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Civilla L, Dodier P, Palumbo MC, Redaelli ACL, Koenigshofer M, Unger E, Meling TR, Velinov N, Rössler K, Moscato F. Development and assessment of case-specific physical and augmented reality simulators for intracranial aneurysm clipping. 3D Print Med 2024; 10:30. [PMID: 39292343 PMCID: PMC11411828 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-024-00235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsurgical clipping is a delicate neurosurgical procedure used to treat complex Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (UIAs) whose outcome is dependent on surgeon's experience. Simulations are emerging as excellent complements to standard training, but their adoption is limited by the realism they provide. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a microsurgical clipping simulator platform. METHODS Physical and holographic simulators of UIA clipping have been developed. The physical phantom consisted of a 3D printed hard skull and five (n = 5) rapidly interchangeable, perfused and fluorescence compatible 3D printed aneurysm silicone phantoms. The holographic clipping simulation included a real-time finite-element-model of the aneurysm sac, allowing interaction with a virtual clip and its occlusion. Validity, usability, usefulness and applications of the simulators have been assessed through clinical scores for aneurysm occlusion and a questionnaire study involving 14 neurosurgical residents (R) and specialists (S) for both the physical (p) and holographic (h) simulators by scores going from 1 (very poor) to 5 (excellent). RESULTS The physical simulator allowed to replicate successfully and accurately the patient-specific anatomy. UIA phantoms were manufactured with an average dimensional deviation from design of 0.096 mm and a dome thickness of 0.41 ± 0.11 mm. The holographic simulation executed at 25-50 fps allowing to gain unique insights on the anatomy and testing of the application of several clips without manufacturing costs. Aneurysm closure in the physical model evaluated by fluorescence simulation and post-operative CT revealed Raymond 1 (full) occlusion respectively in 68.89% and 73.33% of the cases. For both the simulators content validity, construct validity, usability and usefulness have been observed, with the highest scores observed in clip selection usefulness Rp=4.78, Sp=5.00 and Rh=4.00, Sh=5.00 for the printed and holographic simulators. CONCLUSIONS Both the physical and the holographic simulators were validated and resulted usable and useful in selecting valid clips and discarding unsuitable ones. Thus, they represent ideal platforms for realistic patient-specific simulation-based training of neurosurgical residents and hold the potential for further applications in preoperative planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Civilla
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philippe Dodier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Chiara Palumbo
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto C L Redaelli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Markus Koenigshofer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Ewald Unger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Torstein R Meling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolay Velinov
- Clinics of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Pirogov, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Karl Rössler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesco Moscato
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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Buchvald P, Capek L. Pre-selection blade size choice for the microsurgical clipping of cerebral artery aneurysms: A numerical study. J Clin Neurosci 2024; 122:25-31. [PMID: 38447246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2024.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain strokes comprise the third leading cause of death worldwide. Microsurgical clipping is recognized as being one of the most effective approaches to the treatment of brain aneurysms. The incomplete closure of the distal-side aneurysm neck is the most common cause of the persistent filling of the dome. Since the diameter of the neck increases when the neck of the aneurysm is squeezed closed by the blades of the clip, the blades should be correspondingly longer. This study provided an assessment of whether the presurgical selection of clips using a 3D planning system is feasible in terms of selecting the most suitable clip for aneurysm occlusion. METHODS The computational model was created based on computer tomography data obtained from nine brain aneurysms. The closing of the aneurysm was provided in two steps. The first the length of the blades used for closing corresponded to the length of the aneurysm neck as confirmed by the radiological measurements. The second the length of the blades was adjusted according to stage one, so as to determine the minimum required for the closure of all the gaps in the interior space of the aneurysm neck. RESULTS No differences were detected between the radiological measurement of the aneurysm neck size and the measurements obtained from the reconstructed stereolithographic 3D models. It was observed that the size of the aneurysm neck increased following clipping by 40% to 60% of its original size. The larger the aneurysm neck, the greater the deformation of the aneurysm. CONCLUSION Firstly, the 3D reconstruction of CT/MRI data did not result in any loss of accuracy and the measurement of the neck of the aneurysm was the same for both of the methods employed. The second, and more important, outcome was that the deformation of the neck of the cerebral aneurysm is at least 1.4x greater than its original size. This information is essential in terms of the pre-selection of the size of the clip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Buchvald
- Dep. of Neurosurgery, Regional Hospital in Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Capek
- Dep. Of Clinical Biomechanics, Regional Hospital in Liberec, Czech Republic; Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic.
