Influence of the 2000-m ergometer test on indirect markers of intestinal injury in competitive elite rowers in different training phases

BACKGROUND

We examined the effect of the 2000-m ergometer test on gut injury in competitive elite rowers in two different training phases. Given that inflammatory markers during the competitive phase are higher, we hypothesise that markers of intestinal injury are also more elevated during that phase.

METHODS

We performed this study during the preparatory phase (Test I) and competitive phase (Test II) of annual training. We included 10 competitive elite rowers, members of the Polish Rowing Team, in the study after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The participants performed a 2000-m ergometer test during both phases (Tests I and II). We collected blood samples before the test, immediately after the test and after 1 h of recovery. We measured the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and zonulin.

RESULTS

There were no significant changes over time in Test I and Test II in the gut integrity markers. There were significantly lower I-FABP and IL-6 levels after the test for Test II compared with Test I. The pre-test LPS level was significantly lower for Test II compared with Test I. The pre-test LBP and zonulin levels were numerically lower in Test II, but the differences were not significant.

CONCLUSIONS

The 2000-m ergometer test showed no influence on gut integrity markers. However, there were differences in the response to exercise between Tests I and II. The lower level of gut injury markers after extreme exercise tests carried out during the preparation period may be the result of adaptive mechanisms and could indicate that rationally conducted training significantly decreases intestinal injury.

Effects of Long-Term Supplementation of Bovine Colostrum on Iron Homeostasis, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Female Athletes: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Bovine colostrum supplementation has been suggested as a potential factor in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of six months of bovine colostrum supplement intake (3.2 g; four capsules/day) in highly trained female athletes on changes in oxidative stress level, inflammation, and iron metabolism biomarkers after intense exercise. In this study, 20 trained female athletes were recruited. Participants were divided into two groups: 11 in the bovine colostrum (6-month supplementation) and 9 in the placebo group (6-month placebo supplementation). All participants completed an intense exercise test at the beginning of the experiment and after six months post-treatment. Blood samples were taken before, following exercise, and after 3 h recovery. Compared to the placebo group, the colostrum group showed a significant decrease in TBARS level (p< 0.01) at all time points, whereas a marked increase was observed in IL-6 (p < 0.01; pre-exercise) and SOD activity (p < 0.01), and transferrin (p < 0.01; rest period) and lactoferrin (p < 0.05; post-exercise) levels. The results suggested that 6-months of bovine colostrum supplementation is beneficial in the reduction of the harmful effects produced by free radicals (ROS), oxidative stress, and inflammation. In consequence, alleviation of the inflammatory response by bovine colostrum supplementation may also cause positive action on iron homeostasis in female athletes.

Physical activity induced alterations of gut microbiota in humans: a systematic review

Background

Gut microbiota is considered to have a great impact on human health and disease. While it is widely recognized that the gut microbiota of healthy individuals differs from those with obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, and other chronic diseases, the alterations of gut microbiota with physical activity are not fully understood. Accordingly, we performed this systematic review to address the question regarding the effects of mild and intense exercise on the gut microbiota in humans.

Methods

The comparative analyses of gut microbiota were conducted following the PRISMA protocol to determine the differences in the active vs. non-active individuals (phenotypes) (n = 11), including the influence of physical activity intervention on the human gut microbiota (n = 13); the differences in the gut microbiota of athletes vs. non-athletes (n = 8); and the microbiota status at different stages of athletic performance or intervention (n = 7), with various of physical activities, sport disciplines, and activity duration. Literature searches were completed using four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO, and 2090 articles were retrieved by using appropriate keywords. The low heterogeneity of the studies hasn’t allowed us to prepare a meta-analysis. After excluding 2052 articles, we ultimately selected 38 articles that met the eligibility criteria for this review.

Results

The data analyses revealed that in non-athletes rising physical activity markedly influenced the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA). Aerobic training that lasted 60 min, and physical activity that characterized 60% HRmax or more also influenced beta diversity indexes. The results showed that athletes harbor a more diverse type of intestinal microflora than non-athletes, but with a relatively reduced abundance of SCFA- and lactic acid-producing bacteria, thereby suggesting an adverse effect of intense exercise on the population of gut microbiota.

