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Targeting MDC1 promotes apoptosis and sensitizes Imatinib resistance in CML cells by mainly disrupting non-homologous end-joining repair. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:226. [PMID: 36175703 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01821-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The first-line drug Imatinib (IM) has achieved a curative effect in most chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, but drug resistance remains a problem. More alternative therapeutic strategies need to explore. In recent years, targeting dysregulated DNA repair mechanisms provided promising options for cancer treatment. Here, we discovered the versatile Mediator of DNA Damage Checkpoint 1 (MDC1) interacted with γ-H2AX and 53BP1 in the early stage of the DNA damage response of cells. MDC1 overexpressed in CML cell lines and patients' bone marrow mononuclear cells. By knocking down MDC1, non-homologous end-joining pathways were mainly inhibited, leading to an intense accumulation of unrepaired intracellular DNA damage and an apparent cell apoptosis promotion. Notably, targeting MDC1 further enhanced drug sensitivity in IM-resistant CML cells. Our work revealed that MDC1 is a prospective target for CML treatment through regulating DNA damage repair mechanism, and also an alternative option for IM resistance dilemma. This study extends the understanding of regulating dysfunctional DNA repair mechanisms for cancer treatment.
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2
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Ruff SE, Logan SK, Garabedian MJ, Huang TT. Roles for MDC1 in cancer development and treatment. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102948. [PMID: 32866776 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is necessary to maintain genome integrity and prevent the accumulation of oncogenic mutations. Consequently, proteins involved in the DDR often serve as tumor suppressors, carrying out the crucial task of keeping DNA fidelity intact. Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 (MDC1) is a scaffold protein involved in the early steps of the DDR. MDC1 interacts directly with γ-H2AX, the phosphorylated form of H2AX, a commonly used marker for DNA damage. It then propagates the phosphorylation of H2AX by recruiting ATM kinase. While the function of MDC1 in the DDR has been reviewed previously, its role in cancer has not been reviewed, and numerous studies have recently identified a link between MDC1 and carcinogenesis. This includes MDC1 functioning as a tumor suppressor, with its loss serving as a biomarker for cancer and contributor to drug sensitivity. Studies also indicate that MDC1 operates outside of its traditional role in DDR, and functions as a co-regulator of nuclear receptor transcriptional activity, and that mutations in MDC1 are present in tumors and can also cause germline predisposition to cancer. This review will discuss reports that link MDC1 to cancer and identify MDC1 as an important player in tumor formation, progression, and treatment. We also discuss mechanisms by which MDC1 levels are regulated and how this contributes to tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Ruff
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Susan K Logan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Michael J Garabedian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Tony T Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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3
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Gzil A, Jaworski D, Antosik P, Zarębska I, Durślewicz J, Dominiak J, Kasperska A, Neska-Długosz I, Grzanka D, Szylberg Ł. The impact of TP53BP1 and MLH1 on metastatic capability in cases of locally advanced prostate cancer and their usefulness in clinical practice. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:600.e17-600.e26. [PMID: 32280038 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node (LN) metastases increase the risk of death from prostate cancer (CaP). The dysfunction of factors responsible for DNA injury detection may promote the evolution of localized primary tumors into the metastatic form. METHODS In this study, 52 cases of CaP were analyzed. The cases were divided into groups of CaP without metastases (N0), with metastases to the LNs (N+), and metastatic LN tissue. Immunohistochemical examinations were performed with antibodies against MDC1, TP53BP1, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed lower nuclear expression of TP53BP1 in N+ cases than in N0 cases (P = 0.026). Nuclear TP53BP1 expression was lower in LN cases than in N+ cases (P = 0.019). Statistical analysis showed lower nuclear expression of MLH1 in N+ cases than in to N0 cases (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Decreased expression of both MLH1 and TP53B1 were demonstrated in N+ cases of CaP. This observation could help to determine the risk of nodal metastasis, and to select appropriate treatment modalities for patients with locally advanced CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Gzil
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland.
