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Kum Özşengezer S, Altun ZS, Sanlav G, Baran B, Kızmazoğlu D, Aktaş S, Keskinoğlu P, Olgun N. Investigation of YAP-1, OTX-2, and nestin protein expressions in neuroblastoma: a preliminary study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:2153-2165. [PMID: 38925618 PMCID: PMC11330229 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.52136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. YAP (Yes-associated protein) is a highly expressed protein in NB. Nestin is an important marker of neuronal differentiation in NB. Orthodenticle homeobox (OTX) is a transcription factor and is overexpressed in blastoma-derived tumors. The aim of this study was to examine the potential roles of YAP-1, Nestin, and OTX-2 proteins in prognosis and risk stratification in neuroblastoma METHODS: Tumor sections of 56 patients with different NB risk groups were analyzed. YAP-1, Nestin, and OTX-2 protein expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining in NB patient tissue samples. RESULTS YAP-1, Nestin, and OTX-2 protein expression levels were evaluated together with the clinical findings of NB patients. YAP-1 was expressed in 18% of all tissues, while Nestin was expressed in 20.4%. OTX-2 protein expression was found in 41.1% of the NB patients. YAP-1 was expressed in 26.9% of high-risk and 11.5% of low-risk patients. Nestin was expressed in 24.4% high-risk and 33.3% low-risk patients. OTX-2 was expressed in 68.2% high-risk and 60% low-risk patients.YAP-1 was shown to provide survival advantages among risk groups. INTERPRETATION The findings of this study support that YAP-1 may be a potential prognostic biomarker for staging and risk-group assignment of NB patients. YAP-1 expression in neuroblastoma is associated with significantly poorer survival probabilities and should be considered as a potential therapeutic target. OTX-2 is a promising predictive biomarker candidate, but its mechanisms need further investigation in neuroblastoma, as nestin expression is not significantly linked to patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Kum Özşengezer
- Department of Basic OncologyOncology Institute, Dokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Zekiye Sultan Altun
- Department of Basic OncologyOncology Institute, Dokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Gamze Sanlav
- Department of Basic OncologyOncology Institute, Dokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Burçin Baran
- Department of Basic OncologyOncology Institute, Dokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Deniz Kızmazoğlu
- Department of Clinical OncologyInstitute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
- Department of Pediatric OncologyInstitute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Safiye Aktaş
- Department of Basic OncologyOncology Institute, Dokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Pembe Keskinoğlu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsFaculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Nur Olgun
- Department of Clinical OncologyInstitute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
- Department of Pediatric OncologyInstitute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
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Coulombe PA, Pineda CM, Jacob JT, Nair RR. Nuclear roles for non-lamin intermediate filament proteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102303. [PMID: 38113712 PMCID: PMC11056187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear-localized lamins have long been thought to be the only intermediate filaments (IFs) with an impact on the architecture, properties, and functions of the nucleus. Recent studies, however, uncovered significant roles for IFs other than lamins (here referred to as "non-lamin IFs") in regulating key properties of the nucleus in various cell types and biological settings. In the cytoplasm, IFs often occur in the perinuclear space where they contribute to local stiffness and impact the shape and/or the integrity of the nucleus, particularly in cells under stress. In addition, selective non-lamin IF proteins can occur inside the nucleus where they partake in fundamental processes including nuclear architecture and chromatin organization, regulation of gene expression, cell cycle progression, and the repair of DNA damage. This text reviews the evidence supporting a role for non-lamin IF proteins in regulating various properties of the nucleus and highlights opportunities for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Christopher M Pineda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Justin T Jacob
- Public Health Laboratory Division, District of Columbia Department of Forensic Sciences, Washington, DC 20024, USA
| | - Raji R Nair
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Guido CB, Sosa LDV, Perez PA, Zlocoswki N, Velazquez FN, Gutierrez S, Petiti JP, Mukdsi JH, Torres AI. Changes of stem cell niche during experimental pituitary tumor development. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13051. [PMID: 34708474 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the putative stem cell/tumor stem cell (SC/TSC) niche contribution to hyperplasic/adenomatous pituitary lesions, we analyzed variation in the pituitary stem cell population during the development of experimental pituitary tumors. Pituitary tumors were induced in female F344 rats with estradiol benzoate for 5, 10, 20 and 30 days. Cells positive for GFRa2, Sox2, Sox9, Nestin, CD133 and CD44 were identified in the marginal zone and in the adenoparenchyma in both control and 30D groups, with predominant adenoparenchyma localization of GRFa2 and SOX9 found in tumoral pituitaries. GFRa2, Nestin, CD133 and CD44 were upregulated at the initial stages of tumor growth, whereas Sox9 significantly decreased at 5D, with Sox2 remaining invariable during the hyperplasic/adenomatous development. In addition, isolated pituispheres from normal and tumoral pituitary glands enriched in SC/TSC were characterized. Pituispheres from the 30D glands were positive for the above-mentioned markers and showed a significant increase in the proliferation. In conclusion, our data revealed pituitary SC pool fluctuations during hyperplastic/adenomatous development, with differential localization of the SC/TSC niche in this process. These findings may help to provide a better understanding of these cell populations, which is crucial for achieving advancements in the field of pituitary tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Beatriz Guido
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Del Valle Sosa
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Aníbal Perez
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natacha Zlocoswki
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabiola Noelia Velazquez
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gutierrez
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Petiti
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Humberto Mukdsi
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia Inés Torres
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
