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Budassi F, Marchioro C, Canton M, Favaro A, Sturlese M, Urbinati C, Rusnati M, Romagnoli R, Viola G, Mariotto E. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives able to target the human BAG3 protein. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115824. [PMID: 37783101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) protein plays multiple roles in controlling cellular homeostasis, and it has been reported to be deregulated in many cancers, leading tumor cell apoptosis escape. BAG3 protein is then an emerging target for its oncogenic activities in both leukemia and solid cancers, such as medulloblastoma. In this work a series of forty-four compounds were designed and successfully synthesized by the modification and optimization of a previously reported 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivative 28. Using an efficient cloning and transfection in human embryonic kidney HEK-293T cells, BAG3 was collected and purified by chromatographic techniques such as IMAC and SEC, respectively. Subsequently, through Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) all the compounds were evaluated for their binding ability to BAG3, highlighting the compound FB49 as the one having the greatest affinity for the protein (Kd = 45 ± 6 μM) also against the reference compound 28. Further analysis carried out by Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy further confirmed the highest affinity of FB49 for the protein. In vitro biological investigation showed that compound FB49 is endowed with an antiproliferative activity in the micromolar range in three human tumoral cell lines and more importantly is devoid of toxicity in human peripheral mononuclear cell deriving from healthy donors. Moreover, FB49 was able to block cell cycle in G1 phase and to induce apoptosis as well as autophagy in medulloblastoma HD-MB03 treated cells. In addition, FB49 demonstrated a synergistic effect when combined with a chemotherapy cocktail of Vincristine, Etoposide, Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide (VECC). In conclusion we have demonstrated that FB49 is a new derivative able to bind human BAG3 with high affinity and could be used as BAG3 modulator in cancers correlated with overexpression of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Budassi
- Synthetic Chemistry, DDD, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming 4, 37135, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Marchioro
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Canton
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Annagiulia Favaro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Urbinati
- Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa11, 25121, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa11, 25121, Brescia, Italy
| | - Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Agrarie, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padova, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Corso Stati Uniti 4F, 35127, Padova, Italy.
| | - Elena Mariotto
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padova, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Corso Stati Uniti 4F, 35127, Padova, Italy.
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2
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Wang ZM, Zhang L, Ren DH, Zhang CY, Zheng HC. Bioinformatics analysis of the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of BAG3 mRNA in gynecological cancers. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2023; 43:2228899. [PMID: 37377218 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2023.2228899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BAG3 is a co-chaperone BAG family protein that plays important roles in protein homeostasis, cell survival, cell motility, and tumour metastasis. This study aimed to clarify the clinicopathological and prognostic implications of BAG3 mRNA expression in tumours. We performed bioinformatics analysis on BAG3 mRNA expression using TCGA, XIANTAO, UALCAN, and Kaplan-Meier plotter databases. BAG3 mRNA expression was downregulated in breast and endometrial cancers and positively correlated with favourable PAM50 subtyping in breast cancer,clinical stage and short overall survival in ovarian cancer and negatively correlated with T stage, clinical stage, and histological grade in cervical and endometrial cancers. The top BAG3-related pathways included ligand-receptor interactions and activity, DNA packaging and nucleosomes, hormonal responses, membrane regions, microdomains and rafts, and endosomes in breast cancer; ligand-receptor interactions, transmembrane transporters and channels, cell adhesion, and keratinisation in cervical cancer; ligand-receptor interactions, anion transmembrane transporters, lipoproteins, keratinisation, cell adhesion, and protein processing in endometrial cancer; metabolism of porphyrin, chlorophyll, pentose, uronic acid, ascorbate, and alternate and cell adhesion in ovarian cancer. BAG3 expression could represent a potential marker for carcinogenesis, histogenesis, aggressive behaviours, and prognosis in gynecological cancers.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? BAG3 regulates cell activity, autophagy, and resistance to apoptosis through multiple domains and plays an important role in tumour development. BAG3 positively regulates tumour cell invasion and migration in cervical and ovarian cancers.What do the results of this study add? BAG3 expression is closely associated with histogenesis, clinicopathology, and prognosis in gynecological cancers and is involved in signalling pathways associated with the control of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and drug resistance in tumours.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Abnormal BAG3 expression can be employed as a possible marker of tumour development, invasion, and prognosis, providing new ideas for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Mo Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Dong-Hui Ren
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Cong-Yu Zhang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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3
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Guo J, Du X, Li C. BAG family proteins contributes to autophagy-mediated multidrug resistance of tumor. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1492-1500. [PMID: 35278199 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a significant cause of tumor treatment failure. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy plays a significant role in the development of MDR. Autophagy is a conserved mechanism that maintains tumor homeostasis by removing damaged mitochondria. However, the specific regulatory mechanism is unclear. Here, we summarize recent studies on the role of autophagy in the development of MDR and the initiation of mitophagy by Bcl-2-associated athanogene (BAG) family proteins. Additionally, this mini-review emphasizes the regulatory role of BAG family proteins, which maintain mitochondrial homeostasis by regulating the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy may foster the development of clinical therapeutic strategies for MDR tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jufang Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinniu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelian Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinniu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaolin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinniu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China.
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4
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Structural Refinement of 2,4-Thiazolidinedione Derivatives as New Anticancer Agents Able to Modulate the BAG3 Protein. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030665. [PMID: 35163936 PMCID: PMC8839660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The multidomain BAG3 protein is a member of the BAG (Bcl-2-associated athanogene) family of co-chaperones, involved in a wide range of protein-protein interactions crucial for many key cellular pathways, including autophagy, cytoskeletal dynamics, and apoptosis. Basal expression of BAG3 is elevated in several tumor cell lines, where it promotes cell survival signaling and apoptosis resistance through the interaction with many protein partners. In addition, its role as a key player of several hallmarks of cancer, such as metastasis, angiogenesis, autophagy activation, and apoptosis inhibition, has been established. Due to its involvement in malignant transformation, BAG3 has emerged as a potential and effective biological target to control multiple cancer-related signaling pathways. Recently, by using a multidisciplinary approach we reported the first synthetic BAG3 modulator interfering with its BAG domain (BD), based on a 2,4-thiazolidinedione scaffold and endowed with significant anti-proliferative activity. Here, a further in silico-driven selection of a 2,4-thiazolidinedione-based compound was performed. Thanks to a straightforward synthesis, relevant binding affinity for the BAG3BD domain, and attractive biological activities, this novel generation of compounds is of great interest for the development of further BAG3 binders, as well as for the elucidation of the biological roles of this protein in tumors. Specifically, we found compound 6 as a new BAG3 modulator with a relevant antiproliferative effect on two different cancer cell lines (IC50: A375 = 19.36 μM; HeLa = 18.67 μM).
