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Bioactivity of star-shaped polycaprolactone/chitosan composite hydrogels for biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:420-431. [PMID: 35623458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, our group reported the synthesis and fabrication of composite hydrogels of chitosan (CS) and star-shaped polycaprolactone (stPCL). The co-crosslink of modified stPCL with carboxyl at the end chain (stPCL-COOH) provided good mechanical properties and stability to the composite hydrogels. This research presents the bioactivities of composite hydrogels showing a potential candidate to develop biomaterials such as wound dressing and bone tissue engineering. The bioactivities were the antibacterial activity, cell viability, skin irritation, decomposability, and ability to attach ions for apatite nucleation. The results showed that all the composite hydrogels were completely decomposed within 2 days. The composite hydrogels had better antibacterial activity and higher efficiency to Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) than to Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis) bacteria. The composite hydrogels were studied for cell viability based on MTT assay and skin irritation on rabbit skin. The results indicated high cell survival more than 80% and no skin irritation. In addition, the results showed that calcium and phosphorous were preferentially attached to the composite hydrogel surface to grow apatite crystal (Ca/P ratio 1.86) compared to attaching to the chitosan hydrogel (Ca/P ratio 1.48) in 21 days of testing.
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Potolinca VO, Oprea S. An insight on the effect of the hard segment domain on the thermo‐mechanical and surface properties of new piperazine‐based polyurethanes. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Otilia Potolinca
- Department of Polyaddition and Photochemistry “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
| | - Stefan Oprea
- Department of Polyaddition and Photochemistry “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
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Synthesis of thermogel modified with biomaterials as carrier for hUSSCs differentiation into cardiac cells: Physicomechanical and biological assessment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 119:111517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tawagi E, Ganesh T, Cheng HLM, Santerre JP. Synthesis of degradable-polar-hydrophobic-ionic co-polymeric microspheres by membrane emulsion photopolymerization: In vitro and in vivo studies. Acta Biomater 2019; 89:279-288. [PMID: 30853610 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of microspheres for tissue regeneration requires good control over the particle size and size distribution. This is particularly important when considering the immune response that may be triggered by the presence of particles in tissue. This report outlines the design of an injectable microsphere system using a low-inflammatory, degradable-polar-hydrophobic-ionic polyurethane, termed D-PHI, and investigates the system's performance in vitro and in vivo. Crosslinked polyurethane microspheres were prepared via a rapid and controlled process based on membrane emulsion and subsequent photopolymerization. The fabrication process efficiently generated microspheres with a narrow size distribution (12 ± 2 μm, PDI = 0.03). The D-PHI microspheres exhibited a slow and controlled degradation and a high capacity for water uptake. Water within the particles existed primarily within the pores of the particles and to a lesser degree within the polymer matrix itself. D-PHI microspheres supported human endothelial and fibroblast cell growth, and they maintained human blood-derived monocytes in a low-inflammatory state. Sub-acute toxicity was assessed for the particles after being administered via intramuscular injection in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats. Cellular infiltration and vascularization into the tissue region where the particles were deposited were observed along with an absence of a fibrous capsule around the particles. The microspheres did not cause elevated human monocyte induced inflammatory character, and supported tissue integration without a prolonged inflammatory response in the rat muscle. These injectable, degradable and low-inflammatory microspheres provide an attractive system for potential drug delivery and tissue regeneration applications in future studies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biodegradable, synthetic polymers are attractive candidates for generating tailored drug delivery vehicles and tissue scaffolds owing to their diverse chemical and physical properties that can be customised for delivering defined macromolecules at specific sites in the body. The past two decades have yielded interesting work exploring the fabrication of polymer microspheres with a narrow size distribution. However, the markedly low number of synthetic polymer chemistries currently used for microsphere production exhibit elevated proinflammatory character, both acute and chronic. Furthermore, a limited number of studies have explored the biocompatibility and immune response of polymeric microspheres with human primary cells and in vivo. In the current study, a method was conceived for efficiently generating low-activating polyurethane microspheres with respect to in vitro monocytes and in vivo macrophages. The biodegradable polyurethane, which contained multiple chemistry function and which has previously demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in film and mm scale scaffold form, was selected as the base material. In this work we undertook the use of a room temperature membrane emulsification photopolymerization approach to avoid the need for high temperature cures and the use of solvents. The response of immune cells to the microspheres was studied with human primary cells and in the rat gastrocnemius muscle. The present work reveals important progress in the design of microspheres, with well-characterized low monocyte-activating properties and the translational advantages of a synthetic polyurethane which could be investigated in future studies for potential macromolecule delivery and tissue regeneration applications.