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Song Y, Meng L, Yu J, Cao Z, Sun J, Zhao H. TRIM66 Overexpression Promotes Glioma Progression and Regulates Glucose Uptake Through cMyc/GLUT3 Signaling. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5187-5201. [PMID: 34234562 PMCID: PMC8256720 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s293728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tripartite motif 66 (TRIM66) is reported to be closely associated with human cancers. However, the roles of TRIM66 in glioma remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the clinical significance and biological roles of TRIM66 in human glioma. METHODS TRIM66 expression in glioma tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry. TRIM66 overexpression and siRNA knockdown were performed in glioblastoma cell lines. CCK8, colony formation assay, transwell assay, Annexin V and JC1 staining, glucose uptake assay, and Western blotting were used to explore the biological roles and potential underlying mechanisms of TRIM66 in glioma progression. RESULTS Our results showed that TRIM66 was overexpressed in 52/95 glioma cases. The rates of TRIM66 overexpression in Grade I, Grade II, Grade III, and Grade IV gliomas were 16.6%, 41.3%, 58.6%, and 70.9%, respectively. Oncomine data showed that TRIM66 was upregulated in glioblastoma and oligodendroglioma compared with normal brain tissues. TRIM66 expression was higher in glioblastoma cell lines compared with normal SVG p12 glial cell line. TRIM66 promoted in vitro and in vivo proliferation, invasion, and inhibited temozolomide (TMZ)-induced apoptosis. Notably, TRIM66 increased glucose metabolism by upregulating glucose uptake, glucose consumption, and ATP production. Western blotting showed that TRIM66 positively regulated cMyc and GLUT3. Depletion of cMyc by siRNA abolished the effect of TRIM66 on GLUT3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that cMyc could bind to the promoter regions of GLUT3 in glioblastoma cells. CONCLUSION TRIM66 was upregulated in human gliomas, where it promoted cell growth and chemoresistance. Our data also identified novel roles of TRIM66 in glioma progression. TRIM66 upregulates glucose uptake and mitochondrial function through the cMyc/GLUT3 signaling, which makes it a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuequn Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifang Meng
- Department of Scientific Research, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jizhou Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Jimenez-García MP, Lucena-Cacace A, Otero-Albiol D, Carnero A. Regulation of sarcomagenesis by the empty spiracles homeobox genes EMX1 and EMX2. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:515. [PMID: 34016958 PMCID: PMC8137939 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The EMX (Empty Spiracles Homeobox) genes EMX1 and EMX2 are two homeodomain gene members of the EMX family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, during brain development and neural crest migration. They play a role in the specification of positional identity, the proliferation of neural stem cells, and the differentiation of certain neuronal cell phenotypes. In general, they act as transcription factors in early embryogenesis and neuroembryogenesis from metazoans to higher vertebrates. The EMX1 and EMX2's potential as tumor suppressor genes has been suggested in some cancers. Our work showed that EMX1/EMX2 act as tumor suppressors in sarcomas by repressing the activity of stem cell regulatory genes (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYC, NANOG, NES, and PROM1). EMX protein downregulation, therefore, induced the malignance and stemness of cells both in vitro and in vivo. In murine knockout (KO) models lacking Emx genes, 3MC-induced sarcomas were more aggressive and infiltrative, had a greater capacity for tumor self-renewal, and had higher stem cell gene expression and nestin expression than those in wild-type models. These results showing that EMX genes acted as stemness regulators were reproduced in different subtypes of sarcoma. Therefore, it is possible that the EMX genes could have a generalized behavior regulating proliferation of neural crest-derived progenitors. Together, these results indicate that the EMX1 and EMX2 genes negatively regulate these tumor-altering populations or cancer stem cells, acting as tumor suppressors in sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pedro Jimenez-García
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ,CIBER de Cancer, IS Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Lucena-Cacace
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniel Otero-Albiol
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ,CIBER de Cancer, IS Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ,CIBER de Cancer, IS Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Matini AH, Mofidi Naeini M, Haddad Kashani H, Vakili Z. Evaluation of Nestin and EGFR in Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme in a Public Hospital in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:2889-2894. [PMID: 33112545 PMCID: PMC7798165 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.10.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade IV glioma and accounts for 15% of all primary brain tumors. This GBM has a median survival range of less than 2 years after diagnosis and it is highly vascularized by neoformed vessels. Neoangiogenesis is a crucial factor in the malignant tumoral behavior and prognosis of patients and Nestin protein belongs to class VI which is expressed in endothelial cells of neoformed vessels in GBM. Our study shows the correlation between EGFR mutation and Nestin expression in endothelial of neoformed vessels in GBM. Methods: We analyzed 40 GBM samples by immunohistochemistry staining. The immunohistochemical expression of EGFR in tumoral cells and Nestin in endothelial cells in paraffin sections were analyzed. EGFR scoring was the based on staining intensity. Score 0 shows No staining, Score1, mild to moderate staining and score2 sever staining. Microvascular density (MVD) was evaluated with Nestin-immunoreactive. Results: The mean of MVD was 14.6 ±8.25. Nestin-MVD was significantly higher in GBM with sever vascular prolifration (p-value=0.01). EGFR was expressed in 92.5% of samples. The EGFR scoring for tumoral tissue was 7.5%(score:0), 22.5% (score:1) and 70% (score:2). There was a significant relationship between EGFR expression and MVD (p-value=0.017). Conclusion: We suggest that some important mutations as like as EGFR in GBM is responsible for inducing angiogenesis and vascular proliferation. Nestin overexpression as a novel marker might reflect the extent of neoangiogenesis, thus target therapy against EGFR pathway and anti angiogenic may be useful for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hassan Matini
- Department of Pathology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Haddad Kashani
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Basic Sciences Research Institute, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zarichehr Vakili