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Mitra Ghosh T, Kansom T, Mazumder S, Davis J, Alnaim AS, Jasper SL, Zhang C, Bird A, Opanasopit P, Mitra AK, Arnold RD. The Andrographolide analogue 3A.1 synergizes with Taxane derivatives in aggressive metastatic prostate cancers by upregulation of Heat Shock proteins and downregulation of MAT2A-mediated cell migration and invasion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 380:180-201. [PMID: 34949650 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional treatment with taxanes (docetaxel-DTX or cabazitaxel-CBZ) increases survival rates of aggressive metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) to some extent since the majority of patients acquire resistance to taxanes. The andrographolide analogue, 19-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-8,7-epoxy andrographolide (3A.1), has shown anticancer activity against various cancers. In this study, we investigated the effect of 3A.1 alone and in combination with DTX/CBZ against mCRPC and their mechanism of action. Exposure to 3A.1 alone exhibited a dose- and time-dependent antitumor activity in mCRPC. Chou-Talalay's combination index (CI) values of all 3A.1+ TX combinations were less than 0.5, indicating synergism. Co-treatment of 3A.1 with TX reduced the required dose of DTX and CBZ (p<0.05). Caspase assay (apoptosis) results concurred with in vitro cytotoxicity data. RNAseq followed by IPA analysis identified that upregulation of heat-shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp40, Hsp27 and Hsp90) and downregulation of MAT2A as the key player for 3A.1 response. Further, the top treatment-induced DEGs belong to DNA damage, cell migration, hypoxia, autophagy (MMP1, MMP9, HIF-1α, Bag-3, H2AX, HMOX1, PSRC1) and cancer progression pathways. Most importantly, top downregulated DEG MAT2A has earlier been shown to be involved in cell migration and invasion. Further, using in silico analysis on the TCGA database, we found that MAT2A and highly co-expressed (r>0.7) genes, TRA2B and SF1, were associated with worse Gleason score and nodal metastasis status in prostate adenocarcinoma patients (PRAD-TCGA). Immunoblotting, COMET, and migration assays corroborated these findings. These results suggest that 3A.1 may be useful in increasing the anticancer efficacy of taxanes to treat aggressive PCa. Significance Statement The andrographolide analogue, 19-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-8,7-epoxy andrographolide (3A.1) has shown anticancer activity against metastatic Castration resistance and neuroendocrine variant prostate cancers (mCRPC/NEPC). Additionally, 3A.1 exhibited synergistic anticancer effect in combination with standard therapy docetaxel and cabazitaxel in mCRPC/NEPC. Post-treatment gene expression studies revealed that heat-shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp40, Hsp27, Hsp90) and MAT2A are major players in the mechanism of 3A.1 action and drug response. Further, DNA damage, cell migration, hypoxia, and autophagy were the crucial pathways for the anticancer activity of 3A.1.
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6
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De Marco M, Falco A, Iaccarino R, Raffone A, Mollo A, Guida M, Rosati A, Chetta M, Genovese G, De Caro F, Capunzo M, Turco MC, Uversky VN, Marzullo L. An emerging role for BAG3 in gynaecological malignancies. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:789-797. [PMID: 34099896 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BAG3, a member of the BAG family of co-chaperones, is a multidomain protein with a role in several cellular processes, including the control of apoptosis, autophagy and cytoskeletal dynamics. The expression of bag3 is negligible in most cells but can be induced by stress stimuli or malignant transformation. In some tumours, BAG3 has been reported to promote cell survival and resistance to therapy. The expression of BAG3 has been documented in ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancers, and studies have revealed biochemical and functional connections of BAG3 with proteins involved in the survival, invasion and resistance to therapy of these malignancies. BAG3 expression has also been shown to correlate with the grade of dysplasia in squamous intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix. Some aspects of BAG3 activity, such as its biochemical and functional interaction with the human papillomavirus proteins, could help in our understanding of the mechanisms of oncogenesis induced by the virus. This review aims to highlight the potential value of BAG3 studies in the field of gynaecological tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot De Marco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., R&D Division, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Antonia Falco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., R&D Division, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Roberta Iaccarino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Antonio Raffone
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Mollo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guida
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rosati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., R&D Division, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Genovese
- University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesco De Caro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Mario Capunzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Turco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy. .,BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., R&D Division, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Liberato Marzullo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., R&D Division, Baronissi, SA, Italy
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7
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El Shorbagy S, abuTaleb F, Labib HA, Ebian H, Harb OA, Mohammed MS, Rashied HA, Elbana KA, Haggag R. Prognostic Significance of VEGF and HIF-1 α in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Receiving Sorafenib Versus Metformin Sorafenib Combination. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:269-279. [PMID: 32212089 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00389-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem. HCC burden has been increasing in Egypt in the past 10 years. Most HCC cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage with limited treatment options. Sorafenib is the standard therapy for advanced HCC, but the effectiveness is not satisfied. Metformin may decrease the risk of HCC development in diabetic patients, reduces tumor invasion, and augments sensitivity to sorafenib; however, safety and efficacy of combined treatment are still unclear. As HCC is characterized by high vascularity, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in vascularization, many studies questioned if VEGF and HIF-1 α could offer information about HCC response to sorafenib. We conducted this study to assess the benefits from adding metformin to HCC treatment, and appraise the role of VEGF and HIF-1 α in HCC prognosis. METHOD This was a prospective, randomized study in which 80 advanced measurable patients consecutively treated with sorafenib plus metformin (arm A) or sorafenib alone (arm B), prognostic value of plasma, and tissue levels of VEGF and HIF-1 α were evaluated. RESULTS We enrolled 61 men and 19 women with a median age of 60 years (range 49-68 years). Fifty-seven patients had Child-Pugh A while 23 had early B, the most common etiology of liver disease was hepatitis C (86%). Sixty percent of patients were diabetic. No significant difference was detected between arm A and arm B regarding response to treatment (p = 0.5), time to disease progression (p = 0.3), or overall survival (p = 0.6). Low VEGF and HIF-1 α plasma levels were significantly associated with better treatment response (p < 0.001 for both), and higher OS (p < 0.001). Patients with high expressions of VEGF and HIF in HCC tissue had significantly poor treatment outcome (p < 0.001, p = 0.03, respectively), and poor OS (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS No superior efficacy of adding metformin to sorafenib in HCC treatment. VEGF and HIF-1 α had promising prognostic value in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen El Shorbagy