| | - Damian Jaworski
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Paulina Antosik
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Izabela Zarębska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Justyna Durślewicz
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Joanna Dominiak
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Anna Kasperska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Izabela Neska-Długosz
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzanka
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland; Department of Pathomorphology, Military Clinical Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland; Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Center, Prof., Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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4
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Basbous J, Aze A, Chaloin L, Lebdy R, Hodroj D, Ribeyre C, Larroque M, Shepard C, Kim B, Pruvost A, Moreaux J, Maiorano D, Mechali M, Constantinou A. Dihydropyrimidinase protects from DNA replication stress caused by cytotoxic metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1886-1904. [PMID: 31853544 PMCID: PMC7038975 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance in the level of the pyrimidine degradation products dihydrouracil and dihydrothymine is associated with cellular transformation and cancer progression. Dihydropyrimidines are degraded by dihydropyrimidinase (DHP), a zinc metalloenzyme that is upregulated in solid tumors but not in the corresponding normal tissues. How dihydropyrimidine metabolites affect cellular phenotypes remains elusive. Here we show that the accumulation of dihydropyrimidines induces the formation of DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) and causes DNA replication and transcriptional stress. We used Xenopus egg extracts to recapitulate DNA replication invitro. We found that dihydropyrimidines interfere directly with the replication of both plasmid and chromosomal DNA. Furthermore, we show that the plant flavonoid dihydromyricetin inhibits human DHP activity. Cellular exposure to dihydromyricetin triggered DPCs-dependent DNA replication stress in cancer cells. This study defines dihydropyrimidines as potentially cytotoxic metabolites that may offer an opportunity for therapeutic-targeting of DHP activity in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Basbous
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Antoine Aze
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurent Chaloin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Rana Lebdy
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Dana Hodroj
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), 31037 Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Cyril Ribeyre
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marion Larroque
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Institut du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM),34298 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Caitlin Shepard
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alain Pruvost
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Plateforme SMArt-MS, CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Moreaux
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Domenico Maiorano
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marcel Mechali
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Angelos Constantinou
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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5
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LRH1 enhances cell resistance to chemotherapy by transcriptionally activating MDC1 expression and attenuating DNA damage in human breast cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:3243-3259. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Yeung TL, Leung CS, Wong KK, Gutierrez-Hartmann A, Kwong J, Gershenson DM, Mok SC. ELF3 is a negative regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16951-16963. [PMID: 28199976 PMCID: PMC5370013 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are master switches for various biochemical pathways. However, transcription factors involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer have yet to be explored thoroughly. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the prognostic value of the transcription factor E74-like factor 3 (ELF3) identified via transcriptome profiling of the epithelial components of microdissected ovarian tumor samples isolated from long- and short-term survivors and determined its roles in ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis of ELF3 in tumor tissue sections suggested that ELF3 was exclusively expressed by epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, using 112 high-grade ovarian cancer samples isolated from patients and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, we found that downregulation of ELF3 expression was markedly associated with reduced survival. Functional studies demonstrated that overexpression of ELF3 in ovarian cancer cells suppressed proliferation and anchorage-dependent growth of the cells and that ELF3 silencing increased cell proliferation. Furthermore, upregulation of ELF3 increased expression of epithelial markers, decreased expression of mesenchymal markers, and mediated translocation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling molecules in ovarian cancer cells. Finally, we validated the tumor-inhibitory roles of ELF3 using animal models. In conclusion, ELF3 is a favorable prognostic marker for ovarian cancer. As a negative regulator of EMT, ELF3-modulated reversal of EMT may be a new effective modality in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Lun Yeung
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cecilia S Leung
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kwong-Kwok Wong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Joseph Kwong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - David M Gershenson
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samuel C Mok