- Department of Pathology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Afrang N, Honardoost M. Cell cycle regulatory markers in melanoma: New strategies in diagnosis and treatment. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2019; 33:96. [PMID: 31696090 PMCID: PMC6825388 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.33.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Melanoma has been known as an aggressive type of skin cancer in recent years. Reports have distributed the spread rate of melanoma among white skin populations. Also, many studies have mentioned several causes of melanoma. Ultraviolet radiation was represented to be the most important reason for occurrence of melanoma. However, recent studies have found that a combination of factors, such as environmental and genetic factors, can contribute to occurrence of various cancers, specifically melanoma. Methods: Different studies have been conducted on the efficacy of genetic disorders in melanoma. These surveys marked the key role of specific biomarkers in molecular and cellular processes, and investigations have found the expression of several genes in these processes. In addition, aberrant expression of these genes due to mutation and methylation can affect the whole process. Results: The expression process of these genes is regulated by microRNAs. These new biomolecules have been considered as negative regulators because of managing molecular and cellular processes. MicroRNAs are small conserved regulators attached to their targets leading to rearrangement of gene expression. Adherence of these noncoding RNAs can cause mRNA degradation or inhibit its translation. Conclusion: Recently, the application of specific genes in melanoma has been studied. In this review, the way melanoma is regulated because of these biomarkers and their demand through cell cycle in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic periods was considered. Keywords: Melanoma, Biomarkers, Cell cycle, Biomolecules
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Afrang
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Honardoost
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bahmad HF, Chamaa F, Assi S, Chalhoub RM, Abou-Antoun T, Abou-Kheir W. Cancer Stem Cells in Neuroblastoma: Expanding the Therapeutic Frontier. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:131. [PMID: 31191243 PMCID: PMC6546065 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor often diagnosed in childhood. Despite intense efforts to develop a successful treatment, current available therapies are still challenged by high rates of resistance, recurrence and progression, most notably in advanced cases and highly malignant tumors. Emerging evidence proposes that this might be due to a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs) found in the bulk of the tumor. Therefore, the development of more targeted therapy is highly dependent on the identification of the molecular signatures and genetic aberrations characteristic to this subpopulation of cells. This review aims at providing an overview of the key molecular players involved in NB CSCs and focuses on the experimental evidence from NB cell lines, patient-derived xenografts and primary tumors. It also provides some novel approaches of targeting multiple drivers governing the stemness of CSCs to achieve better anti-tumor effects than the currently used therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham F Bahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Chamaa
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Assi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Reda M Chalhoub
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tamara Abou-Antoun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Intermediate Filaments as Effectors of Cancer Development and Metastasis: A Focus on Keratins, Vimentin, and Nestin. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050497. [PMID: 31126068 PMCID: PMC6562751 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins make up the largest family of cytoskeletal proteins in metazoans, and are traditionally known for their roles in fostering structural integrity in cells and tissues. Remarkably, individual IF genes are tightly regulated in a fashion that reflects the type of tissue, its developmental and differentiation stages, and biological context. In cancer, IF proteins serve as diagnostic markers, as tumor cells partially retain their original signature expression of IF proteins. However, there are also characteristic alterations in IF gene expression and protein regulation. The use of high throughput analytics suggests that tumor-associated alterations in IF gene expression have prognostic value. Parallel research is also showing that IF proteins directly and significantly impact several key cellular properties, including proliferation, death, migration, and invasiveness, with a demonstrated impact on the development, progression, and characteristics of various tumors. In this review, we draw from recent studies focused on three IF proteins most associated with cancer (keratins, vimentin, and nestin) to highlight how several “hallmarks of cancer” described by Hanahan and Weinberg are impacted by IF proteins. The evidence already in hand establishes that IF proteins function beyond their classical roles as markers and serve as effectors of tumorigenesis.
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Sánchez-Maldonado B, Galicia MDL, Rojo C, González-Gil A, Flor-García M, Picazo RA. Spheroids Spontaneously Generated In Vitro from Sheep Ovarian Cortical Cells Contain Integrating Cells That Exhibit Hallmarks of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1557-1576. [PMID: 30251912 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell spheroids are inducible or spontaneously generated cell aggregates produced in vitro that can provide a valuable model for developmental biology, stem cell biology, and cancer therapy research. This investigation aimed to define the cellular identity of spheroids spontaneously generated in vitro from sheep ovarian cortical cells cultured under specific serum-free conditions. Spheroids were characterized during 21 days of culture by morphometric evaluation, detection of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, gene expression analyses of stemness transcription factors and several lineage markers, immunolocalization analyses, as well as assessment of self-renewal and differentiation potential. Cell aggregation, evidenced from day 3 of culture onward, resulted in efficient generation of 65-75 spheroids for every 500,000 cells seeded. The spheroids reached maximum diameter (187 ± 15.9 μm) during the second week of culture and exhibited AP activity. Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog were expressed throughout the culture period, with upregulation of Sox2. Neural lineage specification genes (eg, nestin, vimentin, Pax6, and p75NTR) were expressed from day 10 onward at levels above that of Oct4, Nanog and those for endoderm [alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)], and mesoderm (brachyury) specification. Neural stem cell (NSC)/neural progenitor cell (NPC) markers, nestin, Pax6, p75NTR, and vimentin, were extensively localized in cells on day 10, 15 (44.75% ± 5.84%; 93.54% ± 1.35%; 78.90% ± 4.80%; 73.82% ± 3.40%, respectively), and 21 (49.98% ± 5.30%; 91.84% ± 1.9%; 76.74% ± 11.0%; 95.80% ± 3.60%, respectively). Spheroid cell self-renewal was evidenced by cell proliferation and the generation of new spheroids during two consecutive expansion periods. Culture of spheroid cells under differentiation conditions gave rise to cells showing immunolocalization of the neuron-specific antigen NeuN and the astroglial antigen GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein). Our results indicate that spheroids spontaneously generated in this culture system were comprised of cells with molecular characteristics of NSC/NPC that can self-renew and differentiate into neurons and glia, supporting the identity of spheroids as neurospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Sánchez-Maldonado
- 1 Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, España
| | - María de Lourdes Galicia
- 2 Sección Departamental de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, España
| | - Concepción Rojo
- 3 Sección Departamental de Anatomía y Embriología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, España
| | - Alfredo González-Gil
- 2 Sección Departamental de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, España
