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Adak NC, Lim S, Lee GH, Lee W. Epoxy-based multifunctional solid polymer electrolytes for structural batteries and supercapacitors. a short review. Front Chem 2024; 12:1330655. [PMID: 38496271 PMCID: PMC10940377 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1330655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential applications of epoxy-based solid polymer electrolytes are continually expanding because of their versatile characteristics. These characteristics include mechanical rigidity, nonvolatility, nonflammability, and electrochemical stability. However, it is worth noting that pure epoxy-based solid polymer electrolytes inherently exhibit lower ion transport capabilities when compared to traditional liquid electrolytes. Striking a balance between high mechanical integrity and superior ionic conductivity at room temperature poses a significant challenge. In light of this challenge, this review is dedicated to elucidating the fundamental concepts of epoxy-based solid polymer electrolytes. It will explore various preparation techniques, the incorporation of different nanomaterials into epoxy-based solid polymer electrolytes, and an evaluation of their multifunctional properties. This comprehensive evaluation will cover both mechanical and electrical properties with a specific focus on their potential applications in batteries and structural supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wonoh Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Lee D, Yang M, Choi UH, Kim J. Bioinspired Synaptic Branched Network within Quasi-Solid Polymer Electrolyte for High-Performance Microsupercapacitors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2308821. [PMID: 38308357 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The branched network-driven ion solvating quasi-solid polymer electrolytes (QSPEs) are prepared via one-step photochemical reaction. A poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGDA) is combined with an ion-conducting solvate ionic liquid (SIL), where tetraglyme (TEGDME), which acts like interneuron in the human brain and creates branching network points, is mixed with EMIM-NTf2 and Li-NTf2 . The QSPE exhibits a unique gyrified morphology, inspired by the cortical surface of human brain, and features well-refined nano-scale ion channels. This human-mimicking method offers excellent ion transport capabilities through a synaptic branched network with high ionic conductivity (σDC ≈ 1.8 mS cm-1 at 298 K), high dielectric constant (εs ≈ 125 at 298 K), and strong ion solvation ability, in addition to superior mechanical flexibility. Furthermore, the interdigitated microsupercapacitors (MSCs) based on the QSPE present excellent electrochemical performance of high energy (E = 5.37 µWh cm-2 ) and power density (P = 2.2 mW cm-2 ), long-term cycle stability (≈94% retention after 48 000 cycles), and mechanical stability (>94% retention after continuous bending and compressing deformation). Moreover, these MSC devices have flame-retarding properties and operate effectively in air and water across a wide temperature range (275 to 370 K), offering a promising foundation for high-performance, stable next-generation all-solid-state energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawoon Lee
- Department of Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Mino Yang
- Korea Basic Science Insititute (Seoul), Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - U Hyeok Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyun Kim
- Department of Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
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Barbosa JC, Correia DM, Fidalgo-Marijuan A, Gonçalves R, Ferdov S, de Zea Bermudez V, Lanceros-Mendez S, Costa CM. High Performance Ternary Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on High Dielectric Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Copolymers for Solid State Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37379238 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Renewable energy sources require efficient energy storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries stand out among those systems, but safety and cycling stability problems still need to be improved. This can be achieved by the implementation of solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) instead of the typically used separator/electrolyte system. Thus, ternary SPEs have been developed based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene), P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) as host polymers, clinoptilolite (CPT) zeolite added to stabilize the battery cycling performance, and ionic liquids (ILs) (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate ([BMIM][SCN])), 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([PMPyr][TFSI]) or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), incorporated to increase the ionic conductivity. The samples were processed by doctor blade with solvent evaporation at 160 °C. The nature of the polymer matrix and fillers affect the morphology and mechanical properties of the samples and play an important role in electrochemical parameters such as ionic conductivity value, electrochemical window stability, and lithium-transference number. The best ionic conductivity (4.2 × 10-5 S cm-1) and lithium transference number (0.59) were obtained for the PVDF-HFP-CPT-[PMPyr][TFSI] sample. Charge-discharge battery tests at C/10 showed excellent battery performance with values of 150 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles, regardless of the polymer matrix and IL used. In the rate performance tests, the best SPE was the one based on the P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) host polymer, with a discharge value at C-rate of 98.7 mAh g-1, as it promoted ionic dissociation. This study proves for the first time the suitability of P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) as SPE in lithium-ion batteries, showing the relevance of the proper selection of the polymer matrix, IL type, and lithium salt in the formulation of the ternary SPE, in order to optimize solid-state battery performance. In particular, the enhancement of the ionic conductivity provided by the IL and the effect of the high dielectric constant polymer P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) in improving battery cyclability in a wide range of discharge rates must be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C Barbosa
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP) and Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Arkaitz Fidalgo-Marijuan
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Renato Gonçalves
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Stanislav Ferdov
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP) and Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Verónica de Zea Bermudez
- CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP) and Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carlos M Costa
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP) and Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-053 Braga, Portugal
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Highly stretchable and conductive hybrid gel polymer electrolytes enabled by a dual cross-linking approach. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Thermal and Electrochemical Properties of Solid Polymer Electrolytes Prepared via Lithium Salt-Catalyzed Epoxide Ring Opening Polymerization. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid polymer electrolytes have been widely proposed for use in all solid-state lithium batteries. Advantages of polymer electrolytes over liquid and ceramic electrolytes include their flexibility, tunability and easy processability. An additional benefit of using some types of polymers for electrolytes is that they can be processed without the use of solvents. An example of polymers that are compatible with solvent-free processing is epoxide-containing precursors that can form films via the lithium salt-catalyzed epoxide ring opening polymerization reaction. Many polymers with epoxide functional groups are liquid under ambient conditions and can be used to directly dissolve lithium salts, allowing the reaction to be performed in a single reaction vessel under mild conditions. The existence of a variety of epoxide-containing polymers opens the possibility for significant customization of the resultant films. This review discusses several varieties of epoxide-based polymer electrolytes (polyethylene, silicone-based, amine and plasticizer-containing) and to compare them based on their thermal and electrochemical properties.