- Medical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Fouad abuTaleb
- Medical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Hany A Labib
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Huda Ebian
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ola A Harb
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona Saeed Mohammed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Khaled A Elbana
- Internal Medicine department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha Haggag
- Medical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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8
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Sopyllo K, Erickson AM, Mirtti T. Grading Evolution and Contemporary Prognostic Biomarkers of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040628. [PMID: 33562508 PMCID: PMC7914622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer treatment decisions are based on clinical stage and histological diagnosis, including Gleason grading assessed by a pathologist, in biopsies. Prior to staging and grading, serum or blood prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels are measured and often trigger diagnostic examinations. However, PSA is best suited as a marker of cancer relapse after initial treatment. In this review, we first narratively describe the evolution of histological grading, the current status of Gleason pattern-based diagnostics and glance into future methodology of risk assessment by histological examination. In the second part, we systematically review the biomarkers that have been shown, independent from clinical characteristics, to correlate with clinically relevant end-points, i.e., occurrence of metastases, disease-specific mortality and overall survival after initial treatment of localized prostate cancer. Abstract Gleason grading remains the strongest prognostic parameter in localized prostate adenocarcinoma. We have here outlined the evolution and contemporary practices in pathological evaluation of prostate tissue samples for Gleason score and Grade group. The state of more observer-independent grading methods with the aid of artificial intelligence is also reviewed. Additionally, we conducted a systematic review of biomarkers that hold promise in adding independent prognostic or predictive value on top of clinical parameters, Grade group and PSA. We especially focused on hard end points during the follow-up, i.e., occurrence of metastasis, disease-specific mortality and overall mortality. In peripheral blood, biopsy-detected prostate cancer or in surgical specimens, we can conclude that there are more than sixty biomarkers that have been shown to have independent prognostic significance when adjusted to conventional risk assessment or grouping. Our search brought up some known putative markers and panels, as expected. Also, the synthesis in the systematic review indicated markers that ought to be further studied as part of prospective trials and in well characterized patient cohorts in order to increase the resolution of the current clinico-pathological prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Sopyllo
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Andrew M. Erickson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Mariotto E, Viola G, Zanon C, Aveic S. A BAG's life: Every connection matters in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107498. [PMID: 32001313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The members of the BCL-2 associated athanogene (BAG) family participate in the regulation of a variety of interrelated physiological processes, such as autophagy, apoptosis, and protein homeostasis. Under normal circumstances, the six BAG members described in mammals (BAG1-6) principally assist the 70 kDa heat-shock protein (HSP70) in protein folding; however, their role as oncogenes is becoming increasingly evident. Deregulation of the BAG multigene family has been associated with cell transformation, tumor recurrence, and drug resistance. In addition to BAG overexpression, BAG members are also involved in many oncogenic protein-protein interactions (PPIs). As such, either the inhibition of overloading BAGs or of specific BAG-client protein interactions could have paramount therapeutic value. In this review, we will examine the role of each BAG family member in different malignancies, focusing on their modular structure, which enables interaction with a variety of proteins to exert their pro-tumorigenic role. Lastly, critical remarks on the unmet needs for proposing effective BAG inhibitors will be pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mariotto
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35127 Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35127 Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanon
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Sanja Aveic
- Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35128 Padova, Italy
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10
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Raffone A, Travaglino A, D'Antonio A, De Marco M, Caccese M, Mascolo M, Insabato L, Zeppa P, Rosati A, Mollo A, Zullo F, Guida M. BAG3 expression correlates with the grade of dysplasia in squamous intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2019; 99:99-104. [PMID: 31444794 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is a protein involved in apoptosis and stress response, which is overexpressed in invasive cervical cancer. However, nothing is known about BAG3 expression in precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix. We aimed to evaluate the expression of BAG3 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia/squamous intraepithelial lesions (CIN/SIL). MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty patients (16 CIN1/L-SIL, 11 CIN2/H-SIL and 13 CIN3/H-SIL) were assessed by immunohistochemistry for BAG3. The intensity of BAG3 expression was categorized as null, minimal, weak, moderate or strong. The association of BAG2 intensity of expression with the grade of dysplasia was assessed using Chi-square test (significant P value <0.05). RESULTS In all normal controls, BAG3 expression was negative. In L-SIL specimens, BAG3 expression was confined to the basal third of the epithelium, with an intensity minimal in nine cases (56.3%), weak in six (37.5%) and strong in one (6.3%). In H-SIL specimens, BAG3 expression involved also the two upper thirds of the epithelium, with an intensity moderate in 13 cases (54.2%; 8 CIN2 and 5 CIN3) and strong in 11 cases (45.8%; 3 CIN2 and 8 CIN3). The distribution of BAG3 expression correlated perfectly with the grade of dysplasia (P = 0.0); a moderate/strong expression of BAG3 was significantly associated with H-SIL (P < 0.0001), with no significant difference between CIN2 and CIN3 (P = 0.1228). CONCLUSIONS In CIN/SIL, both distribution and intensity of BAG3 expression correlate directly with the grade of dysplasia, supporting the involvement of BAG3 in all phases of cervical carcinogenesis and its possible diagnostic and prognostic role in cervical premalignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Raffone
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Travaglino
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Antonio