| | - Miguel Flor-García
- 4 Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), CSIC-UAM , Madrid, España.,5 Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, España
| | - Rosa A Picazo
- 2 Sección Departamental de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, España
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Wen Z, Liang C, Pan Q, Wang Y. Eya2 overexpression promotes the invasion of human astrocytoma through the regulation of ERK/MMP9 signaling. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1315-1322. [PMID: 28901379 PMCID: PMC5627874 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of eyes absent (Eya) 2 has been found in several human cancers. However, its biological roles and clinical significance in human astrocytoma have not yet been explored. This study investigated the clinical significance and biological roles of Eya2 in human astrocytoma tissues and cell lines. Using immunohistochemistry, we found Eya2 overexpression in 33 out of 90 (36.7%) astrocytoma specimens. The rate of Eya2 overexpression was higher in grade III-IV (48.1%) than in grade Ⅰ+Ⅱ astrocytomas (21.1%). Transfection with an Eya2 expression plasmid was performed in A172 cells with a low endogenous expression of Eya2 and the knockdown of Eya2 was carried out in U251 cells with a high endogenous expression using siRNA. Eya2 overexpression induced A172 cell proliferation and invasion, while the knockdown of Eya2 using siRNA decreased the proliferation and invasion of U251 cells. In addition, we found that transfection with the Eya2 expression plasmid facilitated cell cycle progression, and that the knockdown of Eya2 inhibited cell cycle progression, accompanied by a change in the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, including cyclin D1 and cyclin E. Eya2 also positively regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 expression. The blockade of ERK signaling using an inhibitor abolished the effects of Eya2 on A172 cell invasion and MMP9 production. In addition, we found that there was a positive correlation between Eya2 and Six1 in the astrocytoma cell lines. Immunoprecipitation revealed that Eya2 interacted with Six1 protein in the U251 cell line, which exhibited a high expression of both proteins. Eya2 failed to upregulate MMP expression in the A172 cells in which Six1 was silenced. On the whole, our data indicate that Eya2 may serve as a potential oncoprotein in human astrocytoma. Eya2 regulates astrocytoma cell proliferation and invasion, possibly through the regulation of ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Chuansheng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Qichen Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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12
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Abstract
Previously thought to reside exclusively in the cytoplasm, the cytoskeletal protein keratin 17 (K17) has been recently identified inside the nucleus of tumor epithelial cells with a direct impact on cell proliferation and gene expression. We comment on fundamental questions raised by this new finding and the associated significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Justin T Jacob
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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13
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Yi F, Du J, Ni W, Liu W. Tbx2 confers poor prognosis in glioblastoma and promotes temozolomide resistance with change of mitochondrial dynamics. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1059-1069. [PMID: 28260920 PMCID: PMC5325101 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s124012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tbx2 is a cancer-related protein that was found to be overexpressed in several human malignancies. The present study aims to investigate the clinical significance and biological role of Tbx2 in human astrocytoma. We examined its protein expression in 102 cases of astrocytoma tissues using immunohistochemical staining. Negative Tbx2 staining was observed in normal astrocytes, and positive nuclear staining was found in 41 out of 102 astrocytoma specimens. The rate of Tbx2 overexpression in pylocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, and glioblastoma multiform (GBM) were 0%, 26.1%, 40%, and 52%, respectively. Tbx2 overexpression correlated with poor prognosis in patients with astrocytoma or GBM. Tbx2 plasmid transfection was performed in A172 cells, and Tbx2 siRNA knockdown was carried out in U251 cells. Cell Counting Kit-8, cell cycle analysis, and matrigel invasion assay showed that Tbx2 overexpression upregulated cell proliferation, G1-S transition, and invasion, with corresponding change of cyclin D1, p21, and MMP 2 and 9. Importantly, we demonstrated that Tbx2 reduced apoptosis and conferred resistance to temozolomide in GBM cell lines. Further experiments showed that Tbx2 could regulate mitochondrial fission/fusion balance. Western blot showed that Tbx2 overexpression reduced caspase 3 cleavage, while it induced Bcl-2 and p-Drp1 upregulation. In conclusion, our results indicated that Tbx2 might serve as an indicator for poor prognosis and also be useful as an important therapeutic in human GBM, which inhibits apoptosis through regulation of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxin Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhou Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
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14
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The expression of P-glycoprotein in leukemia cells is associated with the upregulated expression of nestin, a class 6 filament protein. Leuk Res 2016; 48:32-9. [PMID: 27479651 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a serious obstacle to the effective chemotherapeutic treatment of leukemia. Expression of plasma membrane P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a transporter involved in drug efflux, is the most frequently observed molecular causality of MDR. We observed the coexpression of P-gp and the filament protein nestin in the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines SKM-1 and MOLM-13 following the induction of P-gp expression using vincristine. Nestin is considered a marker of neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is causal relationship between the expression of P-glycoprotein and the expression of nestin in both of these AML cell lines. The expression of P-gp was induced in SKM-1 cells by selective pressure using vincristine (VCR), mitoxantrone (MTX), azacytidine (AzaC) and lenalidomide (LEN). Whereas the selective pressure of VCR, MTX and AzaC also induced P-gp expression in MOLM-13 cells, LEN was found to be ineffective in this regard. In all cases in which P-gp expression was induced in SKM-1 and MOLM-13 cells, its expression was associated with the induction of nestin mRNA expression and the presence of a 200-220kDa nestin-immunoreactive protein band in western blots. Silencing P-gp expression using s10418 siRNA (known as the P-gp silencer) was associated with the downregulation of the nestin transcript level, demonstrated using RT-PCR. Nestin mRNA was also observed in two P-gp-positive variants of L1210 cells that were obtained either by selection with VCR or by transfection with a retrovirus encoding human P-gp. Detectable levels of nestin transcripts were not observed in P-gp-negative parental L1210 cells. Taken together, these results indicated that the induction of P-gp expression is causally associated with the expression of nestin in leukemia cells.
