1
|
Pang Y, Lu T, Xu-Monette ZY, Young KH. Metabolic Reprogramming and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065493. [PMID: 36982568 PMCID: PMC10052731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases that often require their metabolism program to fulfill the demand of cell proliferation. Features of metabolism in lymphoma cells include high glucose uptake, deregulated expression of enzymes related to glycolysis, dual capacity for glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, elevated glutamine metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis. These aberrant metabolic changes lead to tumorigenesis, disease progression, and resistance to lymphoma chemotherapy. This metabolic reprogramming, including glucose, nucleic acid, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism, is a dynamic process caused not only by genetic and epigenetic changes, but also by changes in the microenvironment affected by viral infections. Notably, some critical metabolic enzymes and metabolites may play vital roles in lymphomagenesis and progression. Recent studies have uncovered that metabolic pathways might have clinical impacts on the diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of lymphoma subtypes. However, determining the clinical relevance of biomarkers and therapeutic targets related to lymphoma metabolism is still challenging. In this review, we systematically summarize current studies on metabolism reprogramming in lymphoma, and we mainly focus on disorders of glucose, amino acids, and lipid metabolisms, as well as dysregulation of molecules in metabolic pathways, oncometabolites, and potential metabolic biomarkers. We then discuss strategies directly or indirectly for those potential therapeutic targets. Finally, we prospect the future directions of lymphoma treatment on metabolic reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Pang
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Hematology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tingxun Lu
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zijun Y. Xu-Monette
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ken H. Young
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-668-7568; Fax: +1-919-684-1856
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Z, Wang S, Guo W, Zhang D, Yu H, Song W, Tang Z, Bai O. Cisplatin Loaded Poly(L-glutamic acid)-g-Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol Complex Nanoparticles Combined with Gemcitabine Presents Improved Safety and Lasting Anti-Tumor Efficacy in a Murine Xenograft Model of Human Aggressive B Cell Lymphoma. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:652-661. [PMID: 35057891 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is a highly effective anti-tumor drug with a broad spectrum of activity. However, the clinical efficacy of CDDP-containing regimens is yet unsatisfactory due to the severe dose-related toxicity of CDDP. In a previous study, CDDP nanoparticles (L-CDDP) forms a complex
as CDDP with poly(L-glutamic acid)-g-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) with improved safety compared to CDDP. Herein, a murine xenograft model of human aggressive B cell lymphoma (BCL) was established to explore anti-lymphoma efficiency of L-CDDP combined with GEM. BJAB cells represent an aggressive
BCL, which were utilized to explore the anti-proliferative effect, cell apoptosis via CCK-8 test and flow cytometry technology, respectively. Toxicity experiment and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) test were conducted in Kunming mice. Tumor inhibition experiment was conducted at the dose
of MTD in SCID beige mice-bearing lymphoma. In this study, the loading capacity and encapsulating efficiency of CDDP in the L-CDDP was 18.3% and 89.7%, respectively, and the hydrodynamic diameter of the prepared L-CDDP was 20.6 nm. The CCK-8 data indicated that the anti-proliferative activity
of monodrug groups (GEM, CDDP, L-CDDP) was dose- and time-dependent in BJAB cells. The synergistic effects in anti-lymphoma were detected in these two groups (GEM+CDDP, GEM + L-CDDP). Compared to control group, the proportion of apoptotic cells in experimental groups in BJAB cells was significantly
higher at 48 h. Toxicity assays revealed that GEM + L-CDDP regimen had low hematological toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Tumor inhibition experiment demonstrated that GEM + L-CDDP group exhibited significant tumor-suppressing effects. Moreover, tumors continued to shrink in GEM
+ L-CDDP group, while these appeared to grow in the GEM + CDDP group. Finally, tumor necrosis was most prominent in the GEM + CDDP and GEM + L-CDDP groups, as assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. In conclusion, compared to CDDP, L-CDDP combined with GEM seriously induces BJAB cell apoptosis.