Conclusion

It is concluded that the level of physical activity modulates the gastrointestinal microbiota in humans. For a long period, increasing the intensity and volume of exercise may lead to gut dysbiosis. Perhaps, proper supplementation should be considered to keep gut microbiota in large biodiversity and richness, especially under unfavorable gut conditions associated with intense exercise.

Trial registration

Prospero CRD42021264064.

Current challenges in targeting tumor desmoplasia to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy

Desmoplasia is crucial for the development, progression and treatment of immune-resistant malignancies. and treatment of immune-resistant malignancies. Targeting desmoplasia-related metabolic pathways appears to be an interesting approach to expand our stock of disposable anti-tumor agents.CXCL12/CXCR4 axis inhibition reduces fibrosis, alleviates immunosuppression and significantly enhances the efficacy of PD-1 immunotherapy. CD40L substitute therapy may increase the activity of T-cells, downregulate CD40+, prolong patients' survival and prevent cancer progression. Although FAPα antagonists used in preclinical models did not lead to permanent cure, an alleviation of immune-resistance, modification of desmoplasia and a decrease in angiogenesis were observed. Targeting DDR2 may enhance the effect of anti-PD-1 treatment in multiple neoplasm cell lines and has the ability to overcome the adaptation to BRAF-targeted therapy in melanoma. Reprogramming desmoplasia could potentially cooperate not only with present treatment, but also other potential therapeutic targets. We present the most promising metabolic pathways related to desmoplasia and discuss the emerging strategies to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Prognostic Significance of KIF11 and KIF14 Expression in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Simple Summary

Prognostic markers for survival stratification of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) are missing yet. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to assess the expression, clinical associations, and survival implications of KIF11 and KIF14 in PACs. In addition, the genes co-expressed with KIF11 or KIF14 were predicted and functionally annotated. Herein, we found that the expression patterns of KIF11 and KIF14 alter significantly in PACs, at both protein and mRNA levels, and this may be harnessed for patient prognosis. KIF11 and KIF14 could be defined as positive prognostic biomarkers based on the protein-based immunohistochemistry data, while they were associated with adverse prognosis based on the transcriptomic data. We also captured a five-gene prognostic signature and the biology associated with it. The findings of the present study suggest that KIF11 or KIF14 proteins, as well as a new five-gene panel, may serve as potentially useful prognostic biomarkers for PAC.

Abstract

Available biomarkers for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) are inadequate to guide individual patient prognosis or therapy. Therefore, herein we aimed to verify the hypothesis that differences in the expression of KIF11 and KIF14, i.e., molecular motor proteins being primarily implicated in cell division events could account for the differences in the clinical outcome of PAC patients. In-house immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the protein expressions of KIF11 and KIF14 in PAC, whereas RNA-seq datasets providing transcript expression data were obtained from public sources. IHC and mRNA results were correlated with clinicopathological features and overall survival (OS). Furthermore, the genes co-expressed with KIF11 or KIF14 were predicted and functionally annotated. In our series, malignant ducts displayed more intense but less abundant KIF11 staining than normal-appearing ducts. The former was also true for KIF14, whereas the prevalence of positive staining was similar in tumor and normal adjacent tissues. Based on categorical immunoreactive scores, we found KIF11 and KIF14 to be frequently downregulated or upregulated in PAC cases, respectively, and those with elevated levels of either protein, or both together, were associated with better prognosis. Specifically, we provide the first evidence that KIF11 or KIF14 proteins can robustly discriminate between patients with better and worse OS, independently of other relevant clinical risk factors. In turn, mRNA levels of KIF11 and KIF14 were markedly elevated in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues, and this coincided with adverse prognosis, even after adjusting for multiple confounders. Tumors with low predicted KIF11 or KIF14 expression were seen to have enrichment for circadian clock, whereas those with high levels were enriched for the genomic instability-related gene set. KIF11 and KIF14 were strongly correlated with one another, and CEP55, ASPM, and GAMT were identified as the main hub genes. Importantly, the combined expression of these five genes emerged as the most powerful independent prognostic indicator associated with poor survival outcome compared to classical clinicopathological factors and any marker alone. In conclusion, our study identifies novel prognostic biomarkers for PAC, which await validation.

