, Hanseniaspora meyeri, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa produced all the enzymes tested. The results were found to expand the knowledge about the yeast communities present in fruits of the Cerrado native plants, evidencing the presence of species shared among the plants, and their potential for biotechnological use in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos de Oliveira
- Universidade de Brasilia, Brasil; Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jauss RT, Walden S, Fiore-Donno AM, Dumack K, Schaffer S, Wolf R, Schlegel M, Bonkowski M. From Forest Soil to the Canopy: Increased Habitat Diversity Does Not Increase Species Richness of Cercozoa and Oomycota in Tree Canopies. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:592189. [PMID: 33414768 PMCID: PMC7782269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.592189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tree canopies provide habitats for diverse and until now, still poorly characterized communities of microbial eukaryotes. One of the most general patterns in community ecology is the increase in species richness with increasing habitat diversity. Thus, environmental heterogeneity of tree canopies should be an important factor governing community structure and diversity in this subsystem of forest ecosystems. Nevertheless, it is unknown if similar patterns are reflected at the microbial scale within unicellular eukaryotes (protists). In this study, high-throughput sequencing of two prominent protistan taxa, Cercozoa (Rhizaria) and Oomycota (Stramenopiles), was performed. Group specific primers were used to comprehensively analyze their diversity in various microhabitats of a floodplain forest from the forest floor to the canopy region. Beta diversity indicated highly dissimilar protistan communities in the investigated microhabitats. However, the majority of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was present in all samples, and therefore differences in beta diversity were mainly related to species performance (i.e., relative abundance). Accordingly, habitat diversity strongly favored distinct protistan taxa in terms of abundance, but due to their almost ubiquitous distribution the effect of species richness on community composition was negligible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin-Tobias Jauss
- Molecular Evolution and Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Walden
- Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Kenneth Dumack
- Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Schaffer
- Molecular Evolution and Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Wolf
- Molecular Evolution and Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Schlegel
- Molecular Evolution and Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Koskella B, Bergelson J. The study of host-microbiome (co)evolution across levels of selection. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190604. [PMID: 32772660 PMCID: PMC7435161 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganismal diversity can be explained in large part by selection imposed from both the abiotic and biotic environments, including-in the case of host-associated microbiomes-interactions with eukaryotes. As such, the diversity of host-associated microbiomes can be usefully studied across a variety of scales: within a single host over time, among host genotypes within a population, between populations and among host species. A plethora of recent studies across these scales and across diverse systems are: (i) exemplifying the importance of the host genetics in shaping microbiome composition; (ii) uncovering the role of the microbiome in shaping key host phenotypes; and (iii) highlighting the dynamic nature of the microbiome. They have also raised a critical question: do these complex associations fit within our existing understanding of evolution and coevolution, or do these often intimate and seemingly cross-generational interactions follow novel evolutionary rules from those previously identified? Herein, we describe the known importance of (co)evolution in host-microbiome systems, placing the existing data within extant frameworks that have been developed over decades of study, and ask whether there are unique properties of host-microbiome systems that require a paradigm shift. By examining when and how selection can act on the host and its microbiome as a unit (termed, the holobiont), we find that the existing conceptual framework, which focuses on individuals, as well as interactions among individuals and groups, is generally well suited for understanding (co)evolutionary change in these intimate assemblages. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of the microbiome in host evolution'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Joy Bergelson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kirker GT, Bishell A, Cappellazzi J, Palmer J, Bechle N, Lebow P, Lebow S. Role of Leaf Litter in Above-Ground Wood Decay. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050696. [PMID: 32397554 PMCID: PMC7286020 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of leaf litter on moisture content and fungal decay development in above-ground wood specimens were assessed. Untreated southern pine specimens were exposed with or without leaf litter contact. Two types of leaf litter were evaluated; aged (decomposed) and young (early stages of decomposition). The moisture content of specimens was monitored, and specimens were periodically removed for visual evaluation of decay development. In addition, amplicon-based sequencing analysis of specimens and associated leaf litter was conducted at two time points. Contact with either type of leaf litter resulted in consistently higher moisture contents than those not in contact with leaf litter. Visually, evident decay developed most rapidly in specimens in contact with the aged leaf litter. Analysis of amplicon-based sequencing revealed that leaf litter contributes a significant amount of the available wood decay fungal community with similar communities found in the litter exposed wood and litter itself, but dissimilar community profiles from unexposed wood. Dominant species and guild composition shifted over time, beginning initially with more leaf saprophytes (ascomycetes) and over time shifting to more wood rotting fungi (basidiomycetes). These results highlight the importance of the contributions of leaf litter to fungal colonization and subsequent decay hazard for above-ground wood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant T. Kirker