Also, GEM + L-CDDP exhibits low hematotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Importantly, GEM + L-CDDP presents lasting anti-lymphoma efficacy in a SCID beige mice-bearing lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihe Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shunan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wantong Song
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hegedűs L, Rittler D, Garay T, Stockhammer P, Kovács I, Döme B, Theurer S, Hager T, Herold T, Kalbourtzis S, Bankfalvi A, Schmid KW, Führer D, Aigner C, Hegedűs B. HDAC Inhibition Induces PD-L1 Expression in a Novel Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cell Line. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2523-2535. [PMID: 32591993 PMCID: PMC7471186 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has largely favorable prognosis, anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but extremely aggressive malignancy with grim clinical outcome. Even though new therapeutic options are emerging for ATC, additional preclinical models and novel combinations are needed for specific subsets of patients. We established a novel cell line (PF49) from the malignant pleural effusion of a 68-year-old male patient with ATC that rapidly transformed from a BRAF and TERT promoter mutant PTC. PF49 cells demonstrated a robust migratory activity in vitro and strong invasive capacity in vivo in a pleural carcinosis model. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition decreased the proliferation and migration of PF49 cells, however could not induce cell death. Importantly, HDAC inhibitor treatment with SAHA or valproic acid induced cell cycle arrest and strongly increased PD-L1 expression of the tumor cells. Induction of PD-L1 expression was also present when paclitaxel-cisplatin chemotherapeutic treatment was combined with HDAC inhibitor treatment. Increased PD-L1 expression after HDAC inhibition was recapitulated in an international ATC cell model. Our data suggest that HDAC inhibition alone or in combination with standard chemotherapy may potentiate anaplastic thyroid cancer cells for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Hegedűs
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dominika Rittler
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Garay
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paul Stockhammer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ildikó Kovács
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Döme
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University-National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sarah Theurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hager
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Herold
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stavros Kalbourtzis
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kurt W Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Clemens Aigner
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Balázs Hegedűs
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. .,2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stockhammer P, Ho CSL, Hegedus L, Lotz G, Molnár E, Bankfalvi A, Herold T, Kalbourtzis S, Ploenes T, Eberhardt WEE, Schuler M, Aigner C, Schramm A, Hegedus B. HDAC inhibition synergizes with ALK inhibitors to overcome resistance in a novel ALK mutated lung adenocarcinoma model. Lung Cancer 2020; 144:20-29. [PMID: 32353632 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Somatic chromosomal rearrangements resulting in ALK fusion oncogenes are observed in 3-7 % of lung adenocarcinomas. ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALKi) induce initially response, however, various resistance mechanisms limit their efficacy. Novel therapeutic approaches are of utmost importance to tailor these targeted therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A synchronous ALK-rearranged and mutated lung cancer cell line pair was established from malignant pleural effusion (PF240-PE) and carcinosis (PF240-PC) at time of ALKi resistance. Immunohistochemistry, FISH and sequencing were performed in pre- and post-treatment tumors and in both cell lines. Differentiation markers were measured by immunoblot. Viability was tested following treatment with ALKi and/or a pan-HDAC inhibitor. Additionally, a novel treatment-naïve ALK-rearranged cell line served as control. In vivo tumorigenicity was evaluated in subcutaneous xenografts. RESULTS Two distinct resistance mutations were identified in different carcinosis tissues at time of resistance, the previously described resistance mutation L1152R and the hitherto uncharacterized E1161K. Strikingly, PF240-PC cells carried E1161K and PF240-PE cells harbored L1152R. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblot identified epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers upregulated following ALKi resistance development both in carcinosis tissues and cell lines. While both lines grew as xenografts, they differed in morphology, migration, in vivo growth and sensitivity to ALKi in vitro. Strikingly, the combination of ALKi with SAHA yielded strong synergism. CONCLUSION Using a patient-derived ALKi resistant lung cancer model we demonstrated the synergism of HDAC and ALK inhibition. Furthermore, our findings provide strong evidence for intratumoral heterogeneity under targeted therapy and highlight the importance of site-specific mutational analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Stockhammer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cassandra Su Lyn Ho