Expression of the Body-Weight Signaling Players: GDF15, GFRAL and RET and their clinical relevance in Gastric Cancer

The existence, the functional role and clinical relevance of GDF15 and its signaling through a GFRAL/RET-dependent complex in gastric cancer (GC) and other human tumors remain to be elucidated, despite the widespread recognition of obesity as an important cancer-predisposing factor. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the expression levels of GDF15, GFRAL and RET in GC tissues in relation to each other and clinicopathological features, including patient survival, in order to establish a potential implication of the body-weight signaling pathway in the pathology and clinical outcome of GC. Protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing 104 and 30 consecutive GC and normal gastric mucosa samples, whereas gene expression data for The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort of 413 GC patients were obtained from public sources. We found that the protein expression of GDF15, GFRAL and RET was significantly elevated and positively correlated in our set of GC tissues, which was reflected in their tendency to be overexpressed in low-grade and intermediate-grade tumors rather than high-grade ones. No other relationships between the expression status of the examined proteins and clinicopathological characteristics of GC patients were found. Through in silico data analysis, we showed that high GDF15 expression was associated with better overall survival (OS) of GC patients, whereas the opposite was true for high levels of GFRAL or RET. Specifically, GFRAL and RET emerged as independent prognostic factors associated with poor OS. Furthermore, high combined expression of the three markers: GDF15+GFRAL+RET was significantly associated with reduced OS, and it was an independent prognostic factor of borderline significance in terms of OS, when adjusted for covariates. If validated in large-scale studies, the individual and combined expression of GDF15, GFRAL and RET may provide significant clinical implications for the prognosis prediction of GC patients.

The Impact of Professional Sports Activity on GH-IGF-I Axis in Relation to Testosterone Level

The study was designed to investigate whether sports-induced elevation of testosterone level impacts on the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I (GH-IGF-I) axis and body composition, especially skeletal muscle mass. The study included 12 male wrestlers aged 21.1 ± 1.7 years and 10 male nonathletes aged 21.1 ± 1.2 years. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements in the group of nonathlete men were carried out once, while for wrestlers they were carried out twice, that is, on the 1st and 14th days of the training camp.

The levels of resting free testosterone (fT), cortisol (C), and human growth hormone (hGH) were significantly higher in the athletes than in nonathletes. A 2-week sports training induced a significant reduction in fT, IGF-I, and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels and a rise in C level. Increased C level and reduced fT level in the athletes’ blood caused a rise in C/fT from the level of 39.95 ± 4.97 nmol/L to 59.73 ± 10.09 nmol/L (p < .05). A negative correlation was demonstrated between C/fT ratio and IGF-I level (r = −0.474, p < .05), which may indicate an inhibitory impact of high C level and low fT concentration on IGF-I release in response to sports training.

Sports activity induces significant changes in the C/fT ratio that can impact on the secretion of GH and IGF-I from the liver and finally on the fat-free body mass. The quantification of GH-IGF-I axis in relation to testosterone level could be a useful diagnostic tool in biochemical assessment of the regenerative ability of skeletal muscle or provide evidence of the early stages of muscle functional overload.

Does High Volume of Exercise Training Increase Aseptic Vascular Inflammation in Male Athletes?

Aseptic vascular inflammation can be caused by high levels of various inflammatory and apoptotic factors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), nitric oxide (NO), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-Nitro), and free and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) generated during intense exercise. Endothelial dysfunction resulting from enhanced inflammation has been implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of the study was to observe the effects of high volume of exercise training on inflammatory mediators and their interaction with conventional CVD risk factors.