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15
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Rab23 is overexpressed in human astrocytoma and promotes cell migration and invasion through regulation of Rac1. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11049-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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16
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Fuchs C, Gawlas S, Heher P, Nikouli S, Paar H, Ivankovic M, Schultheis M, Klammer J, Gottschamel T, Capetanaki Y, Weitzer G. Desmin enters the nucleus of cardiac stem cells and modulates Nkx2.5 expression by participating in transcription factor complexes that interact with the nkx2.5 gene. Biol Open 2016; 5:140-53. [PMID: 26787680 PMCID: PMC4823984 DOI: 10.1242/bio.014993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nkx2.5 and the intermediate filament protein desmin are simultaneously expressed in cardiac progenitor cells during commitment of primitive mesoderm to the cardiomyogenic lineage. Up-regulation of Nkx2.5 expression by desmin suggests that desmin may contribute to cardiogenic commitment and myocardial differentiation by directly influencing the transcription of the nkx2.5 gene in cardiac progenitor cells. Here, we demonstrate that desmin activates transcription of nkx2.5 reporter genes, rescues nkx2.5 haploinsufficiency in cardiac progenitor cells, and is responsible for the proper expression of Nkx2.5 in adult cardiac side population stem cells. These effects are consistent with the temporary presence of desmin in the nuclei of differentiating cardiac progenitor cells and its physical interaction with transcription factor complexes bound to the enhancer and promoter elements of the nkx2.5 gene. These findings introduce desmin as a newly discovered and unexpected player in the regulatory network guiding cardiomyogenesis in cardiac stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Fuchs
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Sonja Gawlas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Philipp Heher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Sofia Nikouli
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Hannah Paar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Mario Ivankovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Martina Schultheis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Julia Klammer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Teresa Gottschamel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Georg Weitzer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
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17
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Liu JK, Chen WC, Ji XZ, Zheng WH, Han W, An J. Correlation of overexpression of nestin with expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related proteins in gastric adenocarcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:2777-83. [PMID: 25854362 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nestin is associated with neoplastic transformation. However, the mechanisms by which nestin contributes regarding invasion and malignancy of gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) remain unknown. Recent studies have shown that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important in invasion and migration of cancer cells. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the expression of nestin and its correlation with EMT-related proteins in GAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of nestin and EMT-related proteins was examined in GAC specimens and cell lines by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Clinicopathological features and survival outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Positive nestin immunostaining was most obviously detected in the cytoplasm, nucleus or both cytoplasm and nucleus of tumor cells in 19.2% (24/125) of GAC tissues, which was significantly higher than that in normal gastric mucosa tissues (1.7%, 1/60) (p=0.001). Nestin expression was closely related to several clinicopathological factors and EMT-related proteins (E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail) and displayed a poor prognosis. Interestingly, simultaneous cytoplasmic and nuclear nestin expression correlated with EMT-related proteins (E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail) (p<0.05) and lymph node metastasis (p=0.041) and a shorter survival time (p<0.05), but this was not the case with cytoplasmic or nuclear nestin expression. CONCLUSIONS Nestin, particularly expression in both cytoplasm and nucleus, might be involved in regulating EMT and malignant progression in GAC, with potential as an unfavorable indicator in tumor diagnosis and a target for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kai Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China E-mail :
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18
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Zhao XC, An P, Wu XY, Zhang LM, Long B, Tian Y, Chi XY, Tong DY. Overexpression of hSNF2H in glioma promotes cell proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance through its interaction with Rsf-1. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7203-12. [PMID: 26666816 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
hSNF2H partners with Rsf-1 to compose the Rsf complex to regulate gene expression. Recent studies indicated that hSNF2H was overexpressed in several human cancers. However, its expression pattern and biological mechanism in glioma remain unexplored. In this study, we found that hSNF2H was overexpressed in 32 % of glioma specimens. hSNF2H overexpression correlated with advanced tumor grade (p = 0.0338) and Rsf-1 positivity in glioma tissues (p = 0.016). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown was performed in A172 and U87 cell lines. MTT, colony formation assay, and cell cycle analysis showed that knockdown of hSNF2H inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation ability, and cell cycle transition. Matrigel invasion assay showed that hSNF2H depletion inhibited invasive ability of glioma cells. In addition, we demonstrated that hSNF2H depletion decreased temozolomide resistance of A172 and U87 cell lines and increased temozolomide induced apoptosis. Furthermore, hSNF2H depletion decreased cyclin D1, cyclin E, p-Rb, MMP2, cIAP1, Bcl-2 expression, and phosphorylation of IκBα and p65, suggesting hSNF2H regulates apoptosis through NF-κB pathway. Immunoprecipitation showed that hSNF2H could interact with Rsf-1 in both cell lines. To validate the involvement of Rsf-1, we checked the change of its downstream targets in Rsf-1 depleted cells. In Rsf-1 depleted cells, changes of cyclin E, Bcl-2, and p-IκBα were not significant using hSNF2H siRNA treatment. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that hSNF2H was overexpressed in human gliomas and contributed to glioma proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance through regulation of cyclin E and NF-κB pathway, which is dependent on its interaction with Rsf-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chun Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping An