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Luca Hegedus
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gabor Lotz
- 2(nd)Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Molnár
- 2(nd)Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Herold
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stavros Kalbourtzis
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Till Ploenes
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wilfried E E Eberhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Schuler
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Clemens Aigner
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Balazs Hegedus
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chattopadhyay SK, Ghosh S, Sarkar S, Bhadra K. α,ß-Didehydrosuberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (DDSAHA) as precursor and possible analogue of the anticancer drug SAHA. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2524-2533. [PMID: 31728166 PMCID: PMC6839567 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An alternate synthetic route to the important anticancer drug suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) from its α,ß-didehydro derivative is described. The didehydro derivative is obtained through a cross metathesis reaction between a suitable terminal alkene and N-benzyloxyacrylamide. Some of the didehydro derivatives of SAHA were preliminarily evaluated for anticancer activity towards HeLa cells. The administration of the analogues caused a significant decrease in the proliferation of HeLa cells. Furthermore, one of the analogues showed a maximum cytotoxicity with a minimum GI50 value of 2.5 µg/mL and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as some apoptotic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhankar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sarita Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Kakali Bhadra
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Seto AG, Beatty X, Lynch JM, Hermreck M, Tetzlaff M, Duvic M, Jackson AL. Cobomarsen, an oligonucleotide inhibitor of miR-155, co-ordinately regulates multiple survival pathways to reduce cellular proliferation and survival in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2018; 183:428-444. [PMID: 30125933 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
miR-155, a microRNA associated with poor prognosis in lymphoma and leukaemia, has been implicated in the progression of mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). In this study, we developed and tested cobomarsen (MRG-106), a locked nucleic acid-modified oligonucleotide inhibitor of miR-155. In MF and human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1+) CTCL cell lines in vitro, inhibition of miR-155 with cobomarsen de-repressed direct miR-155 targets, decreased expression of multiple gene pathways associated with cell survival, reduced survival signalling, decreased cell proliferation and activated apoptosis. We identified a set of genes that are significantly regulated by cobomarsen, including direct and downstream targets of miR-155. Using clinical biopsies from MF patients, we demonstrated that expression of these pharmacodynamic biomarkers is dysregulated in MF and associated with miR-155 expression level and MF lesion severity. Further, we demonstrated that miR-155 simultaneously regulates multiple parallel survival pathways (including JAK/STAT, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT) previously associated with the pathogenesis of MF, and that these survival pathways are inhibited by cobomarsen in vitro. A first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial of cobomarsen in patients with CTCL is currently underway, in which the panel of proposed biomarkers will be leveraged to assess pharmacodynamic response to cobomarsen therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuan Beatty
- miRagen Therapeutics, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Tetzlaff
- Section of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Translational and Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Madeleine Duvic
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jing B, Jin J, Xiang R, Liu M, Yang L, Tong Y, Xiao X, Lei H, Liu W, Xu H, Deng J, Zhou L, Wu Y. Vorinostat and quinacrine have synergistic effects in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia through reactive oxygen species increase and mitophagy inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:589. [PMID: 29789603 PMCID: PMC5964102 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent progress in the treatment, the outcome of adult acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is poor. Development of novel approach to combat this disease is urgently required. Vorinostat, a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, exerts promising anticancer activity in a variety of solid and hematologic malignancies. However, the efficacy of vorinostat monotherapy is unsatisfactory. Here, we show that quinacrine (QC), an anti-malaria drug with potent autophagy inhibitory activity, could synergistically enhance vorinostat-induced cell death at a non-toxic concentration. Compared to the single treatment, QC plus vorinostat significantly induced apoptosis, disrupted the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and decreased Mcl-1 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Interestingly, the