Blood samples were collected from highly-trained men (n = 16, 21.8 ± 4.0 years) as well as from nonactive men (n = 20, 21.1 ± 1.1 years). NO concentration did not differ between groups while TNFα, 3-Nitro, oxLDL, and CRP levels were significantly higher in athletes compared to nonathletes. TNFα reached even 7-fold higher level in athletes and was highly correlated with CVD risk factor such as TG, lipoproteins LDL and HDL as well as CRP. Approximately 50% of physically active men demonstrated a 20% increase in non-HDL caused by high levels of TC and LDL.

These findings suggest that athletes with a high exercise volume demonstrate increased levels of circulating biomarkers of vascular inflammation and may be more likely to have CVD.

The impact of TP53BP1 and MLH1 on metastatic capability in cases of locally advanced prostate cancer and their usefulness in clinical practice

BACKGROUND

Lymph node (LN) metastases increase the risk of death from prostate cancer (CaP). The dysfunction of factors responsible for DNA injury detection may promote the evolution of localized primary tumors into the metastatic form.

METHODS

In this study, 52 cases of CaP were analyzed. The cases were divided into groups of CaP without metastases (N0), with metastases to the LNs (N+), and metastatic LN tissue. Immunohistochemical examinations were performed with antibodies against MDC1, TP53BP1, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2.

RESULTS

Statistical analysis showed lower nuclear expression of TP53BP1 in N+ cases than in N0 cases (P = 0.026). Nuclear TP53BP1 expression was lower in LN cases than in N+ cases (P = 0.019). Statistical analysis showed lower nuclear expression of MLH1 in N+ cases than in to N0 cases (P = 0.003).

CONCLUSION

Decreased expression of both MLH1 and TP53B1 were demonstrated in N+ cases of CaP. This observation could help to determine the risk of nodal metastasis, and to select appropriate treatment modalities for patients with locally advanced CaP.

The effect of intermittent hypoxic exposure on erythropoietic response and hematological variables in elite athletes

This study aimed to evaluate the changes in the erythropoietin level and hematological variables in wrestlers after intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE). Twelve wrestlers were assigned into two groups: hypoxia (sports training combined with IHE, n=6) and control (sports training, n=6). An IHE was performed for 10 days, with one day off after 6 days, once a day for about an hour. The concentrations of hydrogen peroxide ( H(2)O(2) ), nitric oxide (NO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO), as well as total creatine kinase activity (CK) were measured. Also, the hematological markers (Hb - hemoglobin, Ht - hematocrit, RBC - red blood cell, WBC - white blood cell, Ret - reticulocytes) were analyzed. The 6-day IHE caused an increase in the levels of H(2)O(2), NO and VEGF. Similarly, the EPO level and WBC count reached the highest value after 6 days of IHE. The total Ret number increase constantly during 10 days of IHE. The hypoxia group showed a higher CK activity compared to the control. In conclusion, 10-day IHE in combination with wrestling training elevates levels of H(2)O(2), NO and VEGF, and improves the oxygen transport capacity by the release of EPO and Ret in circulation.

Diagnostic difficulties in cases of papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential, urothelial proliferation of uncertain malignant potential, urothelial dysplasia and urothelial papilloma: A review of current literature

Tumours of the urinary tract are the fifth most frequent type of cancer. The most common types are urothelial tumours, among which, non-invasive urothelial neoplasms represent 45% of all cases. The 2016 WHO classification of urinary tract tumours introduced new classifications of non-invasive lesions. Besides urothelial papilloma (UP) and papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP), as described in the former classification, the new classification also includes new entities such as urothelial proliferation of uncertain malignant potential (UPUMP) and urothelial dysplasia (UD). Of the aforementioned, UPUMP is the lesion that most commonly progresses, but solely to non-invasive carcinomas. UD is associated with a high risk of progression to invasive carcinoma. Understanding the biological character, and establishing the correct differential diagnosis in cases of non-invasive, non-cancerous lesions of the urinary bladder, will be of importance in establishing outcome predictions for future patients. A systematic review of the current literature allows us to systematize genetic, morphologic and prognostic factors of such lesions. Moreover, the collected data provide the basis for a proposed diagnostic algorithm which facilitates quick and effective differential diagnoses in cases of non-invasive non-cancerous urinary bladder lesions.

INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND NEUROPEPTIDES CHARACTERISTIC OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE AND THEIR RESPONSE TO VISUALIZATION AND SUGGESTION BASED MIND-BODY THERAPY

Progress in elucidating neuroimmune connections has created new opportunities for improving the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In recent years, mind-body therapies have been shown to have positive effects on the immune and nervous systems, but interactions at the molecular level have not been tested. Thus, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of therapy based on visualization and suggestion on the concentrations of IL-6, CRP, DA, BDNF, CoQ10, and TAC in patients with advanced PD. Eight patients with PD and 8 elderly healthy men (control group) were enrolled in the study. The therapy lasted 19 days and consisted of three parts: individual sessions with the therapist, mixed (therapist and audio-file), and self-training (audio-file). Blood samples were taken before training and at the end of each part. The expected changes in the investigated markers was observed during therapy: the serum concentration of IL-6 and CRP decreased, whereas DA and BDNF increased, however, this change was observed only after the first part of intervention when the therapy was conducted by the therapist. In the subsequent stages, the levels returned to the baseline. Noteworthy, after the therapy, we observed a significant increase in the motor and intellectual skills of the PD patients. No such changes were observed in the control group. Mind-body therapy based on visualization and suggestions aimed at changing the concentrations of signaling molecules, which are crucial in the development or treatment of PD, may be an effective element in supporting pharmacological therapy.

Do high blood hepcidin concentrations contribute to low ferritin levels in young tennis players at the end of tournament season?

The purpose of the present study was to verify whether impaired iron metabolism in young athletes is a consequence of an excessive workload during the tournament season. Low levels of ferritin (under 25 µg·L(-1)) have been frequently observed in young tennis players. We considered this finding to be related to the high-intensity workload or to insufficient rest, which both trigger a strong immune response. Groups of male, well-trained young tennis players (16 ± 0.9 years old, average of 10-year training experience) and a control peer group participated in this study. The research consisted of two examination sessions (March and September 2010). Blood samples were collected to determine haematological and immunological parameters. Additionally, body composition and physical capacity were assessed. In both periods of the study, the trained groups were characterised by low levels of ferritin, but also elevated levels of pro- inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Moreover, an inverse correlation between IL-1β and blood ferritin was observed. Additionally, an increased concentration of the iron homeostasis regulator hepcidin was found in blood samples (mean 71 ng·ml(-1); range from 48 to 100 ng·ml(-1)). We concluded that the pro- inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, most likely induced by an extensive workload during the tournament season, was responsible for the low level of ferritin in young, professional athletes. Key PointsThe first research demonstrating low grade inflammation-induced iron deficiency to be associated with elevated blood hepcidin levels in young tennis athletes.Evaluation of immunological response after the complete tournament season in young male tennis players.Conclusion to introduce the assessment of hepcidin to monitor trainings as well as symptoms of overreaching more effectively.Research providing practical information for coaches that changes in diet and modifications in workloads applied in physical training could be more effective than iron supplementation in iron deficient athletes.

Exercise training-induced changes in inflammatory mediators and heat shock proteins in young tennis players

Heat shock proteins (Hsp) represent proteins' groups, whose protective function, may be induced by heat, reactive oxygen species, cytokines etc. We evaluated blood levels of Hsp27 and Hsp70, and their relation to skeletal muscle damage and inflammation in young tennis players before and after the conditioning camp. Blood samples were collected directly after tournament season, 3-day rest and 14-day conditioning camp that followed. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) demonstrated the highest concentration directly after tournament season, which significantly decreased at camp's end. The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα decreased, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 increased after 3d rest and 14d camp. Hsp27 increased after 3d rest and remained so after 14d camp, while Hsp70 decreased from baseline to camp's completion. Hsp27 and Hsp70 correlated significantly with H2O2, IL-1β and TNFα. Muscle damage, observed as creatine kinase (CK) activity changes, increased after 14d camp similarly to Hsp27 and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10. Obtained data allows to conclude that decrease of Hsp27 and increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines could be a good indicator of overreaching. Reverse tendencies in these proteins may verify accuracy of conditioning camp. Finally, this training program caused an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokines concentrations, improving individual status of recovery. Key PointsThe study demonstrating low grade inflammation-induced by the tournament season in young tennis player.Three days of active rest stimulated the anti-inflammatory response via rise of Hsp27 and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.Observed decrease of blood Hsp70 may support mental recovery.Thirteen-day appropriate training program led to maintaining an immunological response balance.

