1
|
Zhang H, Wang R, Song Y, Wang Y, Hu Q. Research on Dual-Phase Composite Forming Process and Platform Construction of Radial Gradient Long Bone Scaffold. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:869. [PMID: 39329610 PMCID: PMC11428698 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11090869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The structure and composition of natural bone show gradient changes. Most bone scaffolds prepared by bone tissue engineering with single materials and structures present difficulties in meeting the needs of bone defect repair. Based on the structure and composition of natural long bones, this study proposed a new bone scaffold preparation technology, the dual-phase composite forming process. Based on the composite use of multiple biomaterials, a bionic natural long bone structure bone scaffold model with bone scaffold pore structure gradient and material concentration gradient changes along the radial direction was designed. Different from the traditional method of using multiple nozzles to achieve material concentration gradient in the scaffold, the dual-phase composite forming process in this study achieved continuous 3D printing preparation of bone scaffolds with gradual material concentration gradient by controlling the speed of extruding materials from two feed barrels into a closed mixing chamber with one nozzle. Through morphological characterization and mechanical property analysis, the results showed that BS-G (radial gradient long bone scaffolds prepared by the dual-phase composite forming process) had obvious pore structure gradient changes and material concentration gradient changes, while BS-T (radial gradient long bone scaffolds prepared by printing three concentrations of material in separate regions) had a discontinuous gradient with obvious boundaries between the parts. The compressive strength of BS-G was 1.00 ± 0.19 MPa, which was higher than the compressive strength of BS-T, and the compressive strength of BS-G also met the needs of bone defect repair. The results of in vitro cell culture tests showed that BS-G had no cytotoxicity. In a Sprague-Dawley rat experimental model, blood tests and key organ sections showed no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. The prepared BS-G was verified to have good biocompatibility and lays a foundation for the subsequent study of the bone repair effect of radial gradient long bone scaffolds in large animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiguang Zhang
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yongteng Song
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yahao Wang
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qingxi Hu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee D, Kim SM, Kim D, Baek SY, Yeo SJ, Lee JJ, Cha C, Park SA, Kim TD. Microfluidics-assisted fabrication of natural killer cell-laden microgel enhances the therapeutic efficacy for tumor immunotherapy. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101055. [PMID: 38693995 PMCID: PMC11061753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, interest in cancer immunotherapy has increased over traditional anti-cancer therapies such as chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the immune cell family and essential to tumor immunotherapy as they detect and kill cancer cells. However, the disadvantage of NK cells is that cell culture is difficult. In this study, porous microgels have been fabricated using microfluidic channels to effectively culture NK cells. Microgel fabrication using microfluidics can be mass-produced in a short time and can be made in a uniform size. Microgels consist of photo cross-linkable polymers such as methacrylic gelatin (GelMa) and can be regulated via controlled GelMa concentrations. NK92 cell-laden three-dimensional (3D) microgels increase mRNA expression levels, NK92 cell proliferation, cytokine release, and anti-tumor efficacy, compared with two-dimensional (2D) cultures. In addition, the study confirms that 3D-cultured NK92 cells enhance anti-tumor effects compared with enhancement by 2D-cultured NK92 cells in the K562 leukemia mouse model. Microgels containing healthy NK cells are designed to completely degrade after 5 days allowing NK cells to be released to achieve cell-to-cell interaction with cancer cells. Overall, this microgel system provides a new cell culture platform for the effective culturing of NK cells and a new strategy for developing immune cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Lee
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Min Kim
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahong Kim
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeop Baek
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Ju Yeo
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jong Lee
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaenyung Cha
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Su A Park
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jia X, Fan X, Chen C, Lu Q, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Wang X, Han S, Ouyang L, Yan H, Dai H, Geng H. Chemical and Structural Engineering of Gelatin-Based Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Applications: A Review. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:564-589. [PMID: 38174643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
