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Kim JW, Kim HS, Kim HR, Chung KH. Next generation risk assessment of biocides (PHMG-p and CMIT/MIT)-induced pulmonary fibrosis using adverse outcome pathway-based transcriptome analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134986. [PMID: 38944992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) has emerged as a promising alternative to non-animal studies owing to the increasing demand for the risk assessment of inhaled toxicants. In this study, NGRA was used to assess the inhalation risks of two biocides commonly used as humidifier disinfectants: polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p) and chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT). Human bronchial epithelial cell transcriptomic data were processed based on adverse outcome pathways and used to establish transcriptome-based points of departure (tPODs) for each biocide. tPOD values were 0.00500-0.0510 μg/cm2 and 0.0342-0.0544 μg/cm2 for PHMG-p and CMIT/MIT, respectively. tPODs may provide predictive power comparable to that of traditional animal-based PODs (aPODs). The tPOD-based NGRA determined that both PHMG-p and CMIT/MIT present a high inhalation risk. Moreover, the identified PHMG-p posed a higher risk than CMIT/MIT, and children were identified as more susceptible population compared to adults. This finding is consistent with observations from actual exposure events. Our findings suggest that NGRA with transcriptomics offers a reliable approach for risk assessment of specific humidifier disinfectant biocides, while acknowledging the limitations of current models and in vitro systems, particularly regarding uncertainties in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Woo Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea.
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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2
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Yang HS, Yang M, Kang M, Kim B, Lee K. Inhalation toxicity of polyhexamethylene guanidine-phosphate in rats: A 4-week inhalation exposure and 24-week recovery period study. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137232. [PMID: 36379427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Humidifier disinfectant (HD) is a causative agent of atypical lung injury reported in 2011 in South Korea, and various diseases caused by HD after exposure cessation have been reported to date. However, there is limited research on most of the reported diseases in terms of their association with HD exposure, and information on the progression of diseases caused by HD exposure is also limited. Therefore, we investigated the effects of HD inhalation on the body in rats. Rats were exposed to 0.15, 0.50, and 1.60 mg/m3 polyhexamethylene guanidine-phosphate (PHMG-p), which is the major component of HDs and most closely related to HD-associated lung injury. We conducted necropsy four times during the recovery period (0, 4, 12, and 24 weeks) and evaluated general systemic toxicities. There were significant changes in the mortality rate, body weight, and food consumption in the PHMG-p-exposed groups. Hematology revealed changes in hemoglobin level, hematocrit, red blood cell, reticulocyte, and white blood cell counts until 12 weeks of the recovery period. PHMG-p induced a delay in prothrombin time until 12 weeks of the recovery period. The aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and triglyceride levels were higher in the PHMG-p-exposed groups than in the control group at week 4 of the recovery period, and these parameters normalized after 12 weeks of the recovery period. Histopathological examination in PHMG-p exposed groups revealed several changes in the lungs, including the presence of alveolar macrophages, chronic inflammation, squamous metaplasia, alveolar emphysema, and pulmonary fibrosis. The severity of these symptoms was maintained or exacerbated till 24 weeks. Overall, PHMG-p inhalation can induce irreversible histological changes in the lungs and cause various types of damage throughout the body, even after exposure ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Seon Yang
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factors, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea; Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mijin Yang
- Jeonbuk Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mihyun Kang