- SS. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d' Aragona University Hospital, Schola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno Hospital, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Schola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Margot De Marco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Schola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.,BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Miriam Caccese
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Schola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Massimo Mascolo
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Insabato
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pio Zeppa
- SS. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d' Aragona University Hospital, Schola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno Hospital, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Schola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rosati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Schola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.,BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonio Mollo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Schola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Fulvio Zullo
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guida
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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11
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Yuan T, Zhang F, Zhou X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Wang X. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway sensitizes diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells to treatment with proteasome inhibitors via suppression of BAG3. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3719-3726. [PMID: 30881494 PMCID: PMC6403502 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors represent a novel class of drugs that have clinical efficacy against hematological and solid cancer types, including acute myeloid leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome an non-small cell lung cancer. It has been demonstrated that the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is induced by proteasome inhibitors in various cancer cells and serves an important role in chemotherapy resistance. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/RAC-α serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT) pathway is constitutively activated in a number of lymphoid malignancy types, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Burkitt lymphoma. In the present study, the aim was to elucidate the role of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the induction of BAG3, following exposure to a proteasome inhibitor in DLBCL cell lines. Bortezomib and MG132 were used as proteasome inhibitors. Western blotting was used to evaluate the roles of proteasome inhibitors and the PI3K/AKT pathway in BAG3 induction in DLBCL cells (LY1 and LY8), and LY294002 was used to block the PI3K/AKT pathway. Cell viability was detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Apoptosis of LY1 and LY8 cells was quantified by Annexin V/7-amino-actinomycin D flow cytometry. The BAG3 protein was markedly induced upon exposure to bortezomib and MG132 in a dose-dependent manner. The PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 significantly suppressed the induction of BAG3 by proteasome inhibitors. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway decreased the proliferation and increased the apoptosis induced by proteasome inhibitors. The present results indicated that the PI3K/AKT pathway is associated with the activation of BAG3 expression in DLBCL cells, and is involved in the protective response against proteasome inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China.,Institute of Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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12
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Lee JC, Koh SA, Lee KH, Kim JR. BAG3 contributes to HGF-mediated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via the Egr1 pathway in gastric cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 105:63-75. [PMID: 30514177 DOI: 10.1177/0300891618811274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is elevated in several types of cancers. However, the role of BAG3 in progression of gastric cancer is unknown. Therefore, the present study aims to find out the role of BAG3 in hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-mediated tumor progression and the molecular mechanisms by which HGF regulates BAG3 expression. METHODS: BAG3 mRNA and protein were measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot in the 2 human gastric cancer cell lines, NUGC3 and MKN28, treated with or without HGF. The effects of BAG3 knockdown on cell proliferation, cell invasion, and apoptosis were analyzed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the in vitro 2-chamber invasion assay, and flow cytometry in BAG3 short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-transfected cells and control cells. The signaling pathways involved in BAG3 that are regulated by HGF were analyzed. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to determine binding of Egr1 to the BAG3 promoter. RESULTS: BAG3 mRNA and protein levels were increased following treatment with HGF. HGF-mediated BAG3 upregulation increased cell proliferation and cell invasion; however, it decreased apoptosis. HGF-mediated BAG3 upregulation is regulated by an ERK and Egr1-dependent pathway. BAG3 may have an important role in HGF-mediated cell proliferation and metastasis in gastric cancer through an ERK and Egr1-dependent pathway. CONCLUSION: This pathway may provide novel therapeutic targets and provide information for further identification of other targets of therapeutic significance in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Chang Lee
- 1 Department of Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ae Koh
- 1 Department of Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Lee
- 1 Department of Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ryong Kim
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,3 Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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13
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Furusawa Y, Yunoki T, Hirano T, Minagawa S, Izumi H, Mori H, Hayashi A, Tabuchi Y. Identification of genes and genetic networks associated with BAG3‑dependent cell proliferation and cell survival in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4138-4146. [PMID: 30106105 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl‑2‑associated athanogene (BAG) 3, is a member of the BAG protein family and a known co‑chaperone of heat shock protein (HSP) 70. BAG3 serves a role in regulating a variety of cellular functions, including cell growth, proliferation and cell death including apoptosis. BAG3 is a stress‑inducible protein, however the constitutive expression level of BAG3 is increased in cancer cells compared with healthy cells. Recent proteomics technology combined with bioinformatics has revealed that BAG3 participates in an interactome with a number of proteins other than its typical partner HSP70. The functional types represented in the interactome included nucleic acid binding proteins and transcription factors, as well as chaperones, which indicated that overexpression of BAG3 may contribute to proliferation and cell survival through the alteration of gene transcription. While an increasing number of studies have addressed the function of BAG3 as a co‑chaperone protein, BAG3‑dependent alteration of gene transcription has not been studied extensively. The present study established two BAG3 knockout human cervical cancer HeLa cell clones and addressed the role of BAG3 in cell proliferation and survival through gene transcription, using DNA microarray‑based transcriptome analysis and bioinformatics. The present study also identified two genetic networks associated with 'cellular growth and proliferation' and 'cell death and survival', which are dysregulated in the absence of BAG3, and may therefore be linked to BAG3 overexpression in cancer. These findings provide a molecular basis for understanding of BAG3‑dependent cell proliferation and survival from the aspect of alteration of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama 939‑0398, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yunoki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Hirano
