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Bibi S, Irshad M, Ullah F, Mahmood Q, Shahzad M, Tariq MAUR, Hussain Z, Mohiuddin M, An P, Ng AWM, Abbasi A, Hina A, Gonzalez NCT. Phosphorus extractability in relation to soil properties in different fields of fruit orchards under similar ecological conditions of Pakistan. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1077270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Productivity of an orchard generally depends upon the fertility of the soil and the nutrient requirements of the fruit trees. Phosphorus (P) extractability from soils influences the P sorption, release patterns, and P bioavailability. A study was carried out to investigate P extractability via seven extraction methods in relation to soil properties in three fruit orchards. In total, 10 soil samples were collected from each fruit orchard, namely, citrus (Citrus sinensis L.), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica L.), and guava (Psidium guajava L.), located in similar ecological conditions to the Haripur district of Pakistan. Available P in the soil was extracted using deionized H2O, CaCl2, Mehlich 1, Bray 1, Olsen, HCl, and DTPA methods. Selected soil properties [pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM)], texture, cation exchange capacity (CEC), macronutrients, and micronutrients were also determined. Soils sampled from orchards indicated significant differences in soil properties. Orchards have sequestered more amount of C stock in soil than without an orchard. The extractability of P from soils was profoundly affected by P extraction methods. The average amount of extractable P was relatively higher in those soils where the total amount of P was also higher. These methods extracted different pools of soil P with varying P concentrations regulated by the soil properties. Phosphorus amounts extracted were varied in the order of HCl > DTPA > Mehlich 1 > Bray 1 > Olsen > CaCl2 > water. Among orchards, a higher amount of P was found in soils of loquat followed by citrus and guava orchards. Regardless of the method, subsurface soil got a lower concentration of extractable P than surface soil in all orchards. The extractable P was highly associated with soil properties. DTPA extractable P was related to SOM soil clay content and CEC by R2 values of 0.83, 0.87, and 0.78, respectively. Most of the extraction methods were positively correlated with each other. This study indicated that SOM inputs and turnover associated with orchard trees exhibited a substantial quantity of extractable P in soils. Predicting available P in relation to its bioavailability using these methods in contrasting soils is required.
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Kamrath B, Yuan Y. Effectiveness of Nutrient Management for Reducing Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Areas. TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE 2023; 1:77-88. [PMID: 38993208 PMCID: PMC11238602 DOI: 10.13031/jnrae.15572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) export from agricultural areas is a leading cause of nutrient pollution in freshwater systems (e.g., the North American Great Lakes). A potential solution to mitigate the excessive release of DRP is the use of nutrient management. To evaluate the effectiveness of nutrient management for phosphorus (P) in the United States, we conducted a review to synthesize P management and DRP export data from peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 to 2022. We identified 15 publications and extracted 113 and 90 observations from plot- and field-scale studies, respectively. At the plot scale, mean DRP concentrations were approximately 60% lower when P application rates were below the maximum recommended rate. In addition to the lower mean value, more extreme DRP export events occurred when the P fertilization rate was greater than the maximum recommended rate. In terms of application method, subsurface placement reduced mean DRP concentrations during rainfall simulations by 88% relative to surface placement (i.e., broadcasting). For fertilizer sources, mean DRP concentrations were similar between inorganic and organic fertilizers. However, at high application rates, organic fertilizers had a greater potential to produce extreme DRP export events. At the field-scale, organic fertilizers applied at high rates had the potential to produce extreme DRP export events. However, field-scale results for the other nutrient management techniques were generally inconclusive due to a limited number of studies and confounding factors. Overall, these results displayed the potential adverse impacts of overfertilization and the surface application of P fertilizers and highlighted the need for further research into the influence of nutrient management on P losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Kamrath
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yongping Yuan
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Song JH, Her Y, Guo T. Quantifying the contribution of direct runoff and baseflow to nitrogen loading in the Western Lake Erie Basins. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9216. [PMID: 35654952 PMCID: PMC9163129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble nitrogen is highly mobile in soil and susceptible to leaching. It is important to identify nitrogen transport pathways so that the sources can be efficiently targeted in environment management. This study quantified the contribution of direct runoff and baseflow to nitrate + nitrite loading by separating flow and nitrate + nitrite concentration measurements into two periods depending on whether only baseflow was present or not using baseflow separation methods. When both direct runoff and baseflow were present in streamflow, their nitrate + nitrite concentrations were assumed based on the hydrological reasoning that baseflow does not change rapidly, and streamflow mostly consists of direct runoff within a rainfall event. For this study, we obtained and investigated daily flow and nitrate + nitrite concentration observations made at the outlets of 22 watersheds located in the Western Lake Erie area. Results showed that baseflow was responsible for 26 to 77% of the nitrate + nitrite loads. The relative nitrate + nitrite load contributions of direct runoff and baseflow substantially varied with the sizes of drainage areas and agricultural land uses. Increases in drainage areas tend to prolong the travel time of surface runoff and thus help its reinfiltration into soil, which then could increase the baseflow contribution. In addition, the artificial drainage networks common in the agricultural fields of the study areas would promote the drainage of nutrient-laden excess water from soils. Such findings suggest the need for environmental management customized considering nitrogen transport pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hun Song
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department & Tropical Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA
| | - Younggu Her
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department & Tropical Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA.