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xiu-Ying Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Bo Long
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Yi Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Interplay of proliferation and differentiation factors is revealed in the early human eye development. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:2187-201. [PMID: 26255818 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eye development is a consequence of numerous epithelial-to-mesenchymal interactions between the prospective lens ectoderm, outpocketings of the forebrain forming optic vesicles, and surrounding mesenchyme. How different cell types forming eye structures differentiate from their precursors, and which factors coordinate complex human eye development remains largely unknown. Proper differentiation of photoreceptors is of special interest because of their involvement in the appearance of degenerative retinal diseases. METHODS Here we analyze the spatiotemporal expression of neuronal markers nestin, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), and calcium binding protein (S100), proliferation marker (Ki-67), markers for cilia (alpha-tubulin), and cell stemness marker octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4) in histological sections of 5-12 -week human eyes using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods. RESULTS While during the investigated developmental period nestin shows strong expression in all mesenchymal derivatives, lens, optic stalk and inner neuroblastic layer, PGP9.5 and S100 expression characterizes only neural derivatives (optic nerve and neural retina). PGP9.5 is co-localized with nestin and S100 in the differentiating cells of the inner neuroblastic layer. Initially strong proliferation in all parts of the developing eye gradually ceases, especially in the outer neuroblastic layer. Proliferating Ki-67 positive cells co-localize with nestin in the retina, lens, and choroid. Strong Oct-4 and alpha-tubulin immunoreactivity in the retina and optic nerve gradually decreases, while they co-localize in outer neuroblastic and nerve fiber layers. CONCLUSIONS The described expression of investigated markers indicates their importance in eye growth and morphogenesis, while their spatially and temporally restricted pattern coincides with differentiation of initially immature cells into specific retinal cell lineages. Alterations in their spatiotemporal interplay might lead to disturbances of visual function.
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20
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Neradil J, Veselska R. Nestin as a marker of cancer stem cells. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:803-11. [PMID: 25940879 PMCID: PMC4520630 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the pathology of malignant diseases has been extensively studied during the last decade. Nestin, a class VI intermediate filament protein, was originally detected in neural stem cells during development. Its expression has also been reported in different tissues under various pathological conditions. Specifically, nestin has been shown to be expressed in transformed cells of various human malignancies, and a correlation between its expression and the clinical course of some diseases has been proved. Furthermore, the coexpression of nestin with other stem cell markers was described as a CSC phenotype that was subsequently verified using tumorigenicity assays. The primary aim of this review is to summarize the recent findings regarding nestin expression in CSCs, its possible role in CSC phenotypes, particularly with respect to capacity for self-renewal, and its utility as a putative marker of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Neradil
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, School of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, School of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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21
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Prognostic significance of neural stem cell markers, Nestin and Musashi-1, in oral squamous cell carcinoma: expression pattern of Nestin in the precancerous stages of oral squamous epithelium. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:1251-60. [PMID: 25352468 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides the tissue-specific stem cell markers, neural and hematopoietic stem cell markers were found to play an important role in carcinogenesis. Based on this background, we have investigated the expression pattern and prognostic significance of neural stem cell markers, Nestin and Musashi-1, in oral cancer. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses to study the expression pattern and correlation between Nestin and Musashi-1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to construct overall and disease-free survival curves, and the differences were calculated using log-rank test. RESULTS Nestin expression was gradually increased in the transformation stages of oral cancer. Both Nestin and Musashi-1 expressions were associated with higher stage and poorly differentiated status of oral carcinoma. Interestingly, Nestin and Musashi-1 double positive cases showed statistically highly significant correlation with poorer survival of oral carcinoma patients. CONCLUSIONS Expression of Nestin in the preneoplastic lesions indicates its role in the transformation of oral squamous epithelium. Clinicopathological and survival analyses suggest that Nestin and Musashi-1 might be associated with invasion, differentiation and poorer survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. In addition to their role as independent prognostic indicators, Nestin and Musashi-1 double positivity can be used to select high-risk cases for effective therapy and this is the novel finding of this study. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Nestin and Musashi-1 are found to be independent prognostic markers of oral cancer, and they might be used as molecular targets for effective therapy.
