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Chen P, Zhang YL, Zhang XL, Guo Y, Tang PP. The CXCR4 might be a potential biomarker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37681. [PMID: 38579048 PMCID: PMC10994415 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between CXCL12/CXCR4 and the progress, prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), providing evidence for potential early diagnosis, clinical treatment, prognosis evaluation, and therapeutic target of ESCC. METHODS Databases of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for the relationship between CXCL12/CXCR4 and clinicopathological characteristics and survival time of ESCC. Stata16.0 software was used to conduct meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 10 studies involving 1216 cases of patients with ESCC were included in our study. The results indicated that high-level expression of CXCR4 was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation [OR = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): (0.50, 0.97)], tumor infiltration [OR = 0.39, 95% CI: (0.25, 0.61)], lymph node metastasis [OR = 0.36, 95% CI: (0.21, 0.61)], clinical stage [OR = 0.33, 95% CI: (0.24, 0.45)] of ESCC. The expression of CXCR4 was also significantly correlated with OS [HR = 2.00, 95% CI: (1.63, 2.45)] and disease-free survival [HR = 1.76, 95% CI: (1.44, 2.15)] in patients of ESCC after surgical resection. No significant relationship was observed between the expression of CXCL12 and the clinicopathological characteristics of ESCC. CONCLUSION CXCR4 might be a potential biomarker for the progress and prognosis evaluation, and therapeutic target for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- Department of Basic Medical, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai’an, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai’an, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai’an, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huai’an Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Pei-Pei Tang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai’an, China
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2
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Chen Z, Xiao Q, Shen Y, Xue C. FOXA2 promotes esophageal cancer migration and metastasis by activating CXCR4 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 625:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Li H, Wu M, Zhao X. Role of chemokine systems in cancer and inflammatory diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e147. [PMID: 35702353 PMCID: PMC9175564 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a large family of small secreted proteins that have fundamental roles in organ development, normal physiology, and immune responses upon binding to their corresponding receptors. The primary functions of chemokines are to coordinate and recruit immune cells to and from tissues and to participate in regulating interactions between immune cells. In addition to the generally recognized antimicrobial immunity, the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis also exerts a tumorigenic function in many different cancer models and is involved in the formation of immunosuppressive and protective tumor microenvironment (TME), making them potential prognostic markers for various hematologic and solid tumors. In fact, apart from its vital role in tumors, almost all inflammatory diseases involve chemokines and their receptors in one way or another. Modulating the expression of chemokines and/or their corresponding receptors on tumor cells or immune cells provides the basis for the exploitation of new drugs for clinical evaluation in the treatment of related diseases. Here, we summarize recent advances of chemokine systems in protumor and antitumor immune responses and discuss the prevailing understanding of how the chemokine system operates in inflammatory diseases. In this review, we also emphatically highlight the complexity of the chemokine system and explore its potential to guide the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of EducationWest China Second HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of EducationWest China Second HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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4
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Wu X, Zhang H, Sui Z, Wang Y, Yu Z. The biological role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0140. [PMID: 33710803 PMCID: PMC8185864 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common malignant tumor and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the main histological type of esophageal cancer, and accounts for 90% of all cancer cases. Despite the progress made in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the mortality rate from esophageal cancer remains high, and the overall 5-year survival rate is less than 20%, even in developed countries. The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) is a member of the CXC chemokine subgroup, which is widely expressed in a variety of tissues and cells. CXCL12 participates in the regulation of many physiological and pathological processes by binding to its specific receptor, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), where it causes embryonic development, immune response, and angiogenesis. In addition, increasing evidence indicates that the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis plays an important role in the biological processes of tumor cells. Studies have shown that CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4, are highly expressed in ESCC. This abnormal expression contributes to tumor proliferation, lymph node and distant metastases, and worsening prognosis. At present, antagonists and imaging agents against CXCL12 or CXCR4 have been developed to interfere with the malignant process and monitor metastasis of tumors. This article summarizes the structure, function, and regulatory mechanism of CXCL12/CXCR4 and its role in the malignancy of ESCC. Current results from preclinical research targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 are also summarized to provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Wu
- Departments of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Hongdian Zhang
- Departments of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhilin Sui
- Departments of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhentao Yu
- Departments of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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5