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan
| | - Satsuki Minagawa
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan
| | - Hironori Izumi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan
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14
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Shi H, Chen W, Dong Y, Lu X, Zhang W, Wang L. BAG3 promotes chondrosarcoma progression by upregulating the expression of β-catenin. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5754-5763. [PMID: 29484408 PMCID: PMC5866018 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the roles of B-cell lymphoma-2 associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) in human chondrosarcoma and the potential mechanisms, the expression levels of BAG3 were detected in the present study, and the associations between BAG3 and clinical pathological parameters, clinical stage as well as the survival of patients were analyzed. The present study detected BAG3 mRNA and protein expression in the normal cartilage cell line HC-a and in SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The BAG3 protein expression in 59 cases of chondrosarcoma, 30 patients with endogenous chondroma and 8 cases of normal cartilage was semi-quantitatively analyzed using the immunohistochemical method. In addition, the BAG3 protein expression level, the clinical pathological parameters, clinical stage and the survival time of patients with chondrosarcoma were analyzed. The plasmid transfection method was employed to upregulate the expression BAG3 and small RNA interference to downregulate the expression of BAG3 in SW1353 cells. The expression levels of BAG3 protein and mRNA were significantly increased in the chondrosarcoma cell line when compared with the normal cartilage cell line. The immunohistochemistry results indicated that BAG3 protein was overexpressed in the tissue of human chondrosarcoma. Statistical analysis showed that the expression level of BAG3 was significantly increased in the different Enneking staging of patients with chondrosarcoma and Tumor staging, and there were no statistical differences in age, gender, histological classification and tumor size. In the in vitro experiments, the data revealed that BAG3 significantly promoted chondrosarcoma cell proliferation, colony-formation, migration and invasion; however, it inhibited chondrosarcoma cell apoptosis. It was observed that BAG3 upregulated β-catenin expression at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, BAG3 induced the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) in chondrosarcoma cells by upregulating β-catenin. These clinical analyses revealed a positive association between β-catenin and BAG3 in chondrosarcoma tumors. BAG3 was significantly increased in chondrosarcoma cells and tissues compared with the normal cartilage cells, tissue and cartilage benign tumors. Thus, BAG3 may serve as an oncogene in the development of chondrosarcoma via the induction of RUNX2 expression. The results of the present study contribute to further research on the biological development of chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wenfang Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Lu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Liantang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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15
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Fu Y, Chang Y, Chen S, Li Y, Chen Y, Sun G, Yu S, Ye N, Li C, Sun Y. BAG3 promotes the phenotypic transformation of primary rat vascular smooth muscle cells via TRAIL. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2917-2926. [PMID: 29484366 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Under normal physiological condition, the mature vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) show differentiated phenotype. In response to various environmental stimuluses, VSMCs convert from the differentiated phenotype to dedifferentiated phenotype characterized by the increased ability of proliferation/migration and the reduction of contractile ability. The phenotypic transformation of VSMCs played an important role in atherosclerosis. Both Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) and tumor necrosis factor-related apopt-osis inducing ligand (TRAIL) involved in apoptosis. The relationship between BAG3 and TRAIL and their effects the proliferation and migration in VSMCs are rarely reported. This study investigated the effects of BAG3 on the phenotypic modulation and the potential underlying mechanisms in primary rat VSMCs. Primary rat VSMCs were extracted and cultured in vitro. Cell proliferation was detected by cell counting, real-time cell analyzer (RTCA) and EdU incorporation. Cell migration was detected by wound healing, Transwell and RTCA. BAG3 and TRAIL were detected using real-time PCR and western blotting and the secreted proteins in the cultured media by dot blot. The expression of BAG3 increased with continued passages in cultured primary VSMCs. BAG3 promoted the proliferation and migration of primary rat VSMC in a time-dependent manner. BAG3 significantly increased the expression of TRAIL while had no effects on its receptors. TRAIL knockdown or blocking by neutralizing antibody inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs induced by BAG3. TRAIL knockdown exerted no obvious influence on the migration of VSMCs. Based on this study, we report for the first time that BAG3 was expressed in cultured primary rat VSMCs and the expression of BAG3 increased with continued passages. Furthermore, BAG3 promoted the proliferation of VSMCs via increasing the expression of TRAIL. In addition, we also demonstrated that BAG3 promoted the migration of VSMCs independent of TRAIL upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Shenjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Ye Chang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yintao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Guozhe Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shasha Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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16
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Role of BAG3 in cancer progression: A therapeutic opportunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 78:85-92. [PMID: 28864347 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BAG3 is a multifunctional protein that can bind to heat shock proteins (Hsp) 70 through its BAG domain and to other partners through its WW domain, proline-rich (PXXP) repeat and IPV (Ile-Pro-Val) motifs. Its intracellular expression can be induced by stressful stimuli, while is constitutive in skeletal muscle, cardiac myocytes and several tumour types. BAG3 can modulate the levels, localisation or activity of its partner proteins, thereby regulating major cell pathways and functions, including apoptosis, autophagy, mechanotransduction, cytoskeleton organisation, motility. A secreted form of BAG3 has been identified in studies on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Secreted BAG3 can bind to a specific receptor, IFITM2, expressed on macrophages, and induce the release of factors that sustain tumour growth and the metastatic process. BAG3 neutralisation therefore appears to constitute a novel potential strategy in the therapy of PDAC and, possibly, other tumours.