- USDA-FS Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA; (A.B.); (N.B.); (P.L.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-231-9256
| | - Amy Bishell
- USDA-FS Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA; (A.B.); (N.B.); (P.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Jed Cappellazzi
- Dept. of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97731, USA;
| | - Jonathan Palmer
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI 53726, USA;
| | - Nathan Bechle
- USDA-FS Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA; (A.B.); (N.B.); (P.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Patricia Lebow
- USDA-FS Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA; (A.B.); (N.B.); (P.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Stan Lebow
- USDA-FS Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA; (A.B.); (N.B.); (P.L.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Endolichenic Fungi in Jeju Island, South Korea. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12093769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic organisms containing diverse microorganisms. Endolichenic fungi (ELF) are one of the inhabitants living in lichen thalli, and have potential ecological and industrial applications due to their various secondary metabolites. As the function of endophytic fungi on the plant ecology and ecosystem sustainability, ELF may have an influence on the lichen diversity and the ecosystem, functioning similarly to the influence of endophytic fungi on plant ecology and ecosystem sustainability, which suggests the importance of understanding the diversity and community pattern of ELF. In this study, we investigated the diversity and the factors influencing the community structure of ELF in Jeju Island, South Korea by analyzing 619 fungal isolates from 79 lichen samples in Jeju Island. A total of 112 ELF species was identified and the most common species belonged to Xylariales in Sordariomycetes. The richness and community structure of ELF were significantly influenced by the host taxonomy, together with the photobiont types and environmental factors. Our results suggest that various lichen species in more diverse environments need to be analyzed to expand our knowledge of the diversity and ecology of ELF.
Collapse
|
35
|
Wolfe ER, Ballhorn DJ. Do Foliar Endophytes Matter in Litter Decomposition? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030446. [PMID: 32245270 PMCID: PMC7143956 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Litter decomposition rates are affected by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors, including the presence of fungal endophytes in host plant tissues. This review broadly analyzes the findings of 67 studies on the roles of foliar endophytes in litter decomposition, and their effects on decomposition rates. From 29 studies and 1 review, we compiled a comprehensive table of 710 leaf-associated fungal taxa, including the type of tissue these taxa were associated with and isolated from, whether they were reported as endo- or epiphytic, and whether they had reported saprophytic abilities. Aquatic (i.e., in-stream) decomposition studies of endophyte-affected litter were significantly under-represented in the search results (p < 0.0001). Indicator species analyses revealed that different groups of fungal endophytes were significantly associated with cool or tropical climates, as well as specific plant host genera (p < 0.05). Finally, we argue that host plant and endophyte interactions can significantly influence litter decomposition rates and should be considered when interpreting results from both terrestrial and in-stream litter decomposition experiments.
Collapse
|
36
|
Yadav AN, Singh J, Rastegari AA, Yadav N. Phyllospheric Microbiomes: Diversity, Ecological Significance, and Biotechnological Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [PMCID: PMC7123684 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38453-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The phyllosphere referred to the total aerial plant surfaces (above-ground portions), as habitat for microorganisms. Microorganisms establish compositionally complex communities on the leaf surface. The microbiome of phyllosphere is rich in diversity of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, and viruses. The diversity, dispersal, and community development on the leaf surface are based on the physiochemistry, environment, and also the immunity of the host plant. A colonization process is an important event where both the microbe and the host plant have been benefited. Microbes commonly established either epiphytic or endophytic mode of life cycle on phyllosphere environment, which helps the host plant and functional communication with the surrounding environment. To the scientific advancement, several molecular techniques like metagenomics and metaproteomics have been used to study and understand the physiology and functional relationship of microbes to the host and its environment. Based on the available information, this chapter describes the basic understanding of microbiome in leaf structure and physiology, microbial interactions, especially bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, and their adaptation in the phyllosphere environment. Further, the detailed information related to the importance of the microbiome in phyllosphere to the host plant and their environment has been analyzed. Besides, biopotentials of the phyllosphere microbiome have been reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajar Nath Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab India
| | | | - Neelam Yadav
- Gopi Nath PG College, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jia Q, Qu J, Mu H, Sun H, Wu C. Foliar endophytic fungi: diversity in species and functions in forest ecosystems. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-019-00663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
