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Rajkrishna B, Balakrishnan R, Raam M, Santhosh Raj A, Sebastian P, Selvamani B. Aggressive malignant phyllodes tumor of breast with omental metastases - A case report. Breast Dis 2021; 40:287-291. [PMID: 34420938 DOI: 10.3233/bd-201054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Distant metastasis from malignant Phyllodes tumour (PT) is rare. They generally metastasize to the lung, bone, pleura, and liver. We present a very rare case of a 25-year-old woman with intraabdominal metastases from malignant phyllodes tumour of the breast. She presented with left breast lump and the biopsy was Phyllodes tumour. She underwent a two staged surgery; left modified radical mastectomy followed by left latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap cover. She received adjuvant radiation therapy to left chest wall. Following which she developed intrabdominal mass which was proven to be metastasis from Phyllodes tumour. She was then advised palliative chemotherapy. Malignant Phyllodes with distant metastases has a dismal prognosis. We propose it is preferable to have a CT Thorax and Abdomen as a staging workup for patients with malignant PT to identify those with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rajkrishna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ida B Scudder Cancer Centre, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Balakrishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ida B Scudder Cancer Centre, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mithun Raam
- Department of General Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Santhosh Raj
- Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Patricia Sebastian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ida B Scudder Cancer Centre, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Selvamani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ida B Scudder Cancer Centre, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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AXL as a Target in Breast Cancer Therapy. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:5291952. [PMID: 32148495 PMCID: PMC7042526 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5291952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AXL is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that has been implicated in diverse tumor-promoting processes such as proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, and apoptosis. AXL therefore plays a role in cancer progression, and AXL has been implicated in a wide variety of malignancies from solid tumors to hematopoietic cancers where it is often associated with poor prognosis. In cancer, AXL has been shown to promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis formation, drug resistance, and a role for AXL in modulation of the tumor microenvironment and immune response has been identified. In light of these activities multiple AXL inhibitors have been developed, and several of these have entered clinical trials in the U.S. In breast cancer, high levels of AXL expression have been observed. The role of AXL in cancer with a focus on therapeutic implications for breast cancer is discussed.
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Lauter M, Weber A, Torka R. Targeting of the AXL receptor tyrosine kinase by small molecule inhibitor leads to AXL cell surface accumulation by impairing the ubiquitin-dependent receptor degradation. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:59. [PMID: 31171001 PMCID: PMC6555758 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL) in various human cancers correlates with reduced patients overall survival and resistance to first line therapies. Therefore, several AXL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are currently under clinical evaluation. Results AXL TKI BMS777607 treatment increased AXL protein levels after 24 h as observed by Western blot and flow cytometry analysis. Mechanistically, this inhibition-induced AXL cell surface accumulation was neither associated with epigenetic modifications, nor altered transcriptional and translational regulation. Further, we saw no impact on glycosylation and receptor shedding by α-secretases. However, we observed that BMS777607 increased the glycosylated 140 kDa AXL protein abundance, which was impaired in the kinase dead mutant AXL (K567R). We demonstrated that AXL kinase activity and subsequent kinase phosphorylation is necessary for GAS6-dependent receptor internalization and degradation. Blocking of kinase function by BMS777607 resulted in ubiquitination prohibition, impaired internalization and subsequent cell surface accumulation. Subsequently, AXL cell surface accumulation was accompanied by increased proliferation of 3D-Speroids induced by low μM levels of BMS777607 treatment. Conclusion Our data suggest a re-evaluation of anti-AXL clinical protocols due to possible feedback loops and resistance formation to targeted AXL therapy. An alternative strategy to circumvent feedback loops for AXL targeting therapies may exist in linkage of AXL TKIs to a degradation machinery recruiting unit, as already demonstrated with PROTACs for EGFR, HER2, and c-Met. This might result in a sustained inhibition and depletion of the AXL from tumor cell surface and enhance the efficacy of targeted anti-AXL therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lauter
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Halle-Wittenberg, Medical Faculty, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja Weber
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Halle-Wittenberg, Medical Faculty, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Robert Torka
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Halle-Wittenberg, Medical Faculty, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Josic D, Martinovic T, Pavelic K. Glycosylation and metastases. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:140-150. [PMID: 30246896 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The change of cellular glycosylation is one of the key events in malignant transformation and neoplastic progression, and tumor-related glycosylation alterations are promising targets in both tumor diagnosis and therapy. Both malignant transformation and neoplastic progression are the consequence of gene expression alterations and alterations in protein expression. Micro environmental factors such as extracellular matrix (ECM) also play an important role in their growth and metastasis. Tumor-associated glycans are important biomarker candidates for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and analytical methods for their detection were developed recently. Glycoproteomics that use mass spectrometry for identification of cancer antigens and structural analysis of glycans play a key role in the investigation of changes of glycosylation during malignant transformation and tumor development and metastasis. Deep understanding of glycan remodeling in cancer and the role of glycosyltransferases that are involved in this process will require a detailed profiling of glycosylation patterns of tumor cells, and corresponding analytical methods for their detection were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Josic
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-throughput technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,University Juraj Dobrila, Pula, Croatia
| | - Tamara Martinovic
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-throughput technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kresimir Pavelic
