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Olmos E, Jimenez-Perez B, Roman-Garcia I, Fernandez-Garcia N. Salt-tolerance mechanisms in quinoa: Is glycinebetaine the missing piece of the puzzle? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108276. [PMID: 38118328 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Salinization of arable land has been progressively increasing, which, along with the effects of climate change, poses a serious risk to food production. Quinoa is a halophyte species that grows and is productive in highly saline soils. This study addresses the mechanisms of response and adaptation to high salinity. We show that the differential distribution of sodium in plants depends on the variety, observing that varieties such as Pandela Rosada limit the passage transit of sodium to the aerial part of the plant, a mechanism that seems to be regulated by sodium transporters such as HKT1s or SOS1. Like other halophytes of the Amaranthaceae family, quinoa plants have salt glands (bladder cells), which have been reported to play an important role in salt tolerance. However, our study shows that the contribution of bladder glands to salt accumulation is rather low. The 1H-NMR metabolome study of quinoa subjected to salt stress showed important modifications in the contents of amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and quaternary ammonium compounds (glycinebetaine). The compound with a higher presence was glycinebetaine, which makes up 6% of the leaf dry matter under saline conditions. Our findings suggest that glycinebetaine can act as an osmolyte and/or osmoprotectant, facilitating plant development under high saline ambient.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Olmos
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal. CEBAS-CSIC Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Edificio 25, 30100 Murcia Spain.
| | - B Jimenez-Perez
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal. CEBAS-CSIC Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Edificio 25, 30100 Murcia Spain.
| | - I Roman-Garcia
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal. CEBAS-CSIC Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Edificio 25, 30100 Murcia Spain.
| | - N Fernandez-Garcia
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal. CEBAS-CSIC Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Edificio 25, 30100 Murcia Spain.
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Qian L, Jin H, Yang Q, Zhu L, Yu X, Fu X, Zhao M, Yuan F. A Sequence Variation in GmBADH2 Enhances Soybean Aroma and Is a Functional Marker for Improving Soybean Flavor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4116. [PMID: 35456933 PMCID: PMC9030070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The vegetable soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) plant is commonly consumed in Southeast Asian countries because of its nutritional value and desirable taste. A "pandan-like" aroma is an important value-added quality trait that is rarely found in commercial vegetable soybean varieties. In this study, three novel aromatic soybean cultivars with a fragrant volatile compound were isolated. We confirmed that the aroma of these cultivars is due to the potent volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) that was previously identified in soybean. A sequence comparison of GmBADH1/2 (encoding an aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase) between aromatic and non-aromatic soybean varieties revealed a mutation with 10 SNPs and an 11-nucleotide deletion in exon 1 of GmBADH2 in Quxian No. 1 and Xiangdou. Additionally, a 2-bp deletion was detected in exon 10 of GmBADH2 in ZK1754. The mutations resulted in a frame shift and the introduction of premature stop codons. Moreover, genetic analyses indicated that the aromatic trait in these three varieties was inherited according to a single recessive gene model. These results suggested that a mutated GmBADH2 may be responsible for the aroma of these three aromatic soybean cultivars. The expression and function of GmBADH2 in aromatic soybean seeds were confirmed by qRT-PCR and CRISPR/Cas9. A functional marker developed on the basis of the mutated GmBADH2 sequence in Quxian No. 1 and Xiangdou was validated in an F2 population. A perfect association between the marker genotypes and aroma phenotypes implied that GmBADH2 is a major aroma-conferring gene. The results of this study are potentially useful for an in-depth analysis of the molecular basis of 2-AP formation in soybean and the marker-assisted breeding of aromatic vegetable soybean cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qian
- Hangzhou Sub-Center of National Soybean Improvement, Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (L.Q.); (H.J.); (Q.Y.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Bio-Manufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
| | - Hangxia Jin
- Hangzhou Sub-Center of National Soybean Improvement, Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (L.Q.); (H.J.); (Q.Y.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.F.)
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Dry Land Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Hangzhou Sub-Center of National Soybean Improvement, Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (L.Q.); (H.J.); (Q.Y.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Dry Land Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Longming Zhu
- Hangzhou Sub-Center of National Soybean Improvement, Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (L.Q.); (H.J.); (Q.Y.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.F.)