As a biodegradable and biocompatible protein derived from collagen, gelatin has been extensively exploited as a fundamental component of biological scaffolds and drug delivery systems for precise medicine. The easily engineered gelatin holds great promise in formulating various delivery systems to protect and enhance the efficacy of drugs for improving the safety and effectiveness of numerous pharmaceuticals. The remarkable biocompatibility and adjustable mechanical properties of gelatin permit the construction of active 3D scaffolds to accelerate the regeneration of injured tissues and organs. In this Review, we delve into diverse strategies for fabricating and functionalizing gelatin-based structures, which are applicable to gene and drug delivery as well as tissue engineering. We emphasized the advantages of various gelatin derivatives, including methacryloyl gelatin, polyethylene glycol-modified gelatin, thiolated gelatin, and alendronate-modified gelatin. These derivatives exhibit excellent physicochemical and biological properties, allowing the fabrication of tailor-made structures for biomedical applications. Additionally, we explored the latest developments in the modulation of their physicochemical properties by combining additive materials and manufacturing platforms, outlining the design of multifunctional gelatin-based micro-, nano-, and macrostructures. While discussing the current limitations, we also addressed the challenges that need to be overcome for clinical translation, including high manufacturing costs, limited application scenarios, and potential immunogenicity. This Review provides insight into how the structural and chemical engineering of gelatin can be leveraged to pave the way for significant advancements in biomedical applications and the improvement of patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jia
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518075, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Qianyun Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518075, China
| | - Yanming Zhao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518075, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Sanyang Han
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518075, China
| | - Liliang Ouyang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongji Yan
- Department of Medical Cell Biology (MCB), Uppsala University (UU), 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hongliang Dai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Hongya Geng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518075, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bektas C, Mao Y. Hydrogel Microparticles for Bone Regeneration. Gels 2023; 10:28. [PMID: 38247752 PMCID: PMC10815488 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel microparticles (HMPs) stand out as promising entities in the realm of bone tissue regeneration, primarily due to their versatile capabilities in delivering cells and bioactive molecules/drugs. Their significance is underscored by distinct attributes such as injectability, biodegradability, high porosity, and mechanical tunability. These characteristics play a pivotal role in fostering vasculature formation, facilitating mineral deposition, and contributing to the overall regeneration of bone tissue. Fabricated through diverse techniques (batch emulsion, microfluidics, lithography, and electrohydrodynamic spraying), HMPs exhibit multifunctionality, serving as vehicles for drug and cell delivery, providing structural scaffolding, and functioning as bioinks for advanced 3D-printing applications. Distinguishing themselves from other scaffolds like bulk hydrogels, cryogels, foams, meshes, and fibers, HMPs provide a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio, promoting improved interactions with the surrounding tissues and facilitating the efficient delivery of cells and bioactive molecules. Notably, their minimally invasive injectability and modular properties, offering various designs and configurations, contribute to their attractiveness for biomedical applications. This comprehensive review aims to delve into the progressive advancements in HMPs, specifically for bone regeneration. The exploration encompasses synthesis and functionalization techniques, providing an understanding of their diverse applications, as documented in the existing literature. The overarching goal is to shed light on the advantages and potential of HMPs within the field of engineering bone tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Mao
- Laboratory for Biomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tan J, Li J, Zhou X. Generation of cell-laden GelMA microspheres using microfluidic chip and its cryopreservation method. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:055023. [PMID: 37582391 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acf0ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels have been widely used in tissue engineering because of their excellent biological and physical properties. Here, we used a microfluidic flow-focusing chip based on polymethyl methacrylate to fabricate cell-laden GelMA hydrogel microspheres. Structures of the throat region and photo crosslinking region on the chip, flow rate ratio of GelMA and oil phase, and GelMA concentration were optimized to obtain the stable and suitable size of microspheres. Cell-laden GelMA microspheres can be cryopreserved by slow freezing and rapid freezing. The survival rate of encapsulated cells after rapid freezing was significantly higher than that of unencapsulated cells. There was no significant difference between the results of the rapid freezing of encapsulated cells with 5% DMSO and the traditional slow freezing of suspended cells with 10% DMSO. It demonstrates the possibility that GelMA hydrogel itself can replace some of the cryoprotective agents and has some protective effect on cells. Our study provides new ideas to optimize GelMA hydrogels for cell cryopreservation, facilitating the off-the-shelf availability of tissue-engineered constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tan