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17
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Li C, Chang Y, Li Y, Chen S, Chen Y, Ye N, Dai D, Sun Y. Advanced glycation end products promote the proliferation and migration of primary rat vascular smooth muscle cells via the upregulation of BAG3. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1242-1254. [PMID: 28350077 PMCID: PMC5403185 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on advanced glycation end product (AGE)-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and whether Bcl-2‑associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is involved in the process. Primary rat VSMCs were extracted and cultured in vitro. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay and cell proliferation was detected by EdU incorporation assay. Cell migration was detected by wound healing and Transwell assays. BAG3 was detected using qPCR and western blot analysis. Transcriptional and translational inhibitors (actinomycin D and cycloheximide, respectively) were used to study the effect of AGEs on the expression of BAG3 in VSMCs. Lentiviral plasmids containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against rat BAG3 or control shRNA were transduced into VSMCs. Cellular ROS were detected by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRE) staining. AGEs significantly increased the expression of BAG3 in a dose-and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, AGEs mainly increased the expression of BAG3 mRNA by increasing the RNA synthesis rather than inhibiting the RNA translation. BAG3 knockdown reduced the proliferation and migration of VSMCs induced by AGEs. BAG3 knockdown reduced the generation of ROS and sustained the mitochondrial membrane potential of VSMCs. Reduction of ROS production by N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, also reduced the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. On the whole, the present study demonstrated for the first time that AGEs could increase ROS production and promote the proliferation and migration of VSMCs by upregulating BAG3 expression. This study indicated that BAG3 should be considered as a potential target for the prevention and/or treatment of vascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunshu Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ye Chang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yintao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Dongxue Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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18
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Yang D, Zhou J, Wang H, Wang Y, Yang G, Zhang Y. High expression of BAG3 predicts a poor prognosis in human medulloblastoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13215-13224. [PMID: 27456361 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), a co-chaperone of the heat shock protein (Hsp) 70, regulates various physiological and pathological processes. However, its role in human medulloblastoma has not been clarified. First of all, the expression of BAG3 was examined in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens by immunohistochemical staining. And then, the prognostic role of BAG3 was analyzed in 51 medulloblastoma samples. Finally, the roles of BAG3 in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of Daoy medulloblastoma cell were investigated using a specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA). The expression of BAG3 in medulloblastoma tissues was higher than nontumorous samples. Furthermore, BAG3 overexpression significantly correlated with poor prognosis of patients with medulloblastoma. The overall survival and tumor-free survival in patients with BAG3 low expression were higher than high expression. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that BAG3 overexpression was an independent prognostic marker for medulloblastoma. After the BAG3 knockdown, the Daoy cells exhibited decreased the ability to proliferate and form neurosphere. The preliminary mechanism study showed that overexpression of BAG3 might facilitate the cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase by modulating the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and cyclin E expression. Additionally, we found that BAG3 might enhance the medulloblastoma cell migratory and invasive ability. In summary, BAG3 overexpression may regulate the survival and invasive properties of medulloblastoma and may serve as a potential therapy target for medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Rocket Force General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rocket Force General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100088, China.,Department of Healthy Management, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China.,Department of Healthy Management, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Rocket Force General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Rocket Force General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Yundong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Rocket Force General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100088, China.
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Wang BK, Yu XF, Wang JH, Li ZB, Li PH, Wang H, Song L, Chu PK, Li C. Gold-nanorods-siRNA nanoplex for improved photothermal therapy by gene silencing. Biomaterials 2015; 78:27-39. [PMID: 26646625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) often suffers from the fundamental cellular defense mechanism of heat shock response which leads to therapeutic resistance of cancer cells and reduces the therapeutic efficacy. Herein, a gold nanorods (GNRs)-siRNA platform with gene silencing capability is produced to improve the PTT efficiency. After surface modification, the GNRs show the ability to deliver siRNA oligos targeting BAG3 which is an efficient gene to block the heat-shock response. The synthesized GNRs-siRNA nanoplex exhibits excellent ability in the delivery of siRNA into cancer cells with high silencing efficiency which is even better than that of commercial Lipofectamine 2000. The in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the ability of the GNRs-siRNA nanoplex to sensitize the cancer cells to PTT under moderate laser irradiation by down-regulating the increased BAG3 expression and enhancing apoptosis. The GNRs-siRNA mediated PTT has large potential in clinical cancer therapy due to the elimination of therapeutic resistance and enhanced photothermal therapeutic efficacy by means of gene silencing. It also suggests an efficient platform for gene delivery and controllable gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Ke Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei-MOST & Key, Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Jia-Hong Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Zhi-Bin Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Peng-Hui Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chengzhang Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei-MOST & Key, Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
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Yan J, Zhang Y, Shi W, Ren C, Liu Y, Pan Y. The critical role of HMGA2 in regulation of EMT in epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:823-8. [PMID: 26250458 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group A2 (HMGA2), an oncofetal protein, was shown to play a role in tumor development and progression. However, the molecular and clinical role of HMGA2 in epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOCs) is still unknown. In the present study, EOC cell line SKOV3 was subjected to in vitro assays. Here, our findings showed that HMGA2 was highly expressed in EOC cell line SKOV3. HMGA2 knockdown promoted cell apoptosis and the cleavage of caspase 3, and decreased the B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bax ratio in SKOV3. Functionally, HMGA2 knockdown resulted in reduction of SKOV3 cell migration and invasion. Mechanically, HMGA2 knockdown affected the occurrence of EMT by increasing E-cadherin gene and protein expression and decreasing the gene and protein expression of N-cadherin, slug, and vimentin. At the same time, HMGA2 also repressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), which was consistent with the decreased invasion capacity. In conclusion, HMGA2 is associated with migration and invasiveness and regulates the progression of EMT in the development of EOC, and HMGA2 gene and protein may be a novel therapeutic target against EOC in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Yan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 38# Wuyingshan Road, 250031, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Third People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenshuang Shi
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Third People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cuili Ren
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Third People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 38# Wuyingshan Road, 250031, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunyan Pan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 38# Wuyingshan Road, 250031, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Yeo CD, Park GS, Kang N, Choi SY, Kim HY, Lee DS, Kim YS, Kim YK, Park JG, Sung SW, Lee KY, Park MS, Yim HW, Kim SJ, Lee JH. Bis Expression in Patients with Surgically Resected Lung Cancer and its Clinical Significance. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22 Suppl 3:S1365-70. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Ilardi G, Zambrano N, Merolla F, Siano M, Varricchio S, Vecchione M, De Rosa G, Mascolo M, Staibano S. Histopathological determinants of tumor resistance: a special look to the immunohistochemical expression of carbonic anhydrase IX in human cancers. Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:1569-82. [PMID: 23992304 PMCID: PMC3979091 DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance of tumor cells still causes the failure of treatment regimens in advanced
human cancers. It may be driven by intrinsic tumor cells features, or may also arise from micro environmental influences.