| | - Tian Guo
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Hanrahan BR, Tank JL, Speir SL, Trentman MT, Christopher SF, Mahl UH, Royer TV. Extending vegetative cover with cover crops influenced phosphorus loss from an agricultural watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149501. [PMID: 34438141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Excess phosphorus (P) from agriculture is a leading cause of harmful and nuisance algal blooms in many freshwater ecosystems. Throughout much of the midwestern United States, extensive networks of subsurface tile drains remove excess water from fields and allow for productive agriculture. This enhanced drainage also facilitates the transport of P, particularly soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), to adjacent streams and ditches, with harmful consequences. Thus, reducing SRP loss from tile-drained cropland is a major focus of regional and national efforts to curb eutrophication and algal blooms. The planting of cover crops after crop harvest is a conservation practice that has the potential to increase retention of fertilizer nutrients in watersheds by extending the growing season and limiting bare ground in the fallow season; however, the effect of cover crops on SRP loss is inconsistent at the field-scale and unknown at the watershed-scale. In this study, we conducted a large-scale manipulation of land cover in a small, agricultural watershed by planting cover crops on >60% of croppable acres for six years and examining changes in SRP loss through tile drains and at the watershed outlet. We found reduced median SRP loss from tiles with cover crops compared to those without cover crops, particularly during periods of critical export from January to June. Variation in tile discharge influenced SRP loss, but relationships were generally weaker in tiles with cover crops (i.e., decoupled) compared to tiles without cover crops. At the watershed outlet, SRP yield was highly variable over all seasons and years, which complicated efforts to detect a significant effect of changing land cover on SRP export to downstream systems. Yet, watershed-scale planting of cover crops slowed cumulative SRP losses and reduced SRP export during extreme events. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential for cover crops to alter patterns of SRP loss at both the field- and watershed-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R Hanrahan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 192 Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States; USDA ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit, 590 Woody Hayes, Columbus, OH 43215, United States.
| | - Jennifer L Tank
- Department of Biological Sciences, 192 Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Shannon L Speir
- Department of Biological Sciences, 192 Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Matt T Trentman
- Department of Biological Sciences, 192 Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States; University of Montana-Flathead Lake Biological Station, 32125 Bio Station Ln, Polson, MT 59860, United States
| | - Sheila F Christopher
- Department of Biological Sciences, 192 Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Ursula H Mahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, 192 Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Todd V Royer
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, 1315 E. 10th Street, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
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5
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Macrae M, Jarvie H, Brouwer R, Gunn G, Reid K, Joosse P, King K, Kleinman P, Smith D, Williams M, Zwonitzer M. One size does not fit all: Toward regional conservation practice guidance to reduce phosphorus loss risk in the Lake Erie watershed. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:529-546. [PMID: 33742722 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural phosphorus (P) losses to surface water bodies remain a global eutrophication concern, despite the application of conservation practices on farm fields. Although it is generally agreed upon that the use of multiple conservation practices ("stacking") will lead to greater improvements to water quality, this may not be cost effective to farmers, reducing the likelihood of adoption. At present, wholesale recommendations of conservation practices are given; however, the application of specific conservation practices in certain environments (e.g., no-till with surface application, cover crops) may not be effective and can even lead to unintended consequences. In this paper, we present the Lake Erie watershed as a case study. The Lake Erie watershed contains regions with unique physical geographies that include differences in climate, soil, topography, and land use, which have implications for both P transport from agricultural fields and the efficacy of conservation practices in mitigating P losses. We define major regions within the Lake Erie watershed where common strategies for conservation practice implementation are appropriate, and we propose a five-step plan for bringing regionally tailored, adaptive, and cost-conscious conservation practice into watershed planning. Although this paper is specific to the Lake Erie watershed, our framework can be transferred across broader geographic regions to provide guidance for watershed planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrin Macrae