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22
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Martínez-Ramos C, Lebourg M. Three-dimensional constructs using hyaluronan cell carrier as a tool for the study of cancer stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:1249-57. [PMID: 25350680 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer research focuses increasingly on cancer stem cell study as those cells are thought to be the root of chemo and radioresistance of the most aggressive cancer types. Nevertheless, two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and even three-dimensional (3D) spheroid models, with their limited ability to reflect cell-extracellular matrix interactions, are not ideal for the study of cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, we establish a 3D in vitro cancer model using a synthetic and natural scaffold with tunable features and show that U87 cells cultured in this system acquire a stem-cell like phenotype. METHODS U87 astrocytoma cells were grown on polycaprolactone (PCL)-2D flat substrates (2D) and PCL-3D scaffolds (3D) eventually containing hyaluronic acid (3D-HA). Cell viability, growth patterns, morphology, and cell surface marker expression (CD44, RHAMM and CD133) were studied to assess the effect of 3D culture and presence of HA. RESULTS 3D scaffold, but most prominently presence of HA induced changes in cell morphology and marker expression; 3D-HA cultures showed features of aggregates; moreover, markedly increased expression of Nestin, CD44, RHAMM, and CD133 in 3D-HA scaffolds were found. CONCLUSIONS the behavior of U87 in our 3D-HA model is more similar to tumor growth in vivo and a stem-like phenotype is promoted. Thus, the 3D-HA scaffold could provide a useful model for CSCs study and anti-cancer therapeutics research in vitro and may have preclinical application for the screening of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martínez-Ramos
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Myriam Lebourg
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain
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23
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Depletion of intermediate filament protein Nestin, a target of microRNA-940, suppresses tumorigenesis by inducing spontaneous DNA damage accumulation in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1377. [PMID: 25118937 PMCID: PMC4454294 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a major malignant tumor of the head and neck region in southern China. The understanding of its underlying etiology is essential for the development of novel effective therapies. We report for the first time that microRNA-940 (miR-940) significantly suppresses the proliferation of a variety of cancer cell lines, arrests cells cycle, induces caspase-3/7-dependent apoptosis and inhibits the formation of NPC xenograft tumors in mice. We further show that miR-940 directly binds to the 3′-untranslated regions of Nestin mRNA and promotes its degradation. Likewise, depletion of Nestin inhibits tumor cell proliferation, arrest cells at G2/M, induces apoptosis and suppresses xenograft tumor formation in vivo. These functions of miR-940 can be reversed by ectopic expression of Nestin, suggesting that miR-940 regulates cell proliferation and survival through Nestin. Notably, we observed reduced miR-940 and increased Nestin levels in NPC patient samples. Protein microarray revealed that knockdown of Nestin in 5-8F NPC cells alters the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the DNA damage response, suggesting a mechanism for the miR-940/Nestin axis. Consistently, depletion of Nestin induced spontaneous DNA damage accumulation, delayed the DNA damage repair process and increased the sensitivity to irradiation and the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin. Collectively, our findings indicate that Nestin, which is downregulated by miR-940, can promote tumorigenesis in NPC cells through involvement in the DNA damage response. The levels of microRNA-940 and Nestin may serve as indicators of cancer status and prognosis.
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24
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Diversin is overexpressed in human gliomas and its depletion inhibits proliferation and invasion. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7905-9. [PMID: 24833088 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous study indicated diversin overexpression in human cancers. However, its expression pattern in human gliomas and the molecular mechanisms of diversin on cancer progression have not been characterized. In the present study, diversin expression was investigated in 105 glioma specimens using immunohistochemistry. Negative staining was observed in normal glial cells, and positive staining was found in 33 out of 105 (31.4 %) glioma specimens. Diversin overexpression correlated with advanced tumor grade (p < 0.05). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown was performed in U87 and TG905 cell lines with high endogenous diversin expression. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and colony formation assay showed that diversin knockdown inhibited glioma cell growth. Matrigel invasion assay showed that diversin depletion inhibited cell invasion. In addition, messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) were downregulated after siRNA treatment. In conclusion, diversin is overexpressed in human glioma and regulates glioma cell proliferation and invasion, possibly through MMP9.
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25
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Jeremias TDS, Machado RG, Visoni SBC, Pereima MJ, Leonardi DF, Trentin AG. Dermal substitutes support the growth of human skin-derived mesenchymal stromal cells: potential tool for skin regeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89542. [PMID: 24586857 PMCID: PMC3935879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies for skin regeneration are needed in order to provide effective treatment for cutaneous wounds and disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive source of cells for tissue engineering because of their prolonged self-renewal capacity, multipotentiality, and ability to release active molecules important for tissue repair. In this paper, we show that human skin-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (SD-MSCs) display similar characteristics to the multipotent MSCs. We also evaluate their growth in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system with dermal substitutes (Integra and Pelnac). When cultured in monolayers, SD-MSCs expressed mesenchymal markers, such as CD105, Fibronectin, and α-SMA; and neural markers, such as Nestin and βIII-Tubulin; at transcriptional and/or protein level. Integra and Pelnac equally supported the adhesion, spread and growth of human SD-MSCs in 3D culture, maintaining the MSC characteristics and the expression of multilineage markers. Therefore, dermal substitutes support the growth of mesenchymal stromal cells from human skin, promising an effective tool for tissue engineering and regenerative technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita da Silva Jeremias
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Rafaela Grecco Machado
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Coutinho Visoni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Maurício José Pereima
- Departamento de Pediatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
- Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Dilmar Francisco Leonardi
- Hospital Governador Celso Ramos, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Andrea Gonçalves Trentin