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Hosseinzadeh E, Bosques-Palomo B, Carmona-Arriaga F, Fabiani MA, Aguirre-Soto A. Fabrication of Soft Transparent Patient-Specific Vascular Models with Stereolithographic 3D printing and Thiol-Based Photopolymerizable Coatings. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300611. [PMID: 38158746 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
An ideal vascular phantom should be anatomically accurate, have mechanical properties as close as possible to the tissue, and be sufficiently transparent for ease of visualization. However, materials that enable the convergence of these characteristics have remained elusive. The fabrication of patient-specific vascular phantoms with high anatomical fidelity, optical transparency, and mechanical properties close to those of vascular tissue is reported. These final properties are achieved by 3D printing patient-specific vascular models with commercial elastomeric acrylic-based resins before coating them with thiol-based photopolymerizable resins. Ternary thiol-ene-acrylate chemistry is found optimal. A PETMP/allyl glycerol ether (AGE)/polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) coating with a 30/70% AGE/PEGDA ratio applied on a flexible resin yielded elastic modulus, UTS, and elongation of 3.41 MPa, 1.76 MPa, and 63.2%, respectively, in range with the human aortic wall. The PETMP/AGE/PEGDA coating doubled the optical transmission from 40% to 80%, approaching 88% of the benchmark silicone-based elastomer. Higher transparency correlates with a decrease in surface roughness from 2000 to 90 nm after coating. Coated 3D-printed anatomical replicas are showcased for pre-procedural planning and medical training with good radio-opacity and echogenicity. Thiol-click chemistry coatings, as a surface treatment for elastomeric stereolithographic 3D-printed objects, address inherent limitations of photopolymer-based additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Hosseinzadeh
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64849, México
| | - Beatriz Bosques-Palomo
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64849, México
| | | | - Mario Alejandro Fabiani
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64710, México
| | - Alan Aguirre-Soto
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64849, México
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4
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Ali A, Morris JM, Decker SJ, Huang YH, Wake N, Rybicki FJ, Ballard DH. Clinical situations for which 3D printing is considered an appropriate representation or extension of data contained in a medical imaging examination: neurosurgical and otolaryngologic conditions. 3D Print Med 2023; 9:33. [PMID: 38008795 PMCID: PMC10680204 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-023-00192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical three dimensional (3D) printing is performed for neurosurgical and otolaryngologic conditions, but without evidence-based guidance on clinical appropriateness. A writing group composed of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) Special Interest Group on 3D Printing (SIG) provides appropriateness recommendations for neurologic 3D printing conditions. METHODS A structured literature search was conducted to identify all relevant articles using 3D printing technology associated with neurologic and otolaryngologic conditions. Each study was vetted by the authors and strength of evidence was assessed according to published guidelines. RESULTS Evidence-based recommendations for when 3D printing is appropriate are provided for diseases of the calvaria and skull base, brain tumors and cerebrovascular disease. Recommendations are provided in accordance with strength of evidence of publications corresponding to each neurologic condition combined with expert opinion from members of the 3D printing SIG. CONCLUSIONS This consensus guidance document, created by the members of the 3D printing SIG, provides a reference for clinical standards of 3D printing for neurologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafat Ali
- Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Summer J Decker
- Division of Imaging Research and Applied Anatomy, Department of Radiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yu-Hui Huang
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicole Wake
- Department of Research and Scientific Affairs, GE HealthCare, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank J Rybicki
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David H Ballard
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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Lan IS, Liu J, Yang W, Zimmermann J, Ennis DB, Marsden AL. Validation of the Reduced Unified Continuum Formulation Against In Vitro 4D-Flow MRI. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:377-393. [PMID: 35963921 PMCID: PMC11402517 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We previously introduced and verified the reduced unified continuum formulation for vascular fluid-structure interaction (FSI) against Womersley's deformable wall theory. Our present work seeks to investigate its performance in a patient-specific aortic setting in which assumptions of idealized geometries and velocity profiles are invalid. Specifically, we leveraged 2D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 4D-flow MRI to extract high-resolution anatomical and hemodynamic information from an in vitro flow circuit embedding a compliant 3D-printed aortic phantom. To accurately reflect experimental conditions, we numerically implemented viscoelastic external tissue support, vascular tissue prestressing, and skew boundary conditions enabling in-plane vascular motion at each inlet and outlet. Validation of our formulation is achieved through close quantitative agreement in pressures, lumen area changes, pulse wave velocity, and early systolic velocities, as well as qualitative agreement in late systolic flow structures. Our validated suite of FSI techniques offers a computationally efficient approach for numerical simulation of vascular hemodynamics. This study is among the first to validate a cardiovascular FSI formulation against an in vitro flow circuit involving a compliant vascular phantom of complex patient-specific anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid S Lan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Clark Center E1.3 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5428, USA
| | - Ju Liu
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Data-Driven Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Applications, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Judith Zimmermann
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Daniel B Ennis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Division of Radiology, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Alison L Marsden