application of QC plus vorinostat resulted in mitophagy blockade, as reflected by the increase in the K63-linked ubiquitination of mitochondria protein and the formation of mitochondrial aggresomes. QC plus vorinostat markedly increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in cells. Moreover, the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) abrogated QC plus vorinostat-induced ROS, decreased the ubiquitination of mitochondria proteins, and cell death. Finally, using a xenograft mouse model, we demonstrated that QC plus vorinostat significantly reduced cell proliferation and induced cell death in vivo. Taken together, our results showed that the combination of QC with vorinostat may represent a novel regimen for the treatment of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which deserves clinical evaluation in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jing
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Rufang Xiang
- Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Tong
- Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanzhang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhu S, Chen Z, Wang L, Peng D, Belkhiri A, Lockhart AC, El-Rifai W. A Combination of SAHA and Quinacrine Is Effective in Inducing Cancer Cell Death in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1905-1916. [PMID: 29386219 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of single agent and the combination of quinacrine and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in wt- and mut-p53 upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGC) cell models.Experimental Design: ATP-Glo, clonogenic cell survival, Annexin V, comet, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), qPCR, and Western blot analysis assays were utilized.Results: Using clonogenic cell survival, ATP-Glo cell viability, Annexin V, and sub-G0 population analysis, we demonstrated that a combination of quinacrine and SAHA significantly decreased colony formation and increased cancer cell death (range, 4-20 fold) in six UGC cell models, as compared with single-agent treatments, irrespective of the p53 status (P < 0.01). The combination of quinacrine and SAHA induced high levels of DSB DNA damage (>20-fold, P < 0.01). Western blot analysis showed activation of caspases-3, 9, and γ-H2AX in all cell models. Of note, although quinacrine treatment induced expression of wt-p53 protein, the combination of quinacrine and SAHA substantially decreased the levels of both wt-P53 and mut-P53. Furthermore, cell models that were resistant to cisplatin (CDDP) or gefitinib treatments were sensitive to this combination. Tumor xenograft data confirmed that a combination of quinacrine and SAHA is more effective than a single-agent treatment in abrogating tumor growth in vivo (P < 0.01).Conclusions: Our novel findings show that the combination of quinacrine and SAHA promotes DNA damage and is effective in inducing cancer cell death, irrespective of p53 status and resistance to CDDP or gefitinib in UGC models. Clin Cancer Res; 24(8); 1905-16. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoumin Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dunfa Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Abbes Belkhiri
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - A Craig Lockhart
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tanaka N, Patel AA, Tang L, Silver NL, Lindemann A, Takahashi H, Jaksik R, Rao X, Kalu NN, Chen TC, Wang J, Frederick MJ, Johnson F, Gleber-Netto FO, Fu S, Kimmel M, Wang J, Hittelman WN, Pickering CR, Myers JN, Osman AA. Replication Stress Leading to Apoptosis within the S-phase Contributes to Synergism between Vorinostat and AZD1775 in HNSCC Harboring High-Risk TP53 Mutation. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6541-6554. [PMID: 28790110 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The cure rate for patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains poor due to resistance to standard therapy primarily consisting of chemoradiation. As mutation of TP53 in HNSCC occurs in 60% to 80% of non-HPV-associated cases and is in turn associated with resistance to these treatments, more effective therapies are needed. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a regimen combining vorinostat and AZD1775 in HNSCC cells with a variety of p53 mutations.Experimental Design: Clonogenic survival assays and an orthotopic mouse model of oral cancer were used to examine the in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of high-risk mutant p53 HNSCC cell lines to vorinostat in combination with AZD1775. Cell cycle, replication stress, homologous recombination (HR), live cell imaging, RNA sequencing, and apoptosis analyses were performed to dissect molecular mechanisms.Results: We found that vorinostat synergizes with AZD1775 in vitro to inhibit growth of HNSCC cells harboring high-risk mutp53. These drugs interact synergistically to induce DNA damage, replication stress associated with impaired Rad51-mediated HR through activation of CDK1, and inhibition of Chk1 phosphorylation, culminating in an early apoptotic cell death during the S-phase of the cell cycle. The combination of vorinostat and AZD1775 inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model of oral cancer and prolongs animal survival.Conclusions: Vorinostat synergizes with AZD1775 in HNSCC cells with mutant p53 in vitro and in vivo A strategy combining HDAC and WEE1 inhibition deserves further clinical investigation in patients with advanced HNSCC. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6541-54. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Tanaka
