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McBride RJ, Geneste E, Xie A, Ryan AJ, Miller JF, Blanazs A, Rösch C, Armes SP. Low-Viscosity Route to High-Molecular-Weight Water-Soluble Polymers: Exploiting the Salt Sensitivity of Poly( N-acryloylmorpholine). Macromolecules 2024; 57:2432-2445. [PMID: 38495382 PMCID: PMC10938879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We report a new one-pot low-viscosity synthetic route to high molecular weight non-ionic water-soluble polymers based on polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). The RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization of N-acryloylmorpholine (NAM) is conducted at 30 °C using a suitable redox initiator and a poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylamide) (PHEAC) precursor in the presence of 0.60 M ammonium sulfate. This relatively low level of added electrolyte is sufficient to salt out the PNAM block, while steric stabilization is conferred by the relatively short salt-tolerant PHEAC block. A mean degree of polymerization (DP) of up to 6000 was targeted for the PNAM block, and high NAM conversions (>96%) were obtained in all cases. On dilution with deionized water, the as-synthesized sterically stabilized particles undergo dissociation to afford molecularly dissolved chains, as judged by dynamic light scattering and 1H NMR spectroscopy studies. DMF GPC analysis confirmed a high chain extension efficiency for the PHEAC precursor, but relatively broad molecular weight distributions were observed for the PHEAC-PNAM diblock copolymer chains (Mw/Mn > 1.9). This has been observed for many other PISA formulations when targeting high core-forming block DPs and is tentatively attributed to chain transfer to polymer, which is well known for polyacrylamide-based polymers. In fact, relatively high dispersities are actually desirable if such copolymers are to be used as viscosity modifiers because solution viscosity correlates closely with Mw. Static light scattering studies were also conducted, with a Zimm plot indicating an absolute Mw of approximately 2.5 × 106 g mol-1 when targeting a PNAM DP of 6000. Finally, it is emphasized that targeting such high DPs leads to a sulfur content for this latter formulation of just 23 ppm, which minimizes the cost, color, and malodor associated with the organosulfur RAFT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory J. McBride
- Chemistry
Department, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, South
Yorkshire, U.K.
| | - Elisa Geneste
- Chemistry
Department, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, South
Yorkshire, U.K.
| | - Andi Xie
- Chemistry
Department, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, South
Yorkshire, U.K.
| | - Anthony J. Ryan
- Chemistry
Department, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, South
Yorkshire, U.K.
| | - John F. Miller
- Enlighten
Scientific LLC, Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
| | - Adam Blanazs
- BASF
SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse
38, 67056 Ludwigshafen
am Rhein, Germany
| | - Christine Rösch
- BASF
SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse
38, 67056 Ludwigshafen
am Rhein, Germany
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Chemistry
Department, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, South
Yorkshire, U.K.
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Design, Synthesis and Actual Applications of the Polymers Containing Acidic P-OH Fragments: Part 2-Sidechain Phosphorus-Containing Polyacids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021613. [PMID: 36675149 PMCID: PMC9862152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macromolecules containing acidic fragments in side-groups—polyacids—occupy a special place among synthetic polymers. Properties and applications of polyacids are directly related to the chemical structure of macromolecules: the nature of the acidic groups, polymer backbone, and spacers between the main chain and acidic groups. The chemical nature of the phosphorus results in the diversity of acidic >P(O)OH fragments in sidechain phosphorus-containing polyacids (PCPAs) that can be derivatives of phosphoric or phosphinic acids. Sidechain PCPAs have many similarities with other polyacids. However, due to the relatively high acidity of −P(O)(OH)2 fragment, bone and mineral affinity, and biocompatibility, sidechain PCPAs have immense potential for diverse applications. Synthetic approaches to sidechain PCPAs also have their own specifics. All these issues are discussed in the present review.
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Gineste S, Mingotaud C. Double-hydrophilic block copolymer-metal ion associations: Structures, properties and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 311:102808. [PMID: 36442323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid polyionic complexes (HPICs), constructed from double-hydrophilic block copolymers and metal ions, have been largely developed with increasing interest in the past decade in the fields of catalysis, materials science and biological applications. The chemical natures of both blocks are very versatile, but one block should be able to interact with ions, and the second one should be neutral. Many metals have been used to form HPICs, which have, in their simplest architectural form, a core-shell structure of a few tens of nanometers in radius with an external shell made of the neutral block of the copolymer. In this review, we focus our discussion on the stability, shape, size and inner structure of these hybrid micelles. We then describe the most recent applications of HPICs, as reported in the literature, and point out the current challenges, missing structural information and future perspectives for this class of organized structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Gineste
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Mingotaud
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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Liu K, Zhang F, Wei Y, Hu Q, Luo Q, Chen C, Wang J, Yang L, Luo R, Wang Y. Dressing Blood-Contacting Materials by a Stable Hydrogel Coating with Embedded Antimicrobial Peptides for Robust Antibacterial and Antithrombus Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38947-38958. [PMID: 34433245 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although dressing blood-contacting devices with robust and synergistic antibacterial and antithrombus properties has been explored for several decades, it still remains a great challenge. In order to endow materials with remarkable antibacterial and antithrombus abilities, a stable and antifouling hydrogel coating was developed via surface-initiated polymerization of sulfobetaine methacrylate and acrylic acid on a polymeric substrate followed by embedding of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including WR (sequence: WRWRWR-NH2) or Bac2A (sequence: RLARIVVIRVAR-NH2) AMPs. The chemical composition of the AMP-embedded hydrogel coating was determined through XPS, zeta potential, and SEM-EDS measurements. The AMP-embedded antifouling hydrogel coating showed not only good hemocompatibility but also excellent bactericidal and antiadhesion properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the hydrogel coating could protect the AMPs with long-term bioactivity and cover the positive charge of the dotted distributed AMPs, which in turn well retained the hemocompatibility and antifouling capacity of the bulk hydrogels. Furthermore, the microbiological results of animal experiments also verified the anti-infection performance in vivo. Histological and immunological data further indicated that the hydrogel coating had an excellent anti-inflammatory function. Therefore, the present study might provide a promising approach to prevent bacterial infections and thrombosis in clinical applications of blood-contacting devices and related implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fanjun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qinsheng Hu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qingfeng Luo
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation of NMPA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Laboratory of Biomechanical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Li Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Rifang Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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