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Dry Land Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Hangzhou Sub-Center of National Soybean Improvement, Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (L.Q.); (H.J.); (Q.Y.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.F.)
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Dry Land Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xujun Fu
- Hangzhou Sub-Center of National Soybean Improvement, Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (L.Q.); (H.J.); (Q.Y.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.F.)
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Dry Land Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Man Zhao
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Bio-Manufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
| | - Fengjie Yuan
- Hangzhou Sub-Center of National Soybean Improvement, Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (L.Q.); (H.J.); (Q.Y.); (L.Z.); (X.Y.); (X.F.)
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Dry Land Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Niazian M, Sadat-Noori SA, Tohidfar M, Mortazavian SMM, Sabbatini P. Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ( BADH) vs. Flavodoxin ( Fld): Two Important Genes for Enhancing Plants Stress Tolerance and Productivity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:650215. [PMID: 33868350 PMCID: PMC8047405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.650215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, mainly salinity and drought, are the most important environmental threats that constrain worldwide food security by hampering plant growth and productivity. Plants cope with the adverse effects of these stresses by implementing a series of morpho-physio-biochemical adaptation mechanisms. Accumulating effective osmo-protectants, such as proline and glycine betaine (GB), is one of the important plant stress tolerance strategies. These osmolytes can trigger plant stress tolerance mechanisms, which include stress signal transduction, activating resistance genes, increasing levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, protecting cell osmotic pressure, enhancing cell membrane integrity, as well as protecting their photosynthetic apparatus, especially the photosystem II (PSII) complex. Genetic engineering, as one of the most important plant biotechnology methods, helps to expedite the development of stress-tolerant plants by introducing the key tolerance genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of osmolytes into plants. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is one of the important genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of GB, and its introduction has led to an increased tolerance to a variety of abiotic stresses in different plant species. Replacing down-regulated ferredoxin at the acceptor side of photosystem I (PSI) with its isofunctional counterpart electron carrier (flavodoxin) is another applicable strategy to strengthen the photosynthetic apparatus of plants under stressful conditions. Heterologous expression of microbially-sourced flavodoxin (Fld) in higher plants compensates for the deficiency of ferredoxin expression and enhances their stress tolerance. BADH and Fld are multifunctional transgenes that increase the stress tolerance of different plant species and maintain their production under stressful situations by protecting and enhancing their photosynthetic apparatus. In addition to increasing stress tolerance, both BADH and Fld genes can improve the productivity, symbiotic performance, and longevity of plants. Because of the multigenic and complex nature of abiotic stresses, the concomitant delivery of BADH and Fld transgenes can lead to more satisfying results in desired plants, as these two genes enhance plant stress tolerance through different mechanisms, and their cumulative effect can be much more beneficial than their individual ones. The importance of BADH and Fld genes in enhancing plant productivity under stress conditions has been discussed in detail in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Niazian
- Field and Horticultural Crops Research Department, Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Sadat-Noori
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Tohidfar
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Paolo Sabbatini
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Guarino F, Ruiz KB, Castiglione S, Cicatelli A, Biondi S. The combined effect of Cr(III) and NaCl determines changes in metal uptake, nutrient content, and gene expression in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 193:110345. [PMID: 32092578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many areas of the world are affected simultaneously by salinity and heavy metal pollution. Halophytes are considered as useful candidates in remediation of such soils due to their ability to withstand both osmotic stress and ion toxicity deriving from high salt concentrations. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a halophyte with a high resistance to abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, frost), but its capacity to cope with heavy metals has not yet been fully investigated. In this pot experiment, we investigated phytoextraction capacity, effects on nutrient levels (P and Fe), and changes in gene expression in response to application of Cr(III) in quinoa plants grown on saline or non-saline soil. Plants were exposed for three weeks to 500 mg kg-1 soil of Cr(NO3)3·9H2O either in the presence or absence of 150 mM NaCl. Results show that plants were able tolerate this soil concentration of Cr(III); the metal was mainly accumulated in roots where it reached the highest concentration (ca. 2.6 mg g-1 DW) in the presence of NaCl. On saline soil, foliar Na concentration was significantly reduced by Cr(III). Phosphorus translocation to leaves was reduced in the presence of Cr(III), while Fe accumulation was enhanced by treatment with NaCl alone. A real-time RT-qPCR analysis was conducted on genes encoding for sulfate, iron, and phosphate transporters, a phytochelatin, a metallothionein, glutathione synthetase, a dehydrin, Hsp70, and enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of proline (P5CS), glycine betaine (BADH), tocopherols (TAT), and phenolic compounds (PAL). Cr(III), and especially Cr(III)+NaCl, affected transcript levels of most of the investigated genes, indicating that tolerance to Cr is associated with changes in phosphorus and sulfur allocation, and activation of stress-protective molecules. Moderately saline conditions, in most cases, enhanced this response, suggesting that the halophytism of quinoa could contribute to prime the plants to respond to chromium stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Guarino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Karina B Ruiz