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Sudarsan S, Franklin D, Sakthivel M, Guhanathan S. Non toxic, antibacterial, biodegradable hydrogels with pH-stimuli sensitivity: Investigation of swelling parameters. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 148:206-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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6
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Chassenieux C, Tsitsilianis C. Recent trends in pH/thermo-responsive self-assembling hydrogels: from polyions to peptide-based polymeric gelators. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:1344-1359. [PMID: 26781351 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02710a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we highlight some recent developments in "smart" physical hydrogels achieved by self-assembling of block type macromolecules. More precisely we focus on two interesting types of gelators namely conventional ionic (or ionogenic) block copolymers and peptide-based polymers having as a common feature their responsiveness to pH and/or temperature which are the main triggers used for potential biomedical applications. Taking advantage of the immense skills of conventional block copolymer hydrogelators, namely macromolecular design, self-assembling mechanism, gel rheological properties, responsiveness to various triggers and innovative applications, the development of novel self-assembling gelators, integrating the new knowledge emerging from the peptide-based systems, opens new horizons towards bio-inspired technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Chassenieux
- LUNAM Université, Université du Maine, IMMM-UMR CNRS 6283, Département Polymères, Colloides et Interfaces, av. O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Μans cedex 9, France
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Huynh CT, Nguyen QV, Lym JS, Kim BS, Huynh DP, Jae HJ, Kim YI, Lee DS. Intraarterial gelation of injectable cationic pH/temperature-sensitive radiopaque embolic hydrogels in a rabbit hepatic tumor model and their potential application for liver cancer treatment. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiopaque embolic solutions employing cationic poly(amino ester urethane)-based copolymers are injected into a rabbit hepatic tumor artery and form hydrogels in response to local temperature and pH for chemoembolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Truc Huynh
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- Korea
| | - Quang Vinh Nguyen
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- Korea
| | - Jae Seung Lym
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- Korea
| | - Bong Sup Kim
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- Korea
| | - Dai Phu Huynh
- National Key Lab for Polymer & Composite
- Faculty of Materials Technology
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
- Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City
- Ho Chi Minh City
| | - Hwan Jun Jae
- Department of Radiology
- Seoul National University Hospital
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Young Il Kim
- Department of Radiology
- Seoul National University Hospital
- Seoul
- Korea
- Department of Radiology
| | - Doo Sung Lee
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- Korea
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Moeinzadeh S, Jabbari E. Gelation characteristics, physico-mechanical properties and degradation kinetics of micellar hydrogels. Eur Polym J 2015; 72:566-576. [PMID: 26688592 PMCID: PMC4680999 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to their high water content and diffusivity of nutrients and biomolecules, hydrogels are very attractive as a matrix for growth factor immobilization and in situ delivery of cells to the site of regeneration in tissue engineering. The formation of micellar structures at the nanoscale in hydrogels alters the spatial distribution of the reactive groups and affects the rate and extent of crosslinking and mechanical properties of the hydrogel. Further, the degradation rate of a hydrogel is strongly affected by the proximity of water molecules to the hydrolytically degradable segments at the nanoscale. The objective of this review is to summarize the unique properties of micellar hydrogels with a focus on our previous work on star polyethylene glycol (PEG) macromonomers chain extended with short aliphatic hydroxy acid (HA) segments (SPEXA hydrogels). Micellar SPEXA hydrogels have faster gelation rates and higher compressive moduli compared to their non-micellar counterpart. Owing to their micellar structure, SPEXA hydrogels have a wide range of degradation rates from a few days to many months as opposed to non-degradable PEG gels while both gels possess similar water contents. Furthermore, the viability and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is enhanced when the cells are encapsulated in degradable micellar SPEXA gels compared with those cells encapsulated in non-micellar PEG gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedsina Moeinzadeh
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Esmaiel Jabbari
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Pajoum Shariati SR, Moeinzadeh S, Jabbari E. Hydrogels for Cell Encapsulation and Bioprinting. BIOPRINTING IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21386-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Ou CW, Su CH, Jeng US, Hsu SH. Characterization of biodegradable polyurethane nanoparticles and thermally induced self-assembly in water dispersion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:5685-5694. [PMID: 24689354 DOI: 10.1021/am500213t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne polyurethanes (PU) with different compositions of biodegradable oligodiols as the soft segment were synthesized as nanoparticles (NPs) in this study. Using dynamic light scattering (DLS), multiangle light scattering (MALS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we demonstrated that these NPs were compact spheres with different shape factors. The temperature-dependent swelling of the PU NPs in water was distinct. In particular, PU NPs with 80 mol % polycaprolactone (PCL) diol and 20 mol % poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) diol as the soft segment had significant swelling (∼450%) at 37 °C. This was accompanied by a sol-gel transition observed in about 2 min for the NP dispersion. The thermally induced swelling and self-assembly of these NPs were associated with the secondary force (mainly hydrogen bonding) and degree of crystallinity, which depended on the soft segment compositions. The thermo-responsiveness of the PU NPs with mixed biodegradable oligodiols may be employed to design smart biodegradable carriers for delivery of cells or drugs near body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Ou