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Institute of Biothermal Science & Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Cryopreservation of Biological Resources, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Daradmare S, Lee CS. Recent progress in the synthesis of all-aqueous two-phase droplets using microfluidic approaches. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 219:112795. [PMID: 36049253 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is a system with liquid-liquid phase separation and shows great potential for the extraction, separation, purification, and enrichment of proteins, membranes, viruses, enzymes, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules because of its simplicity, biocompatibility, and wide applicability [1-4]. The clear aqueous-aqueous interface of ATPSs is highly advantageous for their implementation, therefore making ATPSs a green alternative approach to replace conventional emulsion systems, such as water-in-oil droplets. All aqueous emulsions (water-in-water, w-in-w) hold great promise in the biomedical field as glucose sensors [5] and promising carriers for the encapsulation and release of various biomolecules and nonbiomolecules [6-10]. However, the ultralow interfacial tension between the two phases is a hurdle in generating w-in-w emulsion droplets. In the past, bulk emulsification and electrospray techniques were employed for the generation of w-in-w emulsion droplets and the fabrication of microparticles and microcapsules in the later stage. Bulk emulsification is a simple and low-cost technique; however, it generates polydisperse w-in-w emulsion droplets. Another technique, electrospray, involves easy experimental setups that can generate monodisperse but nonspherical w-in-w emulsion droplets. In comparison, microfluidic platforms provide monodisperse w-in-w emulsion droplets with spherical shapes, deal with the small volumes of solutions and short reaction times and achieve portability and versatility in their design through rapid prototyping. Owing to several advantages, microfluidic approaches have recently been introduced. To date, several different strategies have been explored to generate w-in-w emulsions and multiple w-in-w emulsions and to fabricate microparticles and microcapsules using conventional microfluidic devices. Although a few review articles on ATPSs emulsions have been published in the past, to date, few reviews have exclusively focused on the evolution of microfluidic-based ATPS droplets. The present review begins with a brief discussion of the history of ATPSs and their fundamentals, which is followed by an account chronicling the integration of microfluidic devices with ATPSs to generate w-in-w emulsion droplets. Furthermore, the stabilization strategies of w-in-w emulsion droplets and microfluidic fabrication of microparticles and microcapsules for modern applications, such as biomolecule encapsulation and spheroid construction, are discussed in detail in this review. We believe that the present review will provide useful information to not only new entrants in the microfluidic community wanting to appreciate the findings of the field but also existing researchers wanting to keep themselves updated on progress in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Daradmare
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moreira A, Campos J, Miranda J. Characterization of gelatin microparticle production in a flow focusing microfluidic system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
8
|
Cong H, Ma Z, Hu M, Han J, Wang X, Han Y, Li Y, Sun G. Surface Gelatin-Coated β-Mannanase-Immobilized Lignin for Delayed Release of β-Mannanase to Remediate Guar-Based Fracturing Fluid Damage. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11722-11730. [PMID: 35449942 PMCID: PMC9017098 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed an efficient and convenient method to address the problem of thickener decomposition in the low- permeability oilfield production process. It is crucial to design breakers that reduce viscosity by delaying thickener decomposition in appropriate environments. By using lignin in biomass as a substrate for β-mannanase immobilization (MIL), we fabricated a gel breaker, surface gelatin-coated β-mannanase-immobilized lignin (Ge@MIL). Through experiments and performance tests, we confirmed that the prepared Ge@MIL can release enzymes at a specific temperature, meanwhile having temperature-sensitive phase change properties and biodegradability. The results also show the tight tuning over the surface coating of Ge@MIL by a water-in-oil emulsion. Therefore, the prepared Ge@MIL has a promising application in the field of oil extraction as a green and efficient temperature-sensitive sustained-release capsule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Cong
- Liaoning
Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative
Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light
Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian
Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Zihao Ma
- Liaoning
Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative
Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light
Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian
Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Meixi Hu
- Liaoning
Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative
Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light
Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian
Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Junjie Han
- Department
of Research and Development, Dalian Chivy
Biotechnology CO., LTD., Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Liaoning
Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative
Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light
Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian
Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Ying Han
- Liaoning
Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative
Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light
Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian
Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yao Li
- Liaoning
Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative
Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light
Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian
Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Guangwei Sun
- Liaoning
Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative
Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light
Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian
Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mohajeri M, Eskandari M, Ghazali ZS, Ghazali HS. Cell encapsulation in alginate-based microgels using droplet microfluidics; a review on gelation methods and applications. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8. [PMID: 35073537 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac4e2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation within the microspheres using a semi-permeable polymer allows the two-way transfer of molecules such as oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors. The main advantages of cell encapsulation technology include controlling the problems involved in transplanting rejection in tissue engineering applications and reducing the long-term need for immunosuppressive drugs following organ transplantation to eliminate the side effects. Cell-laden microgels can also be used in 3D cell cultures, wound healing, and cancerous clusters for drug testing. Since cell encapsulation is used for different purposes, several techniques have been developed to encapsulate cells. Droplet-based microfluidics is one of the most valuable techniques in cell encapsulating. This study aimed to review the geometries and the mechanisms proposed in microfluidic systems to precisely control cell-laden microgels production with different biopolymers. We also focused on alginate gelation techniques due to their essential role in cell encapsulation applications. Finally, some applications of these microgels and researches will be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mahnaz Eskandari
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Zahra Sadat Ghazali
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Hanieh Sadat Ghazali
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Aleahmad-Tehran-Iran, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rajabnejadkeleshteri A, Basiri H, Mohseni SS, Farokhi M, Mehrizi AA, Moztarzadeh F. Preparation of microfluidic-based pectin microparticles loaded carbon dots conjugated with BMP-2 embedded in gelatin-elastin-hyaluronic acid hydrogel scaffold for bone tissue engineering application. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:29-41. [PMID: 34048836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The controlled delivery of the bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) with tracking ability would overcome most of the side effects linked to the burst release and uncontrolled delivery of this growth factor for bone regeneration. Herein, BMP-2-conjugated carbon dots (CDs) was used as noninvasive detection platforms to deliver BMP-2 for therapeutic applications where osteogenesis and bioimaging are both required. With this in mind, the present work aimed to develop a controlled BMP-2-CDs release system using composite scaffolds containing BMP-2-CDs loaded pectin microparticles, which had been optimized for bone regeneration. By using microfluidic approach, we encapsulated BMP-2-CDs in pectin microparticles with narrow size distribution and then incorporated into composite scaffolds composed of gelatin, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. The BMP-2-CDs was released from the composite scaffolds in a sustained fashion for up to 21 days exhibited a high controlled delivery capacity. When tested in vitro with MG-63 cells, these extraction mediums showed the intercellular uptake of BMP-2-CDs and enhanced biological properties and pro-osteogenic effect. By utilizing the pectin microparticles carrying BMP-2-CDs as promising bioimaging agents for growth factor delivery and by tuning the composition of the scaffolds, this platform has immense potential in the field of bone tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rajabnejadkeleshteri
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of Excellence), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Basiri
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sepehr Mohseni
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Farokhi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Abouei Mehrizi