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factors, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factors, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Kim J, Baek YW, Kim C, Nam YJ, Lee YS, Lee H, Kang JY, Lee H, Choi JY, Park YH, Park SA, Park EK, Jeong SH, Lee JH. Evaluating the comparative MT1B, MT1F, MT1G, and MT1H expression in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells treated with polyhexamethylene guanidine-phosphate, chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone, oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl guanidinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, and sodium dichloroisocyanurate. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Kim D, Shin Y, Kim EH, Lee Y, Kim S, Kim HS, Kim HC, Leem JH, Kim HR, Bae ON. Functional and dynamic mitochondrial damage by chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT) mixture in brain endothelial cell lines and rat cerebrovascular endothelium. Toxicol Lett 2022; 366:45-57. [PMID: 35803525 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT, chloromethylisothiazolinone) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT, methylisothiazolinone) is a commonly used biocide in consumer products. Despite the health issues related to its usage in cosmetics and humidifier disinfectants (HD), understanding its adverse outcome is still limited. Using in vitro cell lines and ex vivo rat models, we examined the effects of CMIT/MIT on the cellular redox homeostasis and energy metabolism in the brain microvascular endothelium, a highly restrictive interface between the bloodstream and brain. In murine bEND.3 and human hCMEC/D3, CMIT/MIT significantly amplified the mitochondrial-derived oxidative stress causing disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative phosphorylation at a sub-lethal concentration (1 μg/mL) or treatment duration (1 h). In addition, CMIT/MIT significantly increased a dynamic imbalance between mitochondrial fission and fusion, and endogenous pathological stressors significantly potentiated the CMIT/MIT-induced endothelial dysfunction. Notably, in the brain endothelium isolated from intravenously CMIT/MIT-administered rats, we observed significant mitochondrial damage and decreased tight junction protein. Taken together, we report that CMIT/MIT significantly impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics resulting in endothelial barrier dysfunction, giving an insight into the role of mitochondrial damage in CMIT/MIT-associated systemic health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Yusun Shin
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Youngmee Lee
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seongmi Kim
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hwan-Cheol Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Han Leem
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.
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5
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New-Onset and Exacerbation of Lung Diseases after Short-Term Exposures to Humidifier Disinfectant during Hospitalization. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070371. [PMID: 35878276 PMCID: PMC9318961 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Humidifier disinfectant (HD) is a biocidal chemical to keep the water tank inside a humidifier clean. Thousands of Koreans have experienced HD-related lung injuries. Of them, 6.9% were exposed to HD in hospitals. (2) Methods: This study investigated changes of diseases in patients (or caregivers) who experienced HD exposures during hospitalization and also investigated characteristics of hospital exposure using data from all HD-related lung injury enrollment in Korea. (3) Results: Of a total of 162 subjects, 139 subjects were hospitalized for non-lung diseases, and 23 people were hospitalized for lung diseases at the time of hospitalization. During hospital exposure, 99 (71.2%) of those hospitalized with non-lung disease experienced a new-onset of lung disease, and 15 (65.2%) of those hospitalized with lung diseases experienced exacerbation of their existing lung diseases. When we compared their exposure characteristics, those exposed in hospitals (vs. non-hospital, mostly home) were exposed for shorter periods, at closer distances, at higher HD indoor concentrations, constantly all day, and directly in the facial direction. (4) Conclusion: In conclusion, HD exposures in hospital with a high intensity even for a short term were associated with new-onset or exacerbation of lung diseases. Our findings suggest that acute exposures to HD can cause lung diseases.