- Dep. of Geography and Environmental Management, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- The Water Institute, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Helen Jarvie
- Dep. of Geography and Environmental Management, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- The Water Institute, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Roy Brouwer
- The Water Institute, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Dep. of Economics, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Grant Gunn
- Dep. of Geography and Environmental Management, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Keith Reid
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Pam Joosse
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
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6
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Igras JD, Creed IF. Uncertainty analysis of the performance of a management system for achieving phosphorus load reduction to surface waters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 276:111217. [PMID: 32871464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recent re-eutrophication of Lake Erie suggests an inadequate phosphorus management system that results in excessive loads to the lake. In response, governments in Canada and the U.S. have issued a new policy objective: 40% reductions in total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loads relative to 2008. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 31000 is a risk management standard. One of its analytical tools is the ISO 31010:2009 Bowtie Risk Analysis Tool, a tool that structures the cause-effect-impact pathway of risk but lacks the ability to capture the probability of reducing risk associated with different management systems. Here, we combined the Bowtie Risk Analysis Tool with a Bayesian belief network model to analyze the probability of different agricultural management systems of best management practices (BMPs) to achieve the 40% reductions in TP and DRP loads using different adoption rates. The commonly used soil conservation BMPs (e.g., reduced tillage) have a low probability of reducing TP and DRP to achieve the policy objective; while it can achieve the TP load reduction objective at increased adoptions rates >40%, it does not achieve the DRP load reduction objective, and in fact has the unintended consequence of increasing DRP loads. If decision makers continue to rely on soil conservation BMPs, the trade-offs between meeting objectives of different forms of phosphorus will require deciding whether the management priority is to achieve 40% load reduction objectives or to prevent further increases in DRP loads, the identified culprit causing the repeated algal blooms. In contrast, TP- and DRP-effective BMPS had higher probabilities of achieving the policy objective, especially at increased adoption rates >20%. The integration of Bayesian belief networks with the ISO risk management standard allows decision makers to determine the most probable outcomes of their management decisions, and to track and prepare for less probable outcomes, thereby decreasing the risk of failing to achieve policy objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Igras
- Western University, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irena F Creed
- Western University, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada; University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5A2, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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7
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Stratified Soil Sampling Improves Predictions of P Concentration in Surface Runoff and Tile Discharge. SOIL SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems4040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) stratification in agricultural soils has been proposed to increase the risk of P loss to surface waters. Stratified soil sampling that assesses soil test P (STP) in a shallow soil horizon may improve predictions of P concentrations in surface and subsurface discharge compared to single depth agronomic soil sampling. However, the utility of stratified sampling efforts for enhancing understanding of environmental P losses remains uncertain. In this study, we examined the potential benefit of integrating stratified sampling into existing agronomic soil testing efforts for predicting P concentrations in discharge from 39 crop fields in NW Ohio, USA. Edge-of-field (EoF) dissolved reactive P (DRP) and total P (TP) flow-weighted mean concentrations in surface runoff and tile drainage were positively related to soil test P (STP) measured in both the agronomic sampling depth (0–20 cm) and shallow sampling depth (0–5 cm). Tile and surface DRP and TP were more closely related to shallow depth STP than agronomic STP, as indicated by regression models with greater coefficients of determination (R2) and lesser root-mean square errors (RMSE). A multiple regression model including the agronomic STP and P stratification ratio (Pstrat) provided the best model fit for DRP in surface runoff and tile drainage and TP in tile drainage. Additionally, STP often varied significantly between soil sampling events at individual sites and these differences were only partially explained by management practices, highlighting the challenge of assessing STP at the field scale. Overall, the linkages between shallow STP and P transport persisted over time across agricultural fields and incorporating stratified soil sampling approaches showed potential for improving predictions of P concentrations in surface runoff and tile drainage.