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Clark Center E1.3 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5428, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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6
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Antonowicz A, Wojtas K, Makowski Ł, Orciuch W, Kozłowski M. Particle Image Velocimetry of 3D-Printed Anatomical Blood Vascular Models Affected by Atherosclerosis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16031055. [PMID: 36770062 PMCID: PMC9920660 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases facilitate a better understanding of the ongoing process. The study of biomedical fluid dynamics using non-intrusive visualizing methods on a micro-scale has become possible using a proper 3D printing process. The computed tomography scan of a patient with atherosclerosis was processed, and a 3D-printed artery with an inlet diameter of 4.2 mm was developed and measured using three different constant flow rates. To mimic blood, a solution of glycerin and water was used. The procedure to obtain a proper 3D-printed model using low-force stereolithography technology with high-quality optical access usable for PIV was described and discussed. The paper presents the results of PIV as multi-stitched, color-coded vector maps from the axis cross section along the whole 3D-printed model. The obtained data allowed a resolution of 100 × 100 µm per single vector to be achieved. Furthermore, the results of the stitched 16 base images of the artery and the 3D-printed model prepared were included. The results of this study show that 3D prints allow for the creation of the desired geometry and can be used to investigate severe pathologies of the human circulatory system. The strengths and weaknesses of this methodology were discussed and compared to other techniques used to obtain transparent objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Antonowicz
- Eurotek International Ltd., Skrzetuskiego 6, 02-726 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wojtas
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Makowski
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Orciuch
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kozłowski
- Department of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Ziołowa 47, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
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Mandrycky CJ, Abel AN, Levy S, Marsh LM, Chassagne F, Chivukula VK, Barczay SE, Kelly CM, Kim LJ, Aliseda A, Levitt MR, Zheng Y. Endothelial Responses to Curvature-Induced Flow Patterns in Engineered Cerebral Aneurysms. J Biomech Eng 2023; 145:011001. [PMID: 35838329 PMCID: PMC9445320 DOI: 10.1115/1.4054981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamic factors have long been associated with clinical outcomes in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Computational studies of cerebral aneurysm hemodynamics have provided valuable estimates of the mechanical environment experienced by the endothelium in both the parent vessel and aneurysmal dome walls and have correlated them with disease state. These computational-clinical studies have recently been correlated with the response of endothelial cells (EC) using either idealized or patient-specific models. Here, we present a robust workflow for generating anatomic-scale aneurysm models, establishing luminal cultures of ECs at physiological relevant flow profiles, and comparing EC responses to curvature mediated flow. We show that flow patterns induced by parent vessel curvature produce changes in wall shear stress (WSS) and wall shear stress gradients (WSSG) that are correlated with differences in cell morphology and cellular protein localization. Cells in higher WSS regions align better with the flow and display strong Notch1-extracellular domain (ECD) polarization, while, under low WSS, differences in WSSG due to curvature change were associated with less alignment and attenuation of Notch1-ECD polarization in ECs of the corresponding regions. These proof-of-concept results highlight the use of engineered cellularized aneurysm models for connecting computational fluid dynamics to the underlying endothelial biology that mediates disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. Mandrycky
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ashley N. Abel
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Samuel Levy
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Laurel M. Marsh
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | | | - Sari E. Barczay
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Cory M. Kelly
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Louis J. Kim
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104; Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Alberto Aliseda
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104; Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Michael R. Levitt
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104; Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Ying Zheng
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
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Bisighini B, Di Giovanni P, Scerrati A, Trovalusci F, Vesco S. Fabrication of Compliant and Transparent Hollow Cerebral Vascular Phantoms for In Vitro Studies Using 3D Printing and Spin-Dip Coating. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:166. [PMID: 36614505 PMCID: PMC9821401 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Endovascular surgery through flow diverters and coils is increasingly used for the minimally invasive treatment of intracranial aneurysms. To study the effectiveness of these devices, in vitro tests are performed in which synthetic vascular phantoms are typically used to reproduce in vivo conditions. In this paper, we propose a manufacturing process to obtain compliant and transparent hollow vessel replicas to assess the mechanical behaviour of endovascular devices and perform flow measurements. The vessel models were obtained in three main steps. First, a mould was 3D-printed in a water-soluble material; two techniques, fusion deposition modelling and stereolithography, were compared for this purpose. Then, the mould was covered with a thin layer of silicone through spin-dip coating, and finally, when the silicone layer solidified, it was dissolved in a hot water bath. The final models were tested in terms of the quality of the final results, the mechanical properties of the silicone, thickness uniformity, and transparency properties. The proposed approach makes it possible to produce models of different sizes and complexity whose transparency and mechanical properties are suitable for in vitro experiments. Its applicability is demonstrated through idealised and patient-specific cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bisighini