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ameeta A Patel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Natalie L Silver
- Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Antje Lindemann
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hideaki Takahashi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Roman Jaksik
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiayu Rao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nene N Kalu
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tseng-Cheng Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiping Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mitchell J Frederick
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Faye Johnson
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Frederico O Gleber-Netto
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Siqing Fu
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Marek Kimmel
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Walter N Hittelman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, Texas
| | - Curtis R Pickering
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Abdullah A Osman
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang C, Yang C, Feldman MJ, Wang H, Pang Y, Maggio DM, Zhu D, Nesvick CL, Dmitriev P, Bullova P, Chittiboina P, Brady RO, Pacak K, Zhuang Z. Vorinostat suppresses hypoxia signaling by modulating nuclear translocation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56110-56125. [PMID: 28915577 PMCID: PMC5593548 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are a potent class of tumor-suppressive agents traditionally believed to exert their effects through loosening tightly-wound chromatin resulting in de-inhibition of various tumor suppressive genes. Recent literature however has shown altered intratumoral hypoxia signaling with HDACi administration not attributable to changes in chromatin structure. We sought to determine the precise mechanism of HDACi-mediated hypoxia signaling attenuation using vorinostat (SAHA), an FDA-approved class I/IIb/IV HDACi. Through an in-vitro and in-vivo approach utilizing cell lines for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), osteosarcoma (OS), and glioblastoma (GBM), we demonstrate that SAHA potently inhibits HIF-a nuclear translocation via direct acetylation of its associated chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). In the presence of SAHA we found elevated levels of acetyl-Hsp90, decreased interaction between acetyl-Hsp90 and HIF-a, decreased nuclear/cytoplasmic HIF-α expression, absent HIF-α association with its nuclear karyopharyin Importin, and markedly decreased HIF-a transcriptional activity. These changes were associated with downregulation of downstream hypoxia molecules such as endothelin 1, erythropoietin, glucose transporter 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Findings were replicated in an in-vivo Hep3B HRE-Luc expressing xenograft, and were associated with significant decreases in xenograft tumor size. Altogether, this study highlights a novel mechanism of action of an important class of chemotherapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Feldman
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Herui Wang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Pang
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dominic M Maggio
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dongwang Zhu
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cody L Nesvick
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pauline Dmitriev
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Petra Bullova
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Prashant Chittiboina
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roscoe O Brady
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karel Pacak
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pan CH, Chang YF, Lee MS, Wen BC, Ko JC, Liang SK, Liang MC. Vorinostat enhances the cisplatin-mediated anticancer effects in small cell lung cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:857. [PMID: 27821078 PMCID: PMC5100277 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, is a promising agent for cancer therapy. Combining vorinostat with cisplatin may relax the chromatin structure and facilitate the accessibility of cisplatin, thus enhancing its cytotoxicity. Studies have not yet investigated the effects of the combination of vorinostat and cisplatin on small cell lung cancer (SCLC). METHODS We first assessed the efficacy of vorinostat with etoposide/cisplatin (EP; triple combination) and then investigated the effects of cotreatment with vorinostat and cisplatin on H209 and H146 SCLC cell lines. The anticancer effects of various combinations were determined in terms of cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, and vorinostat-regulated proteins. We also evaluated the efficacy of vorinostat/cisplatin combination in H209 xenograft nude mice. RESULTS Our data revealed that the triple combination engendered a significant reduction of cell viability and high apoptotic cell death. In addition, vorinostat combined with cisplatin enhanced cell growth inhibition, induced apoptosis, and promoted cell cycle arrest. We observed that the acetylation levels of histone H3 and α-tubulin were higher in combination