Hypoxia is a microenvironment feature associated with the aggressiveness and metastasizing ability of human solid cancers.
Hypoxic cancer cells overexpress Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA IX). CA IX ensures a favorable tumor intracellular
pH, while contributing to stromal acidosis, which facilitates tumor invasion and metastasis. The overexpression of CA IX
is considered an epiphenomenon of the presence of hypoxic, aggressive tumor cells. Recently, a relationship between CA
IX overexpression and the cancer stem cells (CSCs) population has been hypothesized. CSCs are strictly regulated by tumor
hypoxia and drive a major non-mutational mechanism of cancer drug-resistance. We reviewed the current data concerning
the role of CA IX overexpression in human malignancies, extending such information to the expression of the
stem cells markers CD44 and nestin in solid cancers, to explore their relationship with the biological behavior of tumors.
CA IX is heavily expressed in advanced tumors. A positive trend of correlation between CA IX overexpression, tumor
stage/grade and poor outcome emerged. Moreover, stromal CA IX expression was associated with adverse events occurrence,
maybe signaling the direct action of CA IX in directing the mesenchymal changes that favor tumor invasion; in addition,
membranous/cytoplasmic co-overexpression of CA IX and stem cells markers were found in several aggressive
tumors. This suggests that CA IX targeting could indirectly deplete CSCs and counteract resistance of solid cancers in the
clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S Staibano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", address: via S. Pansini, n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Wang W, Xie Q, Zhou X, Yao J, Zhu X, Huang P, Zhang L, Wei J, Xie H, Zhou L, Zheng S. Mitofusin-2 triggers mitochondria Ca2+ influx from the endoplasmic reticulum to induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 358:47-58. [PMID: 25541060 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we confirmed that mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. However, the exact molecular mechanism remained unclear. Mfn2 expressed lower in tumour tissues, compared with adjacent non-cancer tissues. Furthermore, Mfn2 immunostaining was very weak in HCC tissue (P < 0.05) and was significantly associated with tumour size and TNM stage (P = 0.038 and 0.040, respectively), and patients with HCC with lower Mfn2 expression had a poorer prognosis. Overexpression of Mfn2 induced HepG2 cells apoptosis, reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium ion (Ca(2+)) concentrations, and elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentrations. However, when HepG2 cells overexpressing Mfn2 were treated with both heparin and RU360, there was no induction of apoptosis, decline in ΔΨm or ER Ca(2+), or increase in intracellular ROS or mitochondrial Ca(2+). We also found downregulation in the expression of mitochondrial calcium uptake1 and 2 (MICU1 and MICU2) in cells transfected with Adv-Mfn2. Thus, we confirmed that Mfn2 induced apoptosis in HCC cells by triggering influx of Ca(2+) into the mitochondria from the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qingsong Xie
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhou
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jingzi Yao
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhu
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lufei Zhang
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianfeng Wei
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Yunoki T, Tabuchi Y, Hayashi A, Kondo T. BAG3 protects against hyperthermic stress by modulating NF-κB and ERK activities in human retinoblastoma cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 253:399-407. [PMID: 25471019 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE BCL2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), a co-chaperone of HSP70, is a cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic protein that acts against various stresses, including heat stress. Here, we examined the effect of BAG3 on the sensitivity of human retinoblastoma cells to hyperthermia (HT). METHODS We examined the effects of BAG3 knockdown on the sensitivity of Y79 and WERI-Rb-1cells to HT (44 °C, 1 h) by evaluating apoptosis and cell proliferation using western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), flow cytometry, and a WST-8 assay kit. Furthermore, we examined the effects of activating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) using western blotting and real time qPCR. RESULTS HT induced considerable apoptosis along with the activation of caspase-3 and chromatin condensation. The sensitivity of Y79 and WERI-Rb-1 cells to HT was significantly enhanced by BAG3 knockdown. Compared to HT alone, the combination of BAG3 knockdown and HT reduced phosphorylation of the inhibitors of kappa B α (IκBα) and p65, a subunit of NF-κB, and degraded IκB kinase γ (IKKγ) during the recovery period after HT. Furthermore, BAG3 knockdown increased the HT-induced phosphorylation of ERK after HT treatment, and the ERK inhibitor U0126 significantly improved the viability of the cells treated with a combination of BAG3 knockdown and HT. CONCLUSIONS The silencing of BAG3 seems to enhance the effects of HT, at least in part, by maintaining HT-induced inactivity of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK. These findings indicate that BAG3 may be a potential molecular target for modifying the outcomes of HT in retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Yunoki
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan,
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BAG3 and HIF-1 α coexpression detected by immunohistochemistry correlated with prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:516518. [PMID: 24895585 PMCID: PMC4034479 DOI: 10.1155/2014/516518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The objective is to determine the effects of BAG3 and HIF-1α expression on the prognosis of HCC patients after liver transplantation. Methods. Samples from 31 patients with HCC receiving liver transplantation were collected for this study. The immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of BAG3 and HIF-1α of HCC samples. Results. According to the immunohistochemistry results, BAG3 and HIF-1α staining were significantly associated with tumor TNM stage (P = 0.004, P = 0.012). A significant association between high BAG3/HIF-1α levels and a shorter overall survival was detected, so as the combined BAG3 and HIF-1α analysis. Conclusion. The results suggested that the expression level of BAG3 and HIF-1α is efficient prognostic parameters in patients with HCC after liver transplantation.