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Enterprise Engineering, University Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Predisurge, 10 Rue Marius Patinaud, Grande Usine Creative 2, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Alba Scerrati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Trovalusci
- Department of Enterprise Engineering, University Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Vesco
- Department of Enterprise Engineering, University Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Yi H, Yang Z, Johnson M, Bramlage L, Ludwig B. Hemodynamic characteristics in a cerebral aneurysm model using non-Newtonian blood analogues. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2022; 34:103101. [PMID: 36212224 PMCID: PMC9533395 DOI: 10.1063/5.0118097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to develop an experimentally validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to estimate hemodynamic characteristics in cerebral aneurysms (CAs) using non-Newtonian blood analogues. Blood viscosities varying with shear rates were measured under four temperatures first, which serves as the reference for the generation of blood analogues. Using the blood analogue, particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were conducted to quantify flow characteristics in a CA model. Then, using the identical blood properties in the experiment, CFD simulations were executed to quantify the flow patterns, which were used to compare with the PIV counterpart. Additionally, hemodynamic characteristics in the simplified Newtonian and non-Newtonian models were quantified and compared using the experimentally validated CFD model. Results showed the proposed non-Newtonian viscosity model can predict blood shear-thinning properties accurately under varying temperatures and shear rates. Another developed viscosity model based on the blood analogue can well represent blood rheological properties. The comparisons in flow characteristics show good agreements between PIV and CFD, demonstrating the developed CFD model is qualified to investigate hemodynamic factors within CAs. Furthermore, results show the differences of absolute values were insignificant between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in the distributions of wall shear stress (WSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI) on arterial walls. However, not only does the simplified Newtonian model underestimate WSS and OSI in most regions of the aneurysmal sac, but it also makes mistakes in identifying the high OSI regions on the sac surface, which may mislead the hemodynamic assessment on the pathophysiology of CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yi
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Zifeng Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Luke Bramlage
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
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10
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Laughlin ME, Stephens SE, Hestekin JA, Jensen MO. Development of Custom Wall-Less Cardiovascular Flow Phantoms with Tissue-Mimicking Gel. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2022; 13:1-13. [PMID: 34080171 PMCID: PMC8888498 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-021-00546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Flow phantoms are used in experimental settings to aid in the simulation of blood flow. Custom geometries are available, but current phantom materials present issues with degradability and/or mimicking the mechanical properties of human tissue. In this study, a method of fabricating custom wall-less flow phantoms from a tissue-mimicking gel using 3D printed inserts is developed. METHODS A 3D blood vessel geometry example of a bifurcated artery model was 3D printed in polyvinyl alcohol, embedded in tissue-mimicking gel, and subsequently dissolved to create a phantom. Uniaxial compression testing was performed to determine the Young's moduli of the five gel types. Angle-independent, ultrasound-based imaging modalities, Vector Flow Imaging (VFI) and Blood Speckle Imaging (BSI), were utilized for flow visualization of a straight channel phantom. RESULTS A wall-less phantom of the bifurcated artery was fabricated with minimal bubbles and continuous flow demonstrated. Additionally, flow was visualized through a straight channel phantom by VFI and BSI. The available gel types are suitable for mimicking a variety of tissue types, including cardiac tissue and blood vessels. CONCLUSION Custom, tissue-mimicking flow phantoms can be fabricated using the developed methodology and have potential for use in a variety of applications, including ultrasound-based imaging methods. This is the first reported use of BSI with an in vitro flow phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, 790 W. Dickson St. #120, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Sam E Stephens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, 790 W. Dickson St. #120, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jamie A Hestekin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Morten O Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, 790 W. Dickson St. #120, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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11
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Effect of Pulsatility on the Transport of Thrombin in an Idealized Cerebral Aneurysm Geometry. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational models of cerebral aneurysm thrombosis are designed for use in research and clinical applications. A steady flow assumption is applied in many of these models. To explore the accuracy of this assumption a pulsatile-flow thrombin-transport computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, which uses a symmetrical idealized aneurysm geometry, was developed. First, a steady-flow computational model was developed and validated using data from an in vitro experiment, based on particle image velocimetry (PIV). The experimental data revealed an asymmetric flow pattern in the aneurysm. The validated computational model was subsequently altered to incorporate pulsatility, by applying a data-derived flow function at the inlet boundary. For both the steady and pulsatile computational models, a scalar function simulating thrombin generation was applied at the aneurysm wall. To determine the influence of pulsatility on thrombin transport, the outputs of the steady model were compared to the outputs of the pulsatile model. The comparison revealed that in the pulsatile case, an average of 10.2% less thrombin accumulates within the aneurysm than the steady case for any given time, due to periodic losses of a significant amount of thrombin-concentrated blood from the aneurysm into the parent vessel’s bloodstream. These findings demonstrate that pulsatility may change clotting outcomes in cerebral aneurysms.