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You D, Qiao Q, Ono K, Wei M, Tan W, Wang C, Liu Y, Liu G, Zheng M. miR-223-3p inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis via down-regulating the activation of MEK1/ERK1/2 in macrophages. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1865-1878. [PMID: 35202001 PMCID: PMC8908932 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND microRNAs (miRNAs) have drawn more attention to the progression of atherosclerosis (AS), due to their noticeable inflammation function in cardiovascular disease. Macrophages play a crucial role in disrupting atherosclerotic plaque, thereby we explored the involvement of miR-223-3p in the inflammatory response in macrophages. METHODS RT-qPCR was used to analyze the miR-223-3p levels in carotid arteries and serum of AS patients. ROC curve was used to assess the diagnostic value of miR-223-3p. Movat staining was applied to evaluate the morphological differences. FISH was used to identify the expression of miR-223-3p in macrophages of atherosclerotic lesions. Bioinformatic analysis was performed. Double-immunofluorescence and western blot were performed to assess the inflammatory cytokine secretion and p-ERK1/2. C16-PAF was injected into the culture medium of the miR-223-3p mimic/NC-transfected macrophages with ox-LDL. RESULTS MiR-223-3p was up-regulated in AS patients and was associated with a higher overall survival rate. MiR-223-3p was co-localized with CD68+ macrophages in vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions. MiR-223-3p mimics decreased atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages numbers whereas increased SMCs numbers in the lesions. The TNF-a immune-positive areas were reduced by miR-223-3p mimics. MAP2K1 was negatively associated with miR-223-3p. MiR-223-3p mimics reduced the inflammation and the MEK1/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. C16-PAF reversed the effects of miR-223-3p mimics on inflammation and ERK1/2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS MiR-223-3p negatively regulates inflammatory responses by the MEK1/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Our study provides new insight into how miR-223-3p protects against atherosclerosis, representing a broader therapeutic prospect for treating atherosclerosis by miR-223-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daofeng You
- Hebei Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050023, Hebei, China
| | - Qiuge Qiao
- Hebei Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050023, Hebei, China
| | - Katsushige Ono
- Department of Pathophysiology, Oita University School of Medicine, Hasama, Yufu, Ōita-shi, Japan
| | - Mei Wei
- Hebei Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050023, Hebei, China
| | - Wenyun Tan
- Hebei Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050023, Hebei, China
| | - Cuihua Wang
- Hebei Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050023, Hebei, China
| | - Yangong Liu
- Hebei Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050023, Hebei, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Hebei Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050023, Hebei, China
| | - Mingqi Zheng
- Hebei Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050023, Hebei, China
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Verderosa A, Hawas S, Harris J, Totsika M, Fairfull-Smith KE. Isothiazolone-Nitroxide Hybrids with Activity against Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5300-5310. [PMID: 35187345 PMCID: PMC8851655 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Isothiazolones are widely used as biocides in industrial processing systems and personal care products, but their use to treat infections in humans has been hampered by their inherent cytotoxicity. Herein, we report a strategy to alleviate isothiazolone toxicity and improve antibacterial and antibiofilm potency by functionalization with a nitroxide moiety. Isothiazolone-nitroxide hybrids 6 and 22 were prepared over three steps in moderate yields (58 and 36%, respectively) from (Z)-3-(benzylsulfanyl)-propenoic acid. Hybrid 22 displayed better activity (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 35 μM) than the widely used methylisothiazolinone (MIT 1, MIC = 280 μM) against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Hybrid 22 was even more active against drug-resistant strains, such as vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA, MIC = 8.75 μM) over MIT 1 (MIC = 280 μM). The enhanced antibacterial activity of hybrid 22 over MIT 1 was retained against established MSSA and VRSA biofilms, with minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values of 35 and 70 μM, respectively, for 22 (the MBEC value for MIT 1 against both strains was ≥280 μM). No toxicity was observed in human epithelial T24 cells treated with hybrid 22 in concentrations up to 560 μM using a lactate dehydrogenase assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony
D. Verderosa
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Immunology and Infection Control,
Faculty of Health, Queensland University
of Technology, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sophia Hawas
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Immunology and Infection Control,
Faculty of Health, Queensland University
of Technology, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Jessica Harris
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Faculty of
Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Makrina Totsika
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Immunology and Infection Control,
Faculty of Health, Queensland University
of Technology, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Fairfull-Smith
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Faculty of
Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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8