Cytokines and cellular inflammatory sequence in non-athletes after prolonged exercise

AIM

The goal of the study was to clarify the sequence of cytokines and inflammatory cells in non-athletes performed an intense running exercise.

METHODS

Sixteen young healthy men participated in the exercise trial that involved 90-min run at 65% VO2max.

RESULTS

The plasma concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 increased immediately after exercise simultaneously with number of white blood cells. Between IL-6 and IL-10, and neutrophils the relationships were observed. The correlation value for IL-6 and neutrophils was 0.775 whereas for IL-10 and neutrophils was 0.506. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα were detected at 6 h after exercise and moderately correlated with monocytes count. The high level of proinflammatory cytokines, monocytes and creatine kinase (CK) remained until 48 h rest. The CK activity significantly correlated with IL-1β (r=0.578) and TNFα (r=0.452), and also with monocytes count (r=0.439).

CONCLUSION

The results have shown that: 1) exercise induces anti-inflammatory cytokines production first and then proinflammatory cytokines; and 2) prolonged proinflammatory response is closely related with muscle damage present.

Cell and molecular mechanisms of regeneration and reorganization of skeletal muscles

The process of skeletal muscle regeneration comprises four phases: degeneration, inflammatory and immune response, regeneration and remodelling, which are regulated by a number of molecules secreted, by muscle cells and immune, epithelial, interstitial and other cells present in skeletal tissue. The molecules include cytokines, growth factors, erythropoietin, enzymes, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Some of them are potent stimulators of the proliferation and growth of muscle cells while others may inhibit these processes. For several years, cytokines and growth factors have been used in regenerative medicine in the form of platelet concentrate or recombinant preparations. There have also been attempts to use muscle cells and muscle-derived stem cell (MDSC) cultures, which contain satellite glial cells, mesoanglioblasts and pericytes, as well as cultures of isolated satellite glial cells or myoblasts. The aim of the paper is to present current knowledge concerning the molecular and cellular mechanisms of regeneration and remodelling of skeletal muscles, the role of cytokines and growth factors in the proliferation of satellite glial cells and the possibilities of therapeutic use of stem cells of different origin for stimulating regeneration of damaged muscle fibres.

Changes of muscle-derived cytokines in relation to thiol redox status and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

The aim of this study was to compare the levels of the plasma muscle-derived cytokines (myokines) and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) after muscle damage triggered by different exercises, and to demonstrate the relationships between RONS, thiol redox status and myokines. Sixteen young men participated in a 90-min run at 65% VO2max (Ex.1) or 90-min run at 65% VO2max finished with a 15-min eccentric phase (Ex.2, downhill running). Plasma samples were collected before and at 20 min, 24 h and 48 h after exercise. The exercise trials significantly elevated the concentrations of plasma hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 8-isoprostane at 20 min rest. Myokines IL-6 and IL-10 increased at 20 min rest while IL-1β and TNFα increased at 24 h rest following both running. Ex.2 caused a significant increase in nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, IL-10 and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. Thiol redox status (GSH(total)-2GSSG/GSSG) decreased by about 30% after Ex.2 as compared to Ex.1. H2O2) and NO directly correlated with IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TNFα and glutathione. These results show that eccentric work is an important factor that enhances the production of RONS and muscle-derived cytokines, and that there is a possible participation of thiol redox status in the release of myokines to blood.