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Kasparek M, Novakova L. High optical quality models for flow visualization and PIV measurement. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202226401020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualization of internal flow or PIV measurements in areas of real pipe elements is a method commonly used in flow studies. For these applications, transparent models with very complex internal geometries are required. Key features of the model are the high-quality optical access, which ideally allows to obtain image of the whole measured area without deformation and with noise suppression. The technology of 3d printing in combination with casting allows the production of almost any type of transparent models of piping elements. Models produced using this technique have almost ideal optical properties. By using index-matching fluid, optical distortions as well as reflections and refractions of light on the inner edges of the model are suppressed. The paper presents the results of visualization and 2D PIV measurements in the model of the globe valve with adjustable valve plug. The valve’s inner geometry was rapid prototyped using a water-soluble material and casted with clear silicone Sylgard 184 under vacuum. The model exhibits excellent optical properties for PIV measurements, especially in the vicinity of walls.
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Abstract
The use of anti-reflection coatings on 3D-printed components to reduce both Fresnel reflections and scattering is explored. Two similar photo-initiated acrylic commercial material structures, known as Standard Clear (SC: T~60% @ λ = 800 nm) and VeroClear (VC: T~90% @ λ = 800 nm), used specifically for optical components, are examined. The refractive indices for slab samples~(5 × 5 × 0.7) cm are measured at λ = 650 nm and averaged over the slab area: n(SC)~(1.49 ± 0.04) and n(VC)~(1.42 ± 0.03). Within experimental error, novel Shore D mapping is used to show hardness distribution across the surface flats, with VC slightly harder than SC, where VC = 85.9 ± 0.3 and SC = 84.4 ± 1.3, indicating uniform hardness. A TiO2/MgF2 anti-reflection twin-layer coating is deposited onto one side of an unpolished SC slab and binds well, passing standard peeling and humidity tests. Shore hardness increases to SCCOATED = 87.5 ± 1.5. It is found to reduce the measured Fresnel reflection and surface scatter by~65% without requiring major polishing, paving the way for lower-cost high-quality optics. The demonstration of successful anti-reflection coatings will benefit all 3D-printed component finishes, permitting viable film deposition more broadly.
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Ngoepe MN, Pretorius E, Tshimanga IJ, Shaikh Z, Ventikos Y, Ho WH. Thrombin-Fibrinogen In Vitro Flow Model of Thrombus Growth in Cerebral Aneurysms. TH OPEN 2021; 5:e155-e162. [PMID: 34007954 PMCID: PMC8116173 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1728790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral aneurysms are balloon-like structures that develop on weakened areas of cerebral artery walls, with a significant risk of rupture. Thrombi formation is closely associated with cerebral aneurysms and has been observed both before and after intervention, leading to a wide variability of outcomes in patients with the condition. The attempt to manage the outcomes has led to the development of various computational models of cerebral aneurysm thrombosis. In the current study, we developed a simplified thrombin–fibrinogen flow system, based on commercially available purified human-derived plasma proteins, which enables thrombus growth and tracking in an idealized cerebral aneurysm geometry. A three-dimensional printed geometry of an idealized cerebral aneurysm and parent vessel configuration was developed. An unexpected outcome was that this phantom-based flow model allowed us to track clot growth over a period of time, by using optical imaging to record the progression of the growing clot into the flow field. Image processing techniques were subsequently used to extract important quantitative metrics from the imaging dataset, such as end point intracranial thrombus volume. The model clearly demonstrates that clot formation, in cerebral aneurysms, is a complex interplay between mechanics and biochemistry. This system is beneficial for verifying computational models of cerebral aneurysm thrombosis, particularly those focusing on initial angiographic occlusion outcomes, and will also assist manufacturers in optimizing interventional device designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malebogo N Ngoepe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ilunga J Tshimanga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zahra Shaikh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Hua Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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