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Yang ZW, Wang WL, Lee MY, Wu QY, Guan YT. Synergistic effects of ozone/peroxymonosulfate for isothiazolinone biocides degradation: Kinetics, synergistic performance and influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118626. [PMID: 34864102 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic effects of ozone (O3) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS, HSO5-) for isothiazolinone biocides degradation was studied. The synergistic ozonation process (O3/PMS) increased the efficiency of methyl-isothiazolinone (MIT) and chloro-methyl-isothiazolinone (CMIT) degradation to 91.0% and 81.8%, respectively, within 90 s at pH 7.0. This is 30.6% and 62.5% higher than the corresponding ozonation efficiency, respectively. Total radical formation value (Rct,R) for the O3/PMS process was 24.6 times that of ozonation alone. Calculated second-order rate constants for the reactions between isothiazolinone biocides and (kSO4-,MIT and kSO4-,CMIT) were 8.15 × 109 and 4.49 × 109 M-1 s-1, respectively. Relative contributions of O3, hydroxyl radical (OH) and oxidation to MIT and CMIT removal were estimated, which were 15%, 45%, and 40% for O3, OH and oxidation to MIT, and 1%, 67%, and 32% for O3, OH and oxidation to CMIT at pH 7.0, respectively. Factors influencing the O3/PMS process, namely the solution pH, chloride ions (Cl-), and bicarbonate (HCO3-), were evaluated. Increasing the solution pH markedly accelerated O3 decay and OH and formation, thus weakening the relative contribution of O3 oxidation while enhancing that of OH and . Cl- had a negligible effect on MIT and CMIT degradation. Under the dual effect of bicarbonate (HCO3-) as inhibitor and promoter, low concentrations (1-2 mM) of bicarbonate weakly promoted MIT and CMIT degradation, while high concentrations (10-20 mM) induced strong inhibition. Lastly, oxidation performance of O3 and O3/PMS processes for MIT and CMIT degradation in different water matrices was compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- Department of Environmental Resources Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seogu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yun-Tao Guan
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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9
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Jeong SH, Kim C, Kim J, Nam YJ, Lee H, Togloom A, Kang JY, Choi JY, Lee H, Song MO, Park EK, Baek YW, Lee JH, Lee KY. MTF1 Is Essential for the Expression of MT1B, MT1F, MT1G, and MT1H Induced by PHMG, but Not CMIT, in the Human Pulmonary Alveolar Epithelial Cells. TOXICS 2021; 9:203. [PMID: 34564354 PMCID: PMC8472727 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The inhalation of humidifier disinfectants (HDs) is linked to HD-associated lung injury (HDLI). Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) is significantly involved in HDLI, but the correlation between chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and HDLI remains ambiguous. Additionally, the differences in the molecular responses to PHMG and CMIT are poorly understood. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data showed that the expression levels of metallothionein-1 (MT1) isoforms, including MT1B, MT1E, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1M, and MT1X, were increased in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs) that were treated with PHMG but not in those treated with CMIT. Moreover, upregulation of MT1B, MT1F, MT1G, and MT1H was observed only in PHMG-treated HPAEpiCs. The protein expression level of metal regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1), which binds to the promoters of MT1 isoforms, was increased in PHMG-treated HPAEpiCs but not in CMIT-treated HPAEpiCs. However, the expression of early growth response 1 (EGR1) and nuclear receptor superfamily 3, group C, member 1 (NR3C1), other transcriptional regulators involved in MT1 isomers, were increased regardless of treatment with PHMG or CMIT. These results suggest that MTF1 is an essential transcription factor for the induction of MT1B, MT1F, MT1G, and MT1H by PHMG but not by CMIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Jeong
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si 15355, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (J.K.); (Y.-J.N.); (H.L.); (A.T.); (J.-Y.K.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.L.); (M.-O.S.)
| | - Cherry Kim
- Department of Radiology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si 15355, Korea;
| | - Jaeyoung Kim
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si 15355, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (J.K.); (Y.-J.N.); (H.L.); (A.T.); (J.-Y.K.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.L.); (M.-O.S.)
| | - Yoon-Jeong Nam
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si 15355, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (J.K.); (Y.-J.N.); (H.L.); (A.T.); (J.-Y.K.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.L.); (M.-O.S.)
| | - Hong Lee
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si 15355, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (J.K.); (Y.-J.N.); (H.L.); (A.T.); (J.-Y.K.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.L.); (M.-O.S.)
| | - Ariunaa Togloom
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si 15355, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (J.K.); (Y.-J.N.); (H.L.); (A.T.); (J.-Y.K.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.L.); (M.-O.S.)
| | - Ja-Young Kang
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si 15355, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (J.K.); (Y.-J.N.); (H.L.); (A.T.); (J.-Y.K.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.L.); (M.-O.S.)
| | - Jin-Young Choi
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si 15355, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (J.K.); (Y.-J.N.); (H.L.); (A.T.); (J.-Y.K.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.L.); (M.-O.S.)