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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Li X, Wang Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Ma J, Wu G. Controlled release of protein from biodegradable multi-sensitive injectable poly(ether-urethane) hydrogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:3640-3647. [PMID: 24460175 DOI: 10.1021/am405927f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of multi-sensitive polymers for use as injectable hydrogels for controlled protein/drug delivery is reported. A series of biodegradable multi-sensitive poly(ether-urethane)s were prepared through a simple one-pot condensation of poly(ethylene glycol), 2,2'-dithiodiethanol, N-methyldiethanolamine, and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The sol-gel phase transition behaviors of the obtained copolymers were investigated. Experimental results showed that the aqueous medium comprising the multi-segment copolymers underwent a sol-to-gel phase transition with increasing temperature and pH. At a certain concentration, the copolymer solution could immediately change to a gel under physiological conditions (37 °C and pH 7.4), indicating their suitability as in situ injectable hydrogels in vivo. Insulin was used as a model protein drug for evaluation of the injectable hydrogels as a site-specific drug delivery system. The controlled release of insulin from the hydrogel devices was demonstrated by degradation of the copolymer, which is modulated via the 2,2'-dithiodiethanol content in the poly(ether-urethane)s. These hydrogels having multi-responsive properties may prove to be promising candidates for injectable and controllable protein drug delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
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12
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Manokruang K, Lee DS. Albumin-Conjugated pH/Thermo Responsive Poly(amino urethane) Multiblock Copolymer as an Injectable Hydrogel for Protein Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1195-203. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiattikhun Manokruang
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Research Center; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Doo Sung Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Chemical Engineering; Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Gyeonggi-do 440-746 South Korea
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Loh XJ, Yee BJH, Chia FS. Sustained delivery of paclitaxel using thermogelling poly(PEG/PPG/PCL urethane)s for enhanced toxicity against cancer cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2686-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Huynh CT, Nguyen MK, Jeong IK, Kim SW, Lee DS. Synthesis, Characteristics and Potential Application of Poly(β-Amino Ester Urethane)-Based Multiblock Co-Polymers as an Injectable, Biodegradable and pH/Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogel System. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:1091-106. [DOI: 10.1163/092050611x575423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Truc Huynh
- a Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Minh Khanh Nguyen
- b Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reverse University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - In Ki Jeong
- c Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Sung Wan Kim
- d Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doo Sung Lee
- e Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea.
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Li Y, Rodrigues J, Tomás H. Injectable and biodegradable hydrogels: gelation, biodegradation and biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2193-221. [PMID: 22116474 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15203c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 944] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels with biodegradability have in situ formability which in vitro/in vivo allows an effective and homogeneous encapsulation of drugs/cells, and convenient in vivo surgical operation in a minimally invasive way, causing smaller scar size and less pain for patients. Therefore, they have found a variety of biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, cell encapsulation, and tissue engineering. This critical review systematically summarizes the recent progresses on biodegradable and injectable hydrogels fabricated from natural polymers (chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginates, gelatin, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, etc.) and biodegradable synthetic polymers (polypeptides, polyesters, polyphosphazenes, etc.). The review includes the novel naturally based hydrogels with high potential for biomedical applications developed in the past five years which integrate the excellent biocompatibility of natural polymers/synthetic polypeptides with structural controllability via chemical modification. The gelation and biodegradation which are two key factors to affect the cell fate or drug delivery are highlighted. A brief outlook on the future of injectable and biodegradable hydrogels is also presented (326 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Li
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
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Yu L, Zhang Z, Ding J. In vitro degradation and protein release of transparent and opaque physical hydrogels of block copolymers at body temperature. Macromol Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-012-0049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Huynh CT, Nguyen MK, Lee DS. Injectable Block Copolymer Hydrogels: Achievements and Future Challenges for Biomedical Applications. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201261m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Truc Huynh
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Minh Khanh Nguyen
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reverse University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Doo Sung Lee
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
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Biodegradable pH/temperature-sensitive oligo(β-amino ester urethane) hydrogels for controlled release of doxorubicin. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3123-30. [PMID: 21601018 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An injectable biodegradable pH/temperature-sensitive oligo(β-amino ester urethane) (OAEU) was synthesized. The OAEU was synthesized by addition polymerization between the isocyanate groups of 1,6-diisocyanato hexamethylene and the hydroxyl groups of a synthesized monomer piperazine dihydroxyl amino ester (monomer PDE) in chloroform in the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate as a catalyst. The synthesized OAEU was characterized by (1)H NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The aqueous solutions of OAEU showed a sol-to-gel-to-sol phase transition as a function of temperature and pH. The gel window covered the physiological conditions (37°C, pH 7.4) and could be controlled by changing the OAEU concentration. After a subcutaneous injection of the OAEU solution into Sprague-Dawley rats, a gel formed rapidly in situ and remained in the body for more than 2 weeks. The in vitro cytotoxicity test and in vitro degradation showed that the OAEU hydrogel was non-cytotoxic and biodegradable. The in vitro release of doxorubicin from this OAEU hydrogel was sustained for more than 10 days. This injectable biodegradable pH/temperature-sensitive OAEU hydrogel is a potential candidate as a drug/protein carrier and in biomedical applications.
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