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fathollah Moztarzadeh
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of Excellence), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jo YK, Lee D. Biopolymer Microparticles Prepared by Microfluidics for Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903736. [PMID: 31559690 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers are macromolecules that are derived from natural sources and have attractive properties for a plethora of biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low antigenicity, and high bioactivity. Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful approach for fabricating polymeric microparticles (MPs) with designed structures and compositions through precise manipulation of multiphasic flows at the microscale. The synergistic combination of materials chemistry afforded by biopolymers and precision provided by microfluidic capabilities make it possible to design engineered biopolymer-based MPs with well-defined physicochemical properties that are capable of enabling an efficient delivery of therapeutics, 3D culture of cells, and sensing of biomolecules. Here, an overview of microfluidic approaches is provided for the design and fabrication of functional MPs from three classes of biopolymers including polysaccharides, proteins, and microbial polymers, and their advances for biomedical applications are highlighted. An outlook into the future research on microfluidically-produced biopolymer MPs for biomedical applications is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kee Jo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Buie T, McCune J, Cosgriff-Hernandez E. Gelatin Matrices for Growth Factor Sequestration. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:546-557. [PMID: 31954527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin is used in a broad range of tissue engineering applications because of its bioactivity, mild processing conditions, and ease of modification, which have increased interest in its use as a growth factor delivery vehicle. Traditional methods to control growth factor sequestration and delivery have relied on controlling hydrogel mesh size via chemical crosslinking with corollary changes to the physical properties of the hydrogel. To decouple growth factor release from scaffold properties, affinity sequestration modalities have been developed to preserve the bioactivity of the growth factor through interactions with the modified gelatin. This review provides a summary of these mechanisms, highlights current gelatin growth factor delivery systems, and addresses the future perspective of gelatin matrices for growth factor delivery in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taneidra Buie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Joshua McCune
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Feng Y, Lee Y. Microfluidic assembly of food-grade delivery systems: Toward functional delivery structure design. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
14
|
High Yield Synthesis of Polystyrene Microspheres by Continuous Long Tubular Reactor and Their Application to Antiglare Film for High Resolution Displays. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
15
|
The Combined Effects of Co-Culture and Substrate Mechanics on 3D Tumor Spheroid Formation within Microgels Prepared via Flow-Focusing Microfluidic Fabrication. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040229. [PMID: 30428559 PMCID: PMC6321249 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor spheroids are considered a valuable three dimensional (3D) tissue model to study various aspects of tumor physiology for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and drug screening as well as basic scientific endeavors, as several cell types can efficiently form spheroids by themselves in both suspension and adherent cell cultures. However, it is more desirable to utilize a 3D scaffold with tunable properties to create more physiologically relevant tumor spheroids as well as optimize their formation. In this study, bioactive spherical microgels supporting 3D cell culture are fabricated by a flow-focusing microfluidic device. Uniform-sized aqueous droplets of gel precursor solution dispersed with cells generated by the microfluidic device are photocrosslinked to fabricate cell-laden microgels. Their mechanical properties are controlled by the concentration of gel-forming polymer. Using breast adenocarcinoma cells, MCF-7, the effect of mechanical properties of microgels on their proliferation and the eventual spheroid formation was explored. Furthermore, the tumor cells are co-cultured with macrophages of fibroblasts, which are known to play a prominent role in tumor physiology, within the microgels to explore their role in spheroid formation. Taken together, the results from this study provide the design strategy for creating tumor spheroids utilizing mechanically-tunable microgels as 3D cell culture platform.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee D, Lee K, Cha C. Microfluidics‐Assisted Fabrication of Microtissues with Tunable Physical Properties for Developing an In Vitro Multiplex Tissue Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST‐gil Ulju‐gun Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Kangseok Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Chaenyung Cha
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST‐gil Ulju‐gun Ulsan 44919 Korea