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si 15355, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (J.K.); (Y.-J.N.); (H.L.); (A.T.); (J.-Y.K.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.L.); (M.-O.S.)
| | - Myeong-Ok Song
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si 15355, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (J.K.); (Y.-J.N.); (H.L.); (A.T.); (J.-Y.K.); (J.-Y.C.); (H.L.); (M.-O.S.)
| | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Korea;
| | - Yong-Wook Baek
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea;
| | - Ju-Han Lee
- Department of Pathology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si 15355, Korea
| | - Ki-Yeol Lee
- Department of Radiology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si 15355, Korea;
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10
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Humidifier Disinfectant Consumption and Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury in South Korea: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18116136. [PMID: 34204162 PMCID: PMC8201190 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Humidifier disinfectant (HD) is a household biocidal product used in humidifier water tanks to prevent the growth of microorganisms. In 2011, a series of lung injury cases of unknown causes emerged in children and pregnant women who had used HD in Korea. This study investigated changes in the nationwide number of cases of humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI) in concordance with nationwide HD consumption using data covering the entire Korean population. More than 25 kinds of HD products were sold between 1994 and 2011. The number of diagnosed HDLI, assessed by S27.3 (other injuries of lungs) of the Korea National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) data, sharply increased by 2005, subsequently decreased after 2005, and almost disappeared after 2011 in concordance with the annual number of HD sales. The number of self-reported HDLIs, assessed using data from all suspected HDLI cases registered in the Korea Ministry of Environment, changed with the annual number of HD sales, with a delay pattern, potentially induced by the late awareness of lung injury diseases. The present study suggests that changes in the nationwide annual consumption of HD products were consistent with changes in the annual number of HDLI cases in Korea.
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11
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Cambronero-Urena A, Choi S, Choi S, Kim KK, Kim EM. Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate, chloromethylisothiazolinone, and particulate matter are dispensable for stress granule formation in human airway epithelial cells. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2021; 25:146-151. [PMID: 34262657 PMCID: PMC8253204 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.1931442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental risk factors are recognized as threats to public health. Stress granules (SGs) are non-membranous assemblies of mRNAs and proteins expressed in response to various stressors to promote cell survival. In this study, SG formation was examined to confirm the effects of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG), chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT), and particulate matter (PM10) in airway epithelial cells, A549, HPAEpiC, and BEAS-2B cells. SGs were not observed after CMIT, PHMG, and PM10 treatments, as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Moreover, there was no change in the phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2αfollowing treatment with PHMG, CMIT, and PM10. Taken together, our findings might help determine the biological hazards of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunkyung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seri Choi
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kee K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Kwon TY, Jeong J, Park E, Cho Y, Lim D, Ko UH, Shin JH, Choi J. Physical analysis reveals distinct responses of human bronchial epithelial cells to guanidine and isothiazolinone biocides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 424:115589. [PMID: 34029620 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the physical state of the cells can serve as important indicators of stress responses because they are closely linked with the changes in the pathophysiological functions of the cells. Physical traits can be conveniently assessed by analyzing the morphological features and the stresses at the cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions in both single-cell and monolayer model systems in 2D. In this study, we investigated the mechano-stress responses of human bronchial epithelial cells, BEAS-2B, to two functionally distinct groups of biocides identified during the humidifier disinfectant accident, namely, guanidine (PHMG) and isothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT). We analyzed the physical traits, including cell area, nuclear area, and nuclear shape. While the results showed inconsistent average responses to the biocides, the degree of dispersion in the data set, measured by standard deviation, was remarkably higher in CMIT/MIT treated cells for all traits. As mechano-stress endpoints, traction and intercellular stresses were also measured, and the cytoskeletal actin structures were analyzed using immunofluorescence. This study demonstrates the versatility of the real-time imaging-based biomechanical analysis, which will contribute to identifying the temporally sensitive cellular behaviors as well as the emergence of heterogeneity in response to exogenously imposed stress factors. This study will also shed light on a comparative understanding of less studied substance, CMIT/MIT, in relation to a more studied substance, PHMG, which will further contribute to more strategic planning for proper risk management of the ingredients involved in toxicological accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yoon Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34034, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseong Jeong