38
|
Voss C, Fiore-Donno AM, Guerreiro MA, Peršoh D, Bonkowski M. Metatranscriptomics reveals unsuspected protistan diversity in leaf litter across temperate beech forests, with Amoebozoa the dominating lineage. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5565044. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTForest litter harbors complex networks of microorganisms whose major components are bacteria, fungi and protists. Protists, being highly selective consumers of bacteria and fungi could influence decomposition processes by shifting competitive microbial interactions. We investigated the eukaryotic diversity from 18 samples of one-year beech (Fagus sylvatica) leaf litter by RNA-based high-throughput sequencing of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene. By applying a metatranscriptomics approach, we avoided biases inherent to PCR-based methods, and could therefore focus on elusive protistan groups. We obtained 14 589 eukaryotic assembled sequences (contigs) representing 2223 unique taxa. Fungi dominated the eukaryotic assemblage, followed by an equal proportion of protists and plants. Among protists, the phylum Amoebozoa clearly dominated, representing more than twice the proportion of Alveolata (mostly ciliates) and Rhizaria (mostly Cercozoa), which are often retrieved as the dominant protistan groups in soils, revealing potential primer biases. By assigning functional traits to protists, we could assess that the proportion of free-living and heterotrophs was much higher than that of parasites and autotrophs, opening the way to a better understanding of the role played by the protistan communities and how biodiversity interacts with decomposition processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Voss
- Terrestrial Ecology Group, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Fiore-Donno
- Terrestrial Ecology Group, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marco Alexandre Guerreiro
- Department of Geobotany, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Universitaetstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Derek Peršoh
- Department of Geobotany, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Universitaetstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Terrestrial Ecology Group, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Marie Booth J, Fusi M, Marasco R, Michoud G, Fodelianakis S, Merlino G, Daffonchio D. The role of fungi in heterogeneous sediment microbial networks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7537. [PMID: 31101834 PMCID: PMC6525233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While prokaryote community diversity and function have been extensively studied in soils and sediments, the functional role of fungi, despite their huge diversity, is widely unexplored. Several studies have, nonetheless, revealed the importance of fungi in provisioning services to prokaryote communities. Here, we hypothesise that the fungal community plays a key role in coordinating entire microbial communities by controlling the structure of functional networks in sediment. We selected a sediment environment with high niche diversity due to prevalent macrofaunal bioturbation, namely intertidal mangrove sediment, and explored the assembly of bacteria, archaea and fungi in different sediment niches, which we characterised by biogeochemical analysis, around the burrow of a herbivorous crab. We detected a high level of heterogeneity in sediment biogeochemical conditions, and diverse niches harboured distinct communities of bacteria, fungi and archaea. Saprotrophic fungi were a pivotal component of microbial networks throughout and we invariably found fungi to act as keystone species in all the examined niches and possibly acting synergistically with other environmental variables to determine the overall microbial community structure. In consideration of the importance of microbial-based nutrient cycling on overall sediment ecosystem functioning, we underline that the fungal microbiome and its role in the functional interactome cannot be overlooked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Marie Booth
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marco Fusi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Ramona Marasco
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Grégoire Michoud
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stilianos Fodelianakis
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giuseppe Merlino
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yao H, Sun X, He C, Maitra P, Li XC, Guo LD. Phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic fungal community and network structures differ in a tropical mangrove ecosystem. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:57. [PMID: 30967154 PMCID: PMC6456958 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Revealing the relationship between plants and fungi is very important in understanding biodiversity maintenance, community stability, and ecosystem functioning. However, differences in the community and network structures of phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic fungi are currently poorly documented. In this study, we examined epiphytic and endophytic fungal communities associated with the leaves of six mangrove species using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences. RESULTS A total of 635 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of endophytic and epiphytic fungi were obtained at a 97% sequence similarity level; they were dominated by Dothideomycetes and Tremellomycetes. Plant identity had a significant effect on the OTU richness of endophytic fungi, but not on epiphytic fungi. The community composition of epiphytic and endophytic fungi was significantly different, and plant identity had a greater effect on endophytic fungi than on epiphytic fungi. Network analysis showed that both epiphytic and endophytic network structures were characterized by significantly highly specialized and modular but lowly connected and anti-nested properties. Furthermore, the endophytic network had higher levels of specialization and modularity but lower connectance and stronger anti-nestedness than the epiphytic network. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that the phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic fungal communities differ, and plant identity has a greater effect on the endophytic fungi than on epiphytic fungi. These findings demonstrate the role of host plant identity in driving phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic community structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pulak Maitra