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Park HI, Park SY. Smart Fluorescent Hydrogel Glucose Biosensing Microdroplets with Dual-Mode Fluorescence Quenching and Size Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:30172-30179. [PMID: 30134101 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent hydrogel glucose biosensor (FHGB) microdroplets were fabricated using a microfluidic method with glass capillaries having a coaxial flow-focusing geometry with cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) immobilized with carbon dots (CDs), glucose oxidase (GOx), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after the conversion of poly(acrylamide) to PAAc. The prepared FHGB droplets showed a dual response to glucose of CD fluorescence quenching and droplet size reduction upon bienzymatic reaction with glucose; the reaction of GOx and HRP with glucose produced gluconic acid and -OH radicals, which caused CD fluorescence quenching and size reduction, respectively. These small FHGB droplets showed good sensitivity (linear range of ∼30 mM with the limit of detection of 0.052 mM), high selectivity (against the main ingredients of human blood serum), and long stability (due to dry state during storage). These FHGB droplets were tested with human blood serum, and they maintained sensing performance for a long time in the dry state. Thus, the FHGB droplets demonstrate a new method to detect glucose levels with small sample amounts by the dual-mode response. They can be further applied as implanted continuous-detection biosensor droplets because of their biocompatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Park
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, School of Applied Chemical Engineering , Kyungpook National University , 80 Daehak-ro , Buk-gu, 41566 Daegu , Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, School of Applied Chemical Engineering , Kyungpook National University , 80 Daehak-ro , Buk-gu, 41566 Daegu , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yu M, Yao Q, Zhang Y, Chen H, He H, Zhang Y, Yin T, Tang X, Xu H. Core/shell PLGA microspheres with controllable in vivo release profile via rational core phase design. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:1070-1079. [PMID: 29484961 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1443940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Highly soluble drugs tend to release from preparations at high speeds, which make them need to be taken at frequent intervals. Additionally, some drugs need to be controlled to release in vivo at certain periods, so as to achieve therapeutic effects. Thus, the objective of this study is to design injectable microparticulate systems with controllable in vivo release profile. Biodegradable PLGA was used as the matrix material to fabricate microspheres using the traditional double emulsification-solvent evaporation method as well as improved techniques, with gel (5% gelatine or 25% F127) or LP powders as the inner phases. Their physicochemical properties were systemically investigated. Microspheres prepared by modified methods had an increase in drug loading (15.50, 16.72, 15.66%, respectively) and encapsulation efficiencies (73.46, 79.42, 74.40%, respectively) when compared with traditional methods (12.01 and 57.06%). The morphology of the particles was characterized by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the amorphous nature of the encapsulated drug was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. To evaluate their release behaviour, the in vitro degradation, in vitro release and in vivo pharmacodynamics were subsequently studied. Traditional microspheres prepared in this study with water as the inner phase had a relatively short release period within 16 d when compared with modified microspheres with 5% gelatine as the inner phase, which resulted in a smooth release profile and appropriate plasma LP concentrations over 21 d. Thus this type of modified microspheres can be better used in drugs requiring sustained release. The other two formulations containing 25% F127 and LP micropowders presented two-stage release profiles, resulting in fluctuant plasma LP concentrations which may be suitable for drugs requiring controlled release. All the results suggested that drug release rates from the microspheres prepared by various methods were mainly controlled by either the porosity inside the microspheres or the degradation of materials, which could, therefore, lead to different release behaviours. This results indicated great potential of the PLGA microsphere formulation as an injectable depot for controllable in vivo release profile via rational core phase design. Core/shell microspheres fabricated by modified double emulsification-solvent evaporation methods, with various inner phases, to obtain high loading drugs system, as well as appropriate release behaviours. Accordingly, control in vivo release profile via rational core phase design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Yu
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Qing Yao
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Huilin Chen
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Haibing He
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Tian Yin
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Xing Tang
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Hui Xu
- a School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lim JH, Kang DW, Park BJ. Analytical calculations of optical trapping forces for drag calibration: Effects of mismatch between beam focus and particle center. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|