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Wang J, Huang G, Chen K, Zhang X. An Adjustable‐Porosity Plastic Crystal Electrolyte Enables High‐Performance All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9382-9387. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Automobile MaterialsMinistry of EducationDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Gang Huang
- Materials Science and EngineeringPhysical Science and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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Wang J, Huang G, Chen K, Zhang X. An Adjustable‐Porosity Plastic Crystal Electrolyte Enables High‐Performance All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Automobile MaterialsMinistry of EducationDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Gang Huang
- Materials Science and EngineeringPhysical Science and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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Lee D, Song YH, Choi UH, Kim J. Highly Flexible and Stable Solid-State Supercapacitors Based on a Homogeneous Thin Ion Gel Polymer Electrolyte Using a Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Stamp. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:42221-42232. [PMID: 31613585 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To achieve both high structural integrity and excellent ion transport, designing ion gel polymer electrolytes (IGPEs) composed of an ionic conducting phase and a mechanical supporting polymer matrix is one of the promising material strategies for the development of next-generation all-solid-state energy storage systems. Herein, we prepared an IGPE thin film, in which an ion-diffusing phase containing ionic liquids and lithium salts was bicontinuously intertwined with a cross-linked epoxy phase, using a silicon elastomer-based stamping method, thus producing a homogeneous IGPE-based thin film with low surface roughness (Rrms = 0.5 nm). Following the optimization of the IGPE thin film in terms of the concentrations of ionic constituents, the film thickness, and various process parameters, the IGPE itself showed a high ionic conductivity of 0.23 mS/cm with a low activation energy for lithium-ion transport, as well as the high capacitance of approximately 10 μF/cm2 based on the metal-insulator-metal configuration. Furthermore, an all-solid-state supercapacitor containing two IGPE coating-activated carbon electrodes produced using our poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamping method exhibited high energy and power densities (44 W h/kg at 875 W/kg and 28 kW/kg at 3 W h/kg). It was also found that this supercapacitor showed a dramatic reduction (more than 50%) of the current-resistance (IR) drop, which is an indicator of low interface resistance, while maintaining the initial electrochemical performance even after severe mechanical deformation such as bending or rolling. Therefore, all these results support the fact that our developed PDMS stamping method enables the rendering of a high-performance ion gel polymer thin-film-based electrolyte with acceptable stability and mechanical flexibility for all-solid-state wearable energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawoon Lee
- Department of Photonics and Nanoelectronics , Hanyang University , Ansan 15588 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hwa Song
- Department of Polymer Engineering , Pukyong National University , Busan 48513 , Republic of Korea
| | - U Hyeok Choi
- Department of Polymer Engineering , Pukyong National University , Busan 48513 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyun Kim
- Department of Photonics and Nanoelectronics , Hanyang University , Ansan 15588 , Republic of Korea
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Bicontinuously crosslinked polymer electrolyte membranes with high ion conductivity and mechanical strength. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Arya A, Sharma AL. Temperature and Salt-Dependent Dielectric Properties of Blend Solid Polymer Electrolyte Complexed with LiBOB. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Kwon SJ, Kim T, Jung BM, Lee SB, Choi UH. Multifunctional Epoxy-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Solid-State Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:35108-35117. [PMID: 30230315 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have drawn attention for promising multifunctional electrolytes requiring very good mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. To develop a safe SPE for energy storage applications, mechanically robust cross-linked epoxy matrix is combined with fast ion-diffusing ionic liquid/lithium salt electrolyte (ILE) via a simple one-pot curing process. The epoxy-rich SPEs show higher Young's modulus ( E), with higher glass transition temperature ( Tg) but lower ionic conductivity (σdc) with a higher activation energy, compared to the ILE-rich SPEs. The incorporation of inorganic robust Al2O3 nanowire simultaneously provides excellent mechanical robustness ( E ≈ 1 GPa at 25 °C) and good conductivity (σdc ≈ 2.9 × 10-4 S/cm at 25 °C) to the SPE. This suggests that the SPE has a bicontinuous microphase separation into ILE-rich and epoxy-rich microdomain, where ILE continuous conducting phases are intertwined with a sturdy cross-linked amorphous epoxy framework, supported by the observation of the two Tgs and low tortuosity as well as the microstructural investigation. After assembling the SPE with activated carbon electrodes, we successfully demonstrate the supercapacitor performance, exhibiting high energy and power density (75 W h/kg at 382 W/kg and 9.3 kW/kg at 44 W h/kg). This facile strategy holds tremendous potential to advance multifunctional energy storage technology for next-generation electric vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Jin Kwon
- Functional Composite Department , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , Korea
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Functional Composite Department , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , Korea
| | - Byung Mun Jung
- Functional Composite Department , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , Korea
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Functional Composite Department , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 51508 , Korea
| | - U Hyeok Choi
- Department of Polymer Engineering , Pukyong National University , Busan 48547 , Korea
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