treatments than in vorinostat treatment alone. Moreover, vorinostat reduced the expression of thymidylate synthase (TS), and TS remained inhibited after cotreament with cisplatin. Furthermore, an in vivo study revealed that the combination of vorinostat and cisplatin significantly inhibited tumor growth in xenograft nude mice (tumor growth inhibition T/C% = 20.5 %). CONCLUSIONS Combined treatments with vorinostat promote the cytotoxicity of cisplatin and induce the expression of vorinostat-regulated acetyl proteins, eventually enhancing antitumor effects in SCLC cell lines. Triple combinations with a low dosage of cisplatin demonstrate similar therapeutic effects. Such triple combinations, if applied clinically, may reduce the undesired adverse effects of cisplatin. The effects of the combination of vorinostat and cisplatin should be evaluated further before conducting clinical trials for SCLC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Pan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fang Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shuo Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - B-Chen Wen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chung Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, No. 25, Lane 442, Section 1, Jingguo Road, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kai Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, No. 25, Lane 442, Section 1, Jingguo Road, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chih Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tang FB, Zhang WH, Li YM, Hu S, Bai XD. Effect of sodium butyrate on small intestinal injury following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:851-857. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i6.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of sodium butyrate (BTR) on small intestinal injury following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.
METHODS: An intestinal I/R model was developed by superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion. Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: a sham group, an intestinal I/R 1 h (I/R1) group, an intestinal I/R 4 h (I/R4) group, an I/R + BTR 1 h (BTR1) group, and an I/R + BTR 4 h (BTR4) group. After induction of intestinal I/R, BTR (400 mg/kg) or normal saline was subcutaneously injected respectively. At 1 h and 4 h after I/R, intestinal mucosal blood flow (IMBF) was measured by Doppler ultrasound, and blood samples were taken for measurement of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity. The samples of intestinal tissues were harvested for measurement of microvascular permeability, tissue water content, and levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The pathological changes of intestinal tissues were also observed.
RESULTS: Plasma levels of TNF-α and DAO, tissue water content, microvascular permeability, and the intestinal levels of VEGF, MPO, and MDA were significantly elevated and IMBF reduced in the I/R1 and I/R4 groups compared with the sham group. The levels of above parameters were significantly reversed in the BTR1 and BTR4 groups compared with the I/R1 and I/R4 groups after I/R injury.
CONCLUSION: Sodium butyrate inhabits increased inflammatory mediators and high microvascular permeability and protects against I/R induced gut injury in rats.
Collapse
|
13
|
Librizzi M, Chiarelli R, Bosco L, Sansook S, Gascon JM, Spencer J, Caradonna F, Luparello C. The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor JAHA Down-Regulates pERK and Global DNA Methylation in MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells. MATERIALS 2015; 8:7041-7047. [PMID: 28793617 PMCID: PMC5455366 DOI: 10.3390/ma8105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The histone deacetylase inhibitor N1-(ferrocenyl)-N8-hydroxyoctanediamide (JAHA) down-regulates extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and its activated form in triple-negative MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells after 18 h and up to 30 h of treatment, and to a lesser extent AKT and phospho-AKT after 30 h and up to 48 h of treatment. Also, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), 3b and, to a lesser extent, 3a, downstream ERK targets, were down-regulated already at 18 h with an increase up to 48 h of exposure. Methylation-sensitive restriction arbitrarily-primed (MeSAP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis confirmed the ability of JAHA to induce genome-wide DNA hypomethylation at 48 h of exposure. Collective data suggest that JAHA, by down-regulating phospho-ERK, impairs DNMT1 and 3b expression and ultimately DNA methylation extent, which may be related to its cytotoxic effect on this cancer cytotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Librizzi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Edificio 16, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Roberto Chiarelli
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Edificio 16, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Liana Bosco
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Edificio 16, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Jose M Gascon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Fabio Caradonna
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Edificio 16, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Claudio Luparello
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Edificio 16, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|