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-throughput technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,University Juraj Dobrila, Pula, Croatia
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Szabadkai I, Torka R, Garamvölgyi R, Baska F, Gyulavári P, Boros S, Illyés E, Choidas A, Ullrich A, Őrfi L. Discovery of N-[4-(Quinolin-4-yloxy)phenyl]benzenesulfonamides as Novel AXL Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6277-6292. [PMID: 29928803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of AXL kinase has been described in many types of cancer. Due to its role in proliferation, survival, migration, and resistance, AXL represents a promising target in the treatment of the disease. In this study we present a novel compound family that successfully targets the AXL kinase. Through optimization and detailed SAR studies we developed low nanomolar inhibitors, and after further biological characterization we identified a potent AXL kinase inhibitor with favorable pharmacokinetic profile. The antitumor activity was determined in xenograft models, and the lead compounds reduced the tumor size by 40% with no observed toxicity as well as lung metastasis formation by 66% when compared to vehicle control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Torka
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry , University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) 06108 , Germany
| | - Rita Garamvölgyi
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd. , Budapest 1022 , Hungary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Semmelweis University , Budapest 1092 , Hungary
| | - Ferenc Baska
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd. , Budapest 1022 , Hungary
| | - Pál Gyulavári
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry , Semmelweis University , Budapest 1094 , Hungary
| | - Sándor Boros
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd. , Budapest 1022 , Hungary
| | - Eszter Illyés
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd. , Budapest 1022 , Hungary
| | - Axel Choidas
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH , Dortmund 44227 , Germany
| | - Axel Ullrich
- Department of Molecular Biology , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Martinsried 82152 , Germany
| | - László Őrfi
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd. , Budapest 1022 , Hungary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Semmelweis University , Budapest 1092 , Hungary
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Liang L, Xu J, Wang M, Xu G, Zhang N, Wang G, Zhao Y. LncRNA HCP5 promotes follicular thyroid carcinoma progression via miRNAs sponge. Cell Death Dis 2018. [PMID: 29515098 PMCID: PMC5841368 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are important functional regulators in cancer, have received increased attention in recent years. In this study, next-generation sequencing technology was used to identify aberrantly expressed lncRNAs in follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). The long non-coding RNA–HLA complex P5 (HCP5) was found to be overexpressed in FTC. The results of the qPCR analysis were consistent with the sequencing results. In addition, functional experiments showed that overexpression of HCP5 can promote the proliferation, migration, invasiveness and angiogenic ability of FTC cells. Furthermore, according to the sequencing results, HCP5 and alpha-2, 6-sialyltransferase 2 (ST6GAL2) were co-expressed in FTC. We hypothesised that ST6GAL2 may be regulated by HCP5, which would in turn mediate the activity of FTC cells. Through qPCR, immunostaining analyses and functional experiments, we determined that the expression of HCP5 was elevated and was correlated with the levels of ST6GAL2 in FTC tissues and cells. Mechanistic experiments showed that HCP5 functions as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) and acts as a sponge for miR-22-3p, miR-186-5p and miR-216a-5p, which activates ST6GAL2. In summary, our study revealed that HCP5 is a tumour regulator in the development of FTC and that it may contribute to improvement of FTC diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingchao Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Gaoran Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Yongfu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Size and heterologous elements predict metastases in malignant phyllodes tumours of the breast. Virchows Arch 2017; 472:615-621. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wu J, Qin H, Li T, Cheng K, Dong J, Tian M, Chai N, Guo H, Li J, You X, Dong M, Ye M, Nie Y, Zou H, Fan D. Characterization of site-specific glycosylation of secreted proteins associated with multi-drug resistance of gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:25315-27. [PMID: 27015365 PMCID: PMC5041906 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance (MDR) remains a great obstacle to effective chemotherapy for gastric cancer. A number of secreted glycoproteins have been reported to be involved in the development of MDR in gastric cancer. However, whether glycosylation of secreted glycoproteins changes during MDR of gastric cancer is unclear. Our present work manifested that N-glycosites and site-specific glycoforms of secreted proteins in drug-resistant cell lines were distinctly different from those in the parental cell line for the first time. Further characterization highlighted the significance of some aberrantly glycosylated secretory proteins in MDR, suggesting that manipulating the glycosylation of specific glycoproteins could be a potential target for overcoming multi-drug resistance in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hongqiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiaqiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Na Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jinjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xin You
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mingming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hanfa Zou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Kölbl AC, Andergassen U, Jeschke U. The Role of Glycosylation in Breast Cancer Metastasis and Cancer Control. Front Oncol 2015; 5:219. [PMID: 26528431 PMCID: PMC4602128 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation and its correlation to the formation of remote metastasis in breast cancer had been an important scientific topic in the last 25 years. With the development of new analytical techniques, new insights were gained on the mechanisms underlying metastasis formation and the role of aberrant glycosylation within. Mucin-1 and Galectin were recognized as key players in glycosylation. Interestingly, aberrant carbohydrate structures seem to support the development of brain metastasis in breast cancer patients, as changes in glycosylation structures facilitate an overcoming of blood–brain barrier. Changes in the gene expression of glycosyltransferases are the leading cause for a modification of carbohydrate chains, so that also altered gene expression plays a role for glycosylation. In consequence, glycosylation and changes within can be useful for cancer diagnosis, determination of tumor stage, and prognosis, but can as well be targets for therapeutic strategies. Thus, further research on this topic would worthwhile for cancer combating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Kölbl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Ulrich Andergassen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich , Munich , Germany
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