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Culturable endophytic fungal communities associated with plants in organic and conventional farming systems and their effects on plant growth. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1669. [PMID: 30737459 PMCID: PMC6368545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As compared to organic farming system, conventional farming system relies on higher inputs of synthetic agrochemicals, which may reduce the abundance, diversity, and beneficial effects of plant endophytic fungal communities. This study compares the diversity and abundance of culturable endophytic fungal communities associated with four plant species –corn, tomato, pepper, and watermelon grown in separate organic and conventional fields. In all, 740 fungal isolates were identified, of which 550 were from the organic fields and 190 from the conventional ones. These fungal isolates were grouped into eight orders and 22 species, with the two most abundant species being Trichoderma sp. and Pichia guilliermondi. The fungal species diversity and abundance were both significantly higher in the organic than in the conventional fields. All the isolated endophytic fungi improved tomato plants’ shoot growth and biomass significantly, as compared with the water control. Six fungal isolates also exhibited activity that enhanced tomato fruit yields. These results suggest that these endophytic fungi might be a considerable boost to sustainable agricultural production, while also reducing the agricultural application of chemicals and thus benefiting the environment and human health.
Collapse
|
43
|
Distribution and diversity of foliar endophytic fungi in the mangroves of Andaman Islands, India. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
44
|
Qian X, Chen L, Guo X, He D, Shi M, Zhang D. Shifts in community composition and co-occurrence patterns of phyllosphere fungi inhabiting Mussaenda shikokiana along an elevation gradient. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5767. [PMID: 30345176 PMCID: PMC6187995 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The altitudinal effects on the distributions of phyllosphere fungal assemblages in conspecific plants remain poorly elucidated. To address this, phyllosphere fungal communities associated with Mussaenda shikokiana were investigated at four sites across a 350 m elevation gradient in a subtropical forest by employing Illumina metabarcoding of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. Our results demonstrated that phyllosphere fungal assemblages with a single host possessed high taxonomic diversity and multiple trophic guilds. OTU richness was significantly influenced by elevation. The elevation gradient also entailed distinct shifts in the community composition of phyllosphere fungi, which was significantly related to geographical distance and mean annual temperature (MAT). Additionally, comparison of phyllosphere fungal networks showed reduced connectivity with increasing elevation. Our data provide insights on the distribution and interactions of the phyllosphere fungal community associated with a single host along a short elevation gradient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan He
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaomiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dianxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hongsanan S, Jeewon R, Purahong W, Xie N, Liu JK, Jayawardena RS, Ekanayaka AH, Dissanayake A, Raspé O, Hyde KD, Stadler M, Peršoh D. Can we use environmental DNA as holotypes? FUNGAL DIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-018-0404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
46
|
|
47
|
Fungal guilds are evenly distributed along a vertical spruce forest soil profile while individual fungi show pronounced niche partitioning. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
48
|
König J, Guerreiro MA, Peršoh D, Begerow D, Krauss J. Knowing your neighbourhood-the effects of Epichloë endophytes on foliar fungal assemblages in perennial ryegrass in dependence of season and land-use intensity. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4660. [PMID: 29780665 PMCID: PMC5958879 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epichloë endophytes associated with cool-season grass species can protect their hosts from herbivory and can suppress mycorrhizal colonization of the hosts' roots. However, little is known about whether or not Epichloë endophyte infection can also change the foliar fungal assemblages of the host. We tested 52 grassland study sites along a land-use intensity gradient in three study regions over two seasons (spring vs. summer) to determine whether Epichloë infection of the host grass Lolium perenne changes the fungal community structure in leaves. Foliar fungal communities were assessed by Next Generation Sequencing of the ITS rRNA gene region. Fungal community structure was strongly affected by study region and season in our study, while land-use intensity and infection with Epichloë endophytes had no significant effects. We conclude that effects on non-systemic endophytes resulting from land use practices and Epichloë infection reported in other studies were masked by local and seasonal variability in this study's grassland sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia König
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Derek Peršoh
- Department of Geobotany, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik Begerow
- Department of Geobotany, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jochen Krauss
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|