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pterygium is a common, benign fibrovascular disease of the human ocular surface that can impair vision and restrict ocular mobility if not removed. Surgical excision is the most common form of treatment; however, non-surgical therapeutics are being developed, which target the angiogenic component of this disease. Nestin is a class VI intermediate filament protein expressed in neuroepithelium with an emerging role in angiogenesis and tumourigenesis. Given the tumour-like and angiogenic features of pterygia, we postulated that nestin partakes in its development. METHODS AND RESULTS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pterygia and donor-matched conjunctiva (n=22) were obtained, sectioned and stained for nestin by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Immunoreactivity for nestin was semi-quantified and microvessel density counted. Significantly, higher nestin expression was identified in pterygium epithelial cells and blood vessels compared with matched normal conjunctiva. Interestingly, a high proportion of the pterygium specimens displayed nuclear staining for nestin within the basal and suprabasal epithelium. Immunofluorescence was used to simultaneously detect nestin in CD31(+) blood vessels; however, this protein was absent from Lyve-1(+) lymphatic vessels. In addition, blood and lymphatic vessel density was significantly higher in pterygia compared with corresponding control conjunctiva. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate for the first time the expression of nestin in the pterygium vasculature and indicate that this protein may play a central role in the angiogenic response, which characterises this disease. Targeting nestin pharmacologically could be considered as an alternative or adjuvant therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Di Girolamo
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hervey-Jumper SL, Altshuler DB, Wang AC, He X, Maher CO, Robertson PL, Garton HJL, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Camelo-Piragua S. The role of CD133+ cells in a recurrent embryonal tumor with abundant neuropil and true rosettes (ETANTR). Brain Pathol 2013; 24:45-51. [PMID: 23865520 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonal tumor with abundant neuropil and true rosettes (ETANTR) is a recently described embryonal neoplasm of the central nervous system, consisting of a well-circumscribed embryonal tumor of infancy with mixed features of ependymoblastoma (multilayer ependymoblastic rosettes and pseudorosettes) and neuroblastoma (neuroblastic rosettes) in the presence of neuropil-like islands. We present the case of a young child with a very aggressive tumor that rapidly recurred after gross total resection, chemotherapy and radiation. Prominent vascular sclerosis and circumscribed tumor led to the diagnosis of malignant astroblastoma; however, rapid recurrence and progression of this large tumor after gross total resection prompted review of the original pathology. ETANTR is histologically distinct with focal glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and synaptophysin expression in the presence of neuronal and ependymoblastic rosettes with focal neuropil islands. These architectural features, combined with unique chromosome 19q13.42 amplification, confirmed the diagnosis. In this report, we describe tumor stem cell (TSC) marker CD133, CD15 and nestin alterations in ETANTR before and after chemotherapy. We found that TSC marker CD133 was richly expressed after chemotherapy in recurrent ETANTR, while CD15 is depleted compared with that expressed in the original tumor, suggesting that CD133+ cells likely survived initial treatment, further contributing to formation of the recurrent tumor.
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Qu J, Rizak JD, Li X, Li J, Ma Y. Melatonin treatment increases the transcription of cell proliferation-related genes prior to inducing cell death in C6 glioma cells in vitro.. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:347-352. [PMID: 24137328 PMCID: PMC3789011 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have suggested that melatonin possesses anticancer properties. However, conflicting data exists with regard to the role of melatonin in the treatment of cancer. In the present study, the effects of melatonin on the transcriptional regulation of three genes associated with cell proliferation (Nestin, Bmi-1 and Sox2), and on C6 glioma cell survival and viability, were investigated in vitro to evaluate the use of melatonin in cancer therapy. Melatonin was shown to increase the mRNA levels of Nestin, Bmi-1 and Sox2 in a similar pattern, with the highest mRNA levels noted at a concentration of 3 mM. At higher concentrations of melatonin (5 mM), the mRNA levels of Nestin, Bmi-1 and Sox2 were reduced from their peak levels, and were correlated with changes observed in immunofluorescence morphology studies, cell viability and survival assays. Immunofluorescence studies of Nestin-stained cells demonstrated that treatment with a higher concentration of melatonin (3 and 5 mM) led to the Nestin filaments condensing and rearranging around the cell nuclei, and an alteration in the cell morphology. C6 cell viability was also significantly decreased at 3 mM melatonin, and cell death was observed at 5 and 10 mM melatonin. These results suggested that Nestin, Bmi-1 and Sox2 were strongly correlated with the survival of C6 cells following treatment with melatonin, and that high therapeutic concentrations of melatonin (>5 mM) were required to induce cell death. These findings suggested that the implementation of melatonin in the treatment of glioma and other types of cancer may be inhibited by conflicting cell growth signals in cells. Therefore, adjunct therapy is required to improve the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiagui Qu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026; ; State Key Laboratories of Brain and Cognitive Science, Kunming, Yunnan 650223
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Yi F, Ni W, Liu W, Pan X, Han X, Yang L, Kong X, Ma R, Chang R. SPAG9 is overexpressed in human astrocytoma and promotes cell proliferation and invasion. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:2849-55. [PMID: 23696027 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) is a recently characterized oncoprotein involved in the progression of several human malignancies. The present study aims to investigate the expression pattern and biological roles of SPAG9 protein in human astrocytoma. SPAG9 expression was analyzed in 105 astrocytoma specimens by immunohistochemistry. We observed negative staining in normal astrocytes and positive staining of SPAG9 in 63 out of 105 (60 %) astrocytoma samples. Overexpression of SPAG9 correlated with tumor grade (p < 0.001). Small interfering RNA knockdown was performed in U251 and U87 cell lines with relatively high SPAG9 expression. Using methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay and Matrigel invasion assay, we were able to show that SPAG9 depletion in astrocytoma cell lines inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in both cell lines. In addition, mRNA and protein levels of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) were downregulated, while the levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) and TIMP2 were not changed, indicating that SPAG9 might regulate invasion through MMP9. In conclusion, SPAG9 serves as an important oncoprotein in human astrocytoma by regulating cell proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxin Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, 2, Renmin Street, Jinzhou, 121000, People's Republic of China,
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