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BAG3 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2014; 94:252-61. [PMID: 24365746 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) protein is a co-chaperone of heat-shock protein (Hsp) 70 and may regulate major physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, few reports have examined the role of BAG3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we show that BAG3 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis in HCC. BAG3 was overexpressed in HCC tissues and cell lines. BAG3 knockdown resulted in reduction in migration and invasion of HCC cells, which was linked to reversion of EMT by increasing E-cadherin expression and decreasing N-cadherin, vimentin and slug expression, as well as suppressing matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) expression. In a xenograft tumorigenicity model, BAG3 knockdown effectively inhibited tumor growth and metastasis through reduction in CD34 and VEGF expression and reversal of the EMT pathway. In conclusion, BAG3 is associated with the invasiveness and angiogenesis in HCC, and the BAG3 gene may be a novel therapeutic approach against HCC.
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27
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Overexpressed BAG3 is a potential therapeutic target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Hematol 2013; 93:425-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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The combination of silencing BAG3 and inhibition of the JNK pathway enhances hyperthermia sensitivity in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ulbricht A, Arndt V, Höhfeld J. Chaperone-assisted proteostasis is essential for mechanotransduction in mammalian cells. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e24925. [PMID: 23986815 PMCID: PMC3737759 DOI: 10.4161/cib.24925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the dynamic proteome of a living cell in the face of an ever-changing environment depends on a fine-tuned balance of protein synthesis and protein degradation. Molecular chaperones exert key functions during protein homeostasis (proteostasis). They associate with nonnative client proteins following synthesis or damage and facilitate client sorting and folding. When client proteins are terminally misfolded, chaperones cooperate with protein degradation systems to dispose of such clients. This dual proteostasis activity of chaperones is essential for maintaining cell function under normal growth conditions and becomes even more important under stress conditions such as heat and oxidative stress. The recent identification of chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) as a tension-induced autophagy pathway highlights the critical role of molecular chaperones in mechanically strained cells and tissues. The CASA complex, assembled by the cochaperone BAG3, coordinates protein degradation and protein synthesis in response to mechanical force. Here we describe the composition and function of this chaperone complex in mammals and discuss its relevance for tissue homeostasis and the regulation of cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. We provide a unifying concept for the function of BAG3, which integrates its involvement in muscle maintenance, tumor formation and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ulbricht
- Institute for Cell Biology; University of Bonn; Bonn, Germany
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30
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Lee YD, Yoon JS, Yoon HH, Youn HJ, Kim J, Lee JH. Expression of Bis in the mouse gastrointestinal system. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:160-9. [PMID: 23094204 PMCID: PMC3472142 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 interacting death suppressor (Bis) protein is known to be involved in a variety of pathophysiological conditions. We recently generated bis-deficient mice, which exhibited early lethality with typical nutritional deprivation status. To further investigate the molecular basis for the malnutrition phenotype of bis deficient mice, we explored Bis expression in the digestive system of normal mice. Western blot analysis and quantitative real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that Bis expression is highest in the esophagus, followed by the stomach, colon, jejunum and ileum. Immunohistochemical data indicated that Bis expression is restricted to the stratified squamous epitheliums in the esophagus and forestomach, and was not notable in the columnar epitheliums in the stomach, small intestine and colon. In addition, strong Bis immunoreactivity was detected in the striated muscles surrounding the esophagus and smooth muscles at a lesser intensity throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Ganglionated plexuses, located in submucous layers, as well as intermuscular layers, were specifically immunoreactive for Bis. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that Bis is co-localized in glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing enteric glial cells. Immunostaining with neuron specific esterase antibodies indicate that Bis is also present in the cell bodies of ganglions in the enteric nervous system (ENS). Our findings indicate that Bis plays a role in regulating GI functions, such as motility and absorption, through modulating signal transmission between the ENS and smooth muscles or the intestinal epitheliums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Dae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Role of BAG3 protein in leukemia cell survival and response to therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:365-9. [PMID: 22710027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability of BAG3, a member of the BAG family of heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 - cochaperones, to sustain the survival of human primary B-CLL and ALL cells was recognized about nine years ago. Since then, the anti-apoptotic activity of BAG3 has been confirmed in other tumor types, where it has been shown to regulate the intracellular concentration and localization of apoptosis-regulating factors, including NF-κB-activating (IKKγ) and Bcl2-family (Bax) proteins. Furthermore, growing evidences support its role in lymphoid and myeloid leukemia response to therapy. Moreover in the last years, the contribution of BAG3 to autophagy, a process known to be involved in the pathogenesis and response to therapy of leukemia cells, has been disclosed, opening a new avenue for the interpretation of the role of this protein in leukemias' biology.
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Abstract
Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) protein is a member of BAG family of co-chaperones that interacts with the ATPase domain of the heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 through BAG domain (110–124 amino acids). BAG3 is the only member of the family to be induced by stressful stimuli, mainly through the activity of heat shock factor 1 on bag3 gene promoter. In addition to the BAG domain, BAG3 contains also a WW domain and a proline-rich (PXXP) repeat, that mediate binding to partners different from Hsp70. These multifaceted interactions underlie BAG3 ability to modulate major biological processes, that is, apoptosis, development, cytoskeleton organization and autophagy, thereby mediating cell adaptive responses to stressful stimuli. In normal cells, BAG3 is constitutively present in a very few cell types, including cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle cells, in which the protein appears to contribute to cell resistance to mechanical stress. A growing body of evidence indicate that BAG3 is instead expressed in several tumor types. In different tumor contexts, BAG3 protein was reported to sustain cell survival, resistance to therapy, and/or motility and metastatization. In some tumor types, down-modulation of BAG3 levels was shown, as a proof-of-principle, to inhibit neoplastic cell growth in animal models. This review attempts to outline the emerging mechanisms that can underlie some of the biological activities of the protein, focusing on implications in tumor progression.
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Ammirante M, De Laurenzi V, Graziano V, Turco MC, Rosati A. BAG3 is required for IKKα nuclear translocation and emergence of castration resistant prostate cancer. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e139. [PMID: 21451574 PMCID: PMC3101818 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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