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Bhat AA, Nisar S, Maacha S, Carneiro-Lobo TC, Akhtar S, Siveen KS, Wani NA, Rizwan A, Bagga P, Singh M, Reddy R, Uddin S, Grivel JC, Chand G, Frenneaux MP, Siddiqi MA, Bedognetti D, El-Rifai W, Macha MA, Haris M. Cytokine-chemokine network driven metastasis in esophageal cancer; promising avenue for targeted therapy. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:2. [PMID: 33390169 PMCID: PMC7780621 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a disease often marked by aggressive growth and poor prognosis. Lack of targeted therapies, resistance to chemoradiation therapy, and distant metastases among patients with advanced disease account for the high mortality rate. The tumor microenvironment (TME) contains several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes, stromal proteins, and growth factors, which play a significant role in supporting the growth and aggressive behavior of cancer cells. The complex and dynamic interactions of the secreted cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and their receptors mediate chronic inflammation and immunosuppressive TME favoring tumor progression, metastasis, and decreased response to therapy. The molecular changes in the TME are used as biological markers for diagnosis, prognosis, and response to treatment in patients. This review highlighted the novel insights into the understanding and functional impact of deregulated cytokines and chemokines in imparting aggressive EC, stressing the nature and therapeutic consequences of the cytokine-chemokine network. We also discuss cytokine-chemokine oncogenic potential by contributing to the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), angiogenesis, immunosuppression, metastatic niche, and therapeutic resistance development. In addition, it discusses the wide range of changes and intracellular signaling pathways that occur in the TME. Overall, this is a relatively unexplored field that could provide crucial insights into tumor immunology and encourage the effective application of modulatory cytokine-chemokine therapy to EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A Bhat
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabah Nisar
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Selma Maacha
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Sabah Akhtar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Nissar A Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Arshi Rizwan
- Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Bagga
- Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mayank Singh
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital (BRAIRCH), AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Gyan Chand
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Mushtaq A Siddiqi
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunogenomics, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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6
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Bianchi ME, Mezzapelle R. The Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 in Cell Proliferation and Tissue Regeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2109. [PMID: 32983169 PMCID: PMC7484992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXCR4 receptor upon binding its ligands triggers multiple signaling pathways that orchestrate cell migration, hematopoiesis and cell homing, and retention in the bone marrow. However, CXCR4 also directly controls cell proliferation of non-hematopoietic cells. This review focuses on recent reports pointing to its pivotal role in tissue regeneration and stem cell activation, and discusses the connection to the known role of CXCR4 in promoting tumor growth. The mechanisms may be similar in all cases, since regeneration often recapitulates developmental processes, and cancer often exploits developmental pathways. Moreover, cell migration and cell proliferation appear to be downstream of the same signaling pathways. A deeper understanding of the complex signaling originating from CXCR4 is needed to exploit the opportunities to repair damaged organs safely and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Bianchi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Mezzapelle
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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7
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ZHOU Y, CAO HB, LI WJ, ZHAO L. The CXCL12 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 chemokine axis: Oncogenic properties, molecular targeting, and synthetic and natural product CXCR4 inhibitors for cancer therapy. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:801-810. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Fang HY, Münch NS, Schottelius M, Ingermann J, Liu H, Schauer M, Stangl S, Multhoff G, Steiger K, Gerngroß C, Jesinghaus M, Weichert W, Kühl AA, Sepulveda AR, Wester HJ, Wang TC, Quante M. CXCR4 Is a Potential Target for Diagnostic PET/CT Imaging in Barrett's Dysplasia and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:1048-1061. [PMID: 29208671 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Barrett's esophagus represents an early stage in carcinogenesis leading to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Considerable evidence supports a major role for chronic inflammation and diverse chemokine pathways in the development of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.Experimental Design: Here we utilized an IL1β transgenic mouse model of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma and human patient imaging to analyze the importance of CXCR4-expressing cells during esophageal carcinogenesis.Results: IL1β overexpression induces chronic esophageal inflammation and recapitulates the progression to Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. CXCR4 expression is increased in both epithelial and immune cells during disease progression in pL2-IL1β mice and also elevated in esophageal adenocarcinoma patient biopsy samples. Specific recruitment of CXCR4-positive (CXCR4+) immune cells correlated with dysplasia progression, suggesting that this immune population may be a key contributor to esophageal carcinogenesis. Similarly, with progression to dysplasia, there were increased numbers of CXCR4+ columnar epithelial cells at the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ). These findings were supported by stronger CXCR4-related signal intensity in ex vivo fluorescence imaging and autoradiography with advanced dysplasia. Pilot CXCR4-directed PET/CT imaging studies in patients with esophageal cancer demonstrate the potential utility of CXCR4 imaging for the diagnosis and staging of esophageal cancer.Conclusion: In conclusion, the recruitment of CXCR4+ immune cells and expansion of CXCR4+ epithelial cells in esophageal dysplasia and cancer highlight the potential of CXCR4 as a biomarker and molecular target for diagnostic imaging of the tumor microenvironment in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 24(5); 1048-61. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Fang
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Margret Schottelius
- Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas Ingermann
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Haibo Liu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Schauer
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Klinik für RadioOnkologie und Strahlentherapie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Klinik für RadioOnkologie und Strahlentherapie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlos Gerngroß
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- iPATH.Berlin/Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia R Sepulveda
- Division of Gastrointestinal Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Quante
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany.