- Departamento Agricultura del Desierto, Universidad Arturo Prat (UNAP), Iquique, Chile; Dipartimento di Science Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Castiglione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Angela Cicatelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Stefania Biondi
- Dipartimento di Science Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Cheng A. Review: Shaping a sustainable food future by rediscovering long-forgotten ancient grains. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 269:136-142. [PMID: 29606211 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic erosion of crops has been determined way back in the 1940s and accelerated some twenty years later by the inception of the Green Revolution. Claims that the revolution was a complete triumph remain specious, especially since the massive production boost in the global big three grain crops; wheat, maize, and rice that happened back then is unlikely to recur under current climate irregularities. Presently, one of the leading strategies for sustainable agriculture is by unlocking the genetic potential of underutilized crops. The primary focus has been on a suite of ancient cereals and pseudo-cereals which are riding on the gluten-free trend, including, among others, grain amaranth, buckwheat, quinoa, teff, and millets. Each of these crops has demonstrated tolerance to various stress factors such as drought and heat. Apart from being the centuries-old staple in their native homes, these crops have also been traditionally used as forage for livestock. This review summarizes what lies in the past and present for these underutilized cereals, particularly concerning their potential role and significance in a rapidly changing world, and provides compelling insights into how they could one day be on par with the current big three in feeding a booming population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acga Cheng
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Ruangnam S, Wanchana S, Phoka N, Saeansuk C, Mahatheeranont S, de Hoop SJ, Toojinda T, Vanavichit A, Arikit S. A deletion of the gene encoding amino aldehyde dehydrogenase enhances the "pandan-like" aroma of winter melon (Benincasa hispida) and is a functional marker for the development of the aroma. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:2557-2565. [PMID: 28887587 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The gene conferring a "pandan-like" aroma of winter melon was identified. The sequence variation (804-bp deletion) found in the gene was used as the target for functional marker development. Winter melon (Benincasa hispida), a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is a commonly consumed vegetable in Asian countries that is popular for its nutritional and medicinal value. A "pandan-like" aroma, which is economically important in crops including rice and soybean, is rarely found in most commercial varieties of winter melon, but is present in some landraces. This aroma is a value-added potential trait in breeding winter melon with a higher economic value. In this study, we confirmed that the aroma of winter melon is due to the potent volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) as previously identified in other plants. Based on an analysis of public transcriptome data, BhAMADH encoding an aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase (AMADH) was identified as a candidate gene conferring aroma of winter melon. A sequence comparison of BhAMADH between the aromatic and non-aromatic accessions revealed an 804-bp deletion encompassing exons 11-13 in the aromatic accession. The deletion caused several premature stop codons and could result in a truncated protein with a length of only 208 amino acids compared with 503 amino acids in the normal protein. A functional marker was successfully developed based on the 804-bp deletion and validated in 237 F2 progenies. A perfect association of the marker genotypes and aroma phenotypes indicates that BhAMADH is the major gene conferring the aroma. The recently developed functional marker could be efficiently used in breeding programs for the aroma trait in winter melon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowalak Ruangnam
- Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
- Hortigenetics Research (S.E. Asia) Limited, Suphanburi, 72190, Thailand
| | - Samart Wanchana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nongnat Phoka
- King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Ratchaburi Campus, Ratchaburi, 70150, Thailand
| | - Chatree Saeansuk
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sugunya Mahatheeranont
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Simon Jan de Hoop
- Hortigenetics Research (S.E. Asia) Limited, Suphanburi, 72190, Thailand
| | - Theerayut Toojinda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Apichart Vanavichit
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 7314, Thailand
| | - Siwaret Arikit
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 7314, Thailand.
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