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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De Gregoriis G, Ramos JA, Fernandes PV, Vignal GM, Brianese RC, Carraro DM, Monteiro AN, Struchiner CJ, Suarez-Kurtz G, Vianna-Jorge R, de Carvalho MA. DNA repair genes PAXIP1 and TP53BP1 expression is associated with breast cancer prognosis. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:439-449. [PMID: 28475402 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1323590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable advances in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, advanced or recurrent breast tumors have limited therapeutic approaches. Many treatment strategies try to explore the limitations of DNA damage response (DDR) in tumor cells to selectively eliminate them. BRCT (BRCA1 C-terminal) domains are present in a superfamily of proteins involved in cell cycle checkpoints and the DDR. Tandem BRCT domains (tBRCT) represent a distinct class of these domains. We investigated the expression profile of 7 tBRCT genes (BARD1, BRCA1, LIG4, ECT2, MDC1, PAXIP1/PTIP and TP53BP1) in breast cancer specimens and observed a high correlation between PAXIP1 and TP53BP1 gene expression in tumor samples. Tumors with worse prognosis (tumor grade 3 and triple negative) showed reduced expression of tBRCT genes, notably, PAXIP1 and TP53BP1. Survival analyses data indicated that tumor status of both genes may impact prognosis. PAXIP1 and 53BP1 protein levels followed gene expression results, i.e., are intrinsically correlated, and also reduced in more advanced tumors. Evaluation of both genes in triple negative breast tumor samples which were characterized for their BRCA1 status showed that PAXIP1 is overexpressed in BRCA1 mutant tumors. Taken together our findings indicate that PAXIP1 status correlates with breast cancer staging, in a manner similar to what has been characterized for TP53BP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana De Gregoriis
- a Programa de Pesquisa Clínica , Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | | | | | - Giselle Maria Vignal
- c Divisão de Patologia , Instituto Nacional de Câncer , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | | | - Dirce Maria Carraro
- d International Research Center, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Alvaro N Monteiro
- e Cancer Epidemiology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa , FL , USA
| | | | - Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz
- a Programa de Pesquisa Clínica , Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Rosane Vianna-Jorge
- a Programa de Pesquisa Clínica , Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil.,g Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alex de Carvalho
- a Programa de Pesquisa Clínica , Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil.,b Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
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8
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Li H, Lin Z, Bai Y, Chi X, Fu H, Sun R, Liu M, Liu X, Chen L, Shao S. Sinomenine inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth and metastasis by mediating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via targeting MCM2. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine (SIN), an isoquinoline isolated from the Chinese medicinal plantSinomenium acutum, is well known for its curative effect on rheumatic and arthritic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Zhikun Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yuxin Bai
- Department of Histology and Embryology
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Xinming Chi
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Hailu Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Meizi Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Liying Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Shujuan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
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9
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Lin L, Wang Z, Jin H, Shi H, Lu Z, Qi Z. MiR-212/132 is epigenetically downregulated by SOX4/EZH2-H3K27me3 feedback loop in ovarian cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5339-9. [PMID: 27812929 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both miR-212 and miR-132 are usually downregulated in ovarian cancer and act as tumor suppressors. However, the mechanism of their downregulation in ovarian cancer is not clear. In this study, we investigated the regulative effects of miR-212 and miR-132 on SOX4 expression in ovarian cancer cells and also studied whether there is a feedback regulation between miR-212/miR-132 and SOX4 via an epigenetic mechanism. The results showed that both EZH2 and SOX4 overexpressions significantly repressed miR-212 and miR-132 expressions in SKOV3 and OV2008 cells. Immunoprecipitation assay showed that there are interactions among SOX4, EZH2, and H3K27me3, and ChIP assay confirmed significant enrichment of EZH2 and H3K27me3 in the promoter region of miR-212/132. Both pri-miR-212 and pri-miR-132 expressions decreased after enforced EZH2 or SOX4 expression. Western blot and dual-luciferase assay confirmed that miR-212 and miR-132 can target the same sites in the 3'UTR of SOX4 mRNA and suppress its expression in ovarian cancer cells. MiR-132 or miR-212 overexpression or knockdown of endogenous SOX4 reduced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like properties. Therefore, we infer that the SOX4/EZH2 complex can silence miR-212 and miR-132 expressions via binding to the promoter region and promoting H3K27me3, while miR-212 and miR-132 can directly bind to the 3'UTR of SOX4 and suppress its expression. This forms a MiR-132/212-SOX4/EZH2-H3K27me3 feedback loop in ovarian cancer cells. Functionally, SOX4 is a downstream effector of miR-212/132 modulating EMT of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, China.
| | - Haihong Jin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, China
| | - Hongzhen Shi
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, China
| | - Zhihong Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, China
| | - Zhenqin Qi
- B-ultrasound Room, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, China
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10
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Synergistic Effect and Molecular Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Regulating Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1490738. [PMID: 27042656 PMCID: PMC4793102 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1490738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of tumor cells with the microenvironment is like a relationship between the “seeds” and “soil,” which is a hotspot in recent cancer research. Targeting at tumor microenvironment as well as tumor cells has become a new strategy for cancer treatment. Conventional cancer treatments mostly focused on single targets or single mechanism (the seeds or part of the soil); few researches intervened in the whole tumor microenvironment and achieved ideal therapeutic effect as expected. Traditional Chinese medicine displays a broad range of biological effects, and increasing evidence has shown that it may relate with synergistic effect on regulating tumor microenvironment and cancer cells. Based on literature review and our previous studies, we summarize the synergistic effect and the molecular mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine on regulating tumor microenvironment and cancer cells.
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