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9
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Song C, Lu P, Shi W, Sun G, Wang G, Huang X, Wang Z, Wang Z. MiR-622 functions as a tumor suppressor and directly targets E2F1 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:843-849. [PMID: 27501502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNA-622 has been proven down-regulated in many human malignancies and correlated with tumor progression. However, its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the expression and function of miR-622 in ESCC. METHODS Using quantitative RT-PCR, we detected miR-622 expression in ESCC cell lines and primary tumor tissues. The association of miR-622 expression with clinicopathological factors and prognosis was also analyzed. Then, the effects of miR-622 on the biological behavior of ESCC cells were investigated. At last, the potential regulatory function of miR-622 on E2F1 expression was confirmed. RESULTS miR-622 was found to be down-regulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Decreased miR-622 expression was closely correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor overall survival. Multivariate regression analysis corroborated that low level of miR-622 expression was an independent unfavourable prognostic factor for patients with ESCC. Up-regulation of miR-622 could significantly reduce ESCC cell proliferation, enhance cell apoptosis, and impair cell invasion and migration in vitro, while down-regulation of miR-622 showed opposite effects. Further, E2F1 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-622 by using Luciferase Reporter Assay. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that miR-622 may act as a tumor suppressor in ESCC and would serve as a potential therapy target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changshan Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Pingfang Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510507, China
| | - Weicheng Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510507, China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Guangsuo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Xujie Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510507, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China.
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China.
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da Silva JM, Soave DF, Moreira dos Santos TP, Batista AC, Russo RC, Teixeira MM, Silva TAD. Significance of chemokine and chemokine receptors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A critical review. Oral Oncol 2016; 56:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Choi WT, Yang Y, Xu Y, An J. Targeting chemokine receptor CXCR4 for treatment of HIV-1 infection, tumor progression, and metastasis. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 14:1574-89. [PMID: 25159167 DOI: 10.2174/1568026614666140827143541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is required for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into target cells and for the development and dissemination of various types of cancers, including gastrointestinal, cutaneous, head and neck, pulmonary, gynecological, genitourinary, neurological, and hematological malignancies. The T-cell (T)-tropic HIV-1 strains use CXCR4 as the entry coreceptor; consequently, multiple CXCR4 antagonistic inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, other potential applications of CXCR4 antagonists have become apparent since its discovery in 1996. In fact, increasing evidence demonstrates that epithelial and hematopoietic tumor cells exploit the interaction between CXCR4 and its natural ligand, stromal cellderived factor (SDF)-1α, which normally regulates leukocyte migration. The CXCR4 and/or SDF-1α expression patterns in tumor cells also determine the sites of metastatic spread. In addition, the activation of CXCR4 by SDF-1α promotes invasion and proliferation of tumor cells, enhances tumor-associated neoangiogenesis, and assists in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. As such, the evaluation of CXCR4 and/or SDF-1α expression levels has a significant prognostic value in various types of malignancies. Several therapeutic challenges remain to be overcome before the use of CXCR4 inhibitors can be translated into clinical practice, but promising preclinical data demonstrate that CXCR4 antagonists can mobilize tumor cells from their protective microenvironments, interfere with their metastatic and tumorigenic potentials, and/or make tumor cells more susceptible to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing An
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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12
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Chemokines and their receptors in esophageal cancer--the systematic review and future perspectives. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5707-14. [PMID: 26130416 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is an aggressive malignant solid tumor with rapid progression and unfavorable prognosis. The 5-year survival rate for EC patients was estimated to be less than 10 %. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve diagnostic tool and effective treatment therapies for EC patients. In our paper, the general structure and function of chemokines and their receptors as well as their role in cancer progression were shortly presented. Moreover, the aim of our paper was to summarize and refer the current findings concerning the role of selected chemokines and their receptors as candidates for tumor markers of EC. Some clinical investigations have proved the involvement of these proteins in proliferation, migration, invasiveness and metastasis of tumor cells. Increasing evidence from previous studies suggested that C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12), also known as stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXCR4 may provide novel diagnostic and prognostic strategies to reduce the burden of EC. Moreover, therapy targeting the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis may open a new direction for treatment of EC patients. However, given their nonspecific nature, the diagnostic value of chemokines and their receptors may be limited. Therefore, future larger investigations, especially in the blood of EC patients, still need to be continued to further clarify the significance of these proteins as potential candidates for tumor markers in diagnosis and prognosis of EC patients.
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13
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Abstract
Chemokines mediate numerous physiological and pathological processes related primarily to cell homing and migration. The chemokine CXCL12, also known as stromal cell-derived factor-1, binds the G-protein-coupled receptor CXCR4, which, through multiple divergent pathways, leads to chemotaxis, enhanced intracellular calcium, cell adhesion, survival, proliferation, and gene transcription. CXCR4, initially discovered for its involvement in HIV entry and leukocytes trafficking, is overexpressed in more than 23 human cancers. Cancer cell CXCR4 overexpression contributes to tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, relapse, and therapeutic resistance. CXCR4 antagonism has been shown to disrupt tumor-stromal interactions, sensitize cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs, and reduce tumor growth and metastatic burden. As such, CXCR4 is a target not only for therapeutic intervention but also for noninvasive monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic guidance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biological involvement of CXCR4 in human cancers, the current status of CXCR4-based therapeutic approaches, as well as recent advances in noninvasive imaging of CXCR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit Chatterjee
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Babak Behnam Azad
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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