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34034, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbin Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34034, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyoung Lim
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Hyun Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34034, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer H Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34034, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
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Do VQ, Seo YS, Park JM, Yu J, Duong MTH, Nakai J, Kim SK, Ahn HC, Lee MY. A mixture of chloromethylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone impairs rat vascular smooth muscle by depleting thiols and thereby elevating cytosolic Zn 2+ and generating reactive oxygen species. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:541-556. [PMID: 33074372 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) are biocidal preservatives and the active ingredients in Kathon CG, which contains ca. 1.5% mixture of CMIT and MIT at a ratio of 3:1 (CMIT/MIT). CMIT/MIT was misused as humidifier disinfectant products, which caused serious health problems in Korea. Here, the vascular effects of CMIT/MIT were investigated to evaluate claims of putative cardiovascular toxicity observed in humidifier disinfectant users. CMIT/MIT did not affect the basal tension of the rat thoracic aorta up to 2.5 μg/mL in myograph experiments. Instead, pretreatment with CMIT/MIT impaired phenylephrine- or 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced vasoconstriction in a range of 0.5-2.5 μg/mL, which was largely irreversible and not recovered by washing out the CMIT/MIT. Similarly, the application of CMIT/MIT to pre-contracted aorta caused a gradual loss of tension. In primary cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), CMIT/MIT caused thiol depletion, which in turn led to cytosolic Zn2+ elevation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. CMIT/MIT-induced shrinkage, detachment, and lysis of VSMCs depending on the concentration and the treatment time. All events induced by CMIT/MIT were prevented by a thiol donor N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Cytolysis could be inhibited by a Zn2+ chelator TPEN and a superoxide scavenger TEMPOL, whereas they did not affect shrinkage and detachment. In accordance with these results, CMIT/MIT-exposed aortas exhibited dissociation and collapse of tissue in histology analysis. Taken together, CMIT/MIT causes functional impairment and tissue damage to blood vessels by depleting thiol and thereby elevating cytosolic Zn2+ and generating ROS. Therefore, exposure to CMIT/MIT in consumer products may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Quan Do
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, and BK21 FOUR team, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, and BK21 FOUR team, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Park
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, and BK21 FOUR team, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Men Thi Hoai Duong
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, and BK21 FOUR team, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Junichi Nakai
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sang-Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, and BK21 FOUR team, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, and BK21 FOUR team, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Isothiazolinone Biocides: Chemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Profiles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040991. [PMID: 32102175 PMCID: PMC7070760 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of isothiazole and of compounds containing the isothiazole nucleus has been growing over the last few years. Isothiazolinones are used in cosmetic and as chemical additives for occupational and industrial usage due to their bacteriostatic and fungiostatic activity. Despite their effectiveness as biocides, isothiazolinones are strong sensitizers, producing skin irritations and allergies and may pose ecotoxicological hazards. Therefore, their use is restricted by EU legislation. Considering the relevance and importance of isothiazolinone biocides, the present review describes the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding their synthesis, antibacterial components, toxicity (including structure–activity–toxicity relationships) outlines, and (photo)chemical stability. Due to the increasing prevalence and impact of isothiazolinones in consumer’s health, analytical methods for the identification and determination of this type of biocides were also discussed.
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