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Dou C, Xia J, Wang Y, Cai W, Zeng Z, Zhu X, Cheng Y. Spatial variations of soil phosphorus in bars of a mountainous river. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140478. [PMID: 32886983 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As an important part of the riparian zone, bars are an important barrier for the interception of phosphorus (P) originated from leaching and runoff. The spatial variation in P as well as the influence of factors on the said spatial variation in mountainous river (Lingshan River) bars was investigated. A total of 100 soil samples were collected from 11 sampling sites. Soil total phosphorus (TP) and soil available P were determined to explore the spatial variation of soil P in mountainous river bars. One-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation analyses, stepwise multiple linear regressions and curve fitting were used to explore the dominant factors affecting the spatial variation of soil P in mountainous river bars. Affected by erosion effect of flowing water, the TP of the bar soils decreased in the longitudinal direction, the TP and available P of the bar soils increased in the cross-sectional direction and the variation in TP between the surface and deep soils firstly increased and then decreased as the height of the bar above the water surface increased. The stronger the erosion effect of flowing water, the more P releases to the water, which may cause the spatial variation of soil P in mountainous river bars, and the results of this study facilitated control of non-point source pollution in mountainous river and restoration of the ecosystems in mountainous river bars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Dou
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Gulou District, Nanjing 210098, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jihong Xia
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Gulou District, Nanjing 210098, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Forestry and Water Conservancy Bureau, 37 Xinyi Road, Longyou County, Quzhou 324400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wangwei Cai
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Gulou District, Nanjing 210098, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuo Zeng
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Gulou District, Nanjing 210098, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxue Zhu
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Gulou District, Nanjing 210098, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuezhou Cheng
- Forestry and Water Conservancy Bureau, 37 Xinyi Road, Longyou County, Quzhou 324400, Zhejiang Province, China
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Osterholz WR, Hanrahan BR, King KW. Legacy phosphorus concentration-discharge relationships in surface runoff and tile drainage from Ohio crop fields. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:675-687. [PMID: 33016383 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Legacy phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils can be transported to surface waters via runoff and tile drainage, where it contributes to the development of harmful and nuisance algal blooms and hypoxia. However, a limited understanding of legacy P loss dynamics impedes the identification of mitigation strategies. Edge-of-field data from 41 agricultural fields in northwestern Ohio, USA, were used to develop regressions between legacy P concentrations (C) and discharge (Q) for two P fractions: total P (TP) and dissolved reactive P (DRP). Tile drainage TP concentration (CTP ) and DRP concentration (CDRP ) both increased as Q increased, and CTP tended to increase at a greater rate than CDRP . Surface runoff showed greater variation in C-Q regressions, indicating that the response of TP and DRP to elevated Q was field specific. The relative variability of C and Q was explored using a ratio of CVs (CVC /CVQ ), which indicated that tile drainage TP and DRP losses were chemodynamic, whereas losses via surface runoff demonstrated both chemodynamic and chemostatic behavior. The chemodynamic behavior indicated that legacy P losses were strongly influenced by variation in P source availability and transport pathways. In addition, legacy P source size influenced C, as demonstrated by a positive relationship between soil-test P and the CTP and CDRP in both tile drainage and surface runoff. Progress towards legacy P mitigation will require further characterization of the drivers of variability in CTP and CDRP , including weather-, soil-, and management-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Osterholz
- USDA-ARS, Soil Drainage Research Unit, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Brittany R Hanrahan
- USDA-ARS, Soil Drainage Research Unit, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kevin W King
- USDA-ARS, Soil Drainage Research Unit, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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10
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Using Steel Slag for Dissolved Phosphorus Removal: Insights from a Designed Flow-Through Laboratory Experimental Structure. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12051236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Steel slag, a byproduct of the steel making process, has been adopted as a material to reduce non-point phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural land. Although substantial studies have been conducted on characterizing P removed by steel slag, few data are available on the removal of P under different conditions of P input, slag mass, and retention time (RT). The objective of this study was to investigate P removal efficiency as impacted by slag mass and RT at different physical locations through a horizontal steel slag column. Downstream slag segments were more efficient at removing P than upstream segments because they were exposed to more favorable conditions for calcium phosphate precipitation, specifically higher Ca2+ concentrations and pH. These results showed that P is removed in a moving front as Ca2+ and slag pH buffer capacity are consumed. In agreement with the calcium phosphate precipitation mechanism shown in previous studies, an increase in RT increased P removal, resulting in an estimated removal capacity of 61 mg kg−1 at a RT of 30 min. Results emphasized the importance of designing field scale structures with sufficient RT to accommodate the formation of calcium phosphate.
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11
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Ni X, Yuan Y, Liu W. Impact factors and mechanisms of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) losses from agricultural fields: A review and synthesis study in the Lake Erie basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136624. [PMID: 32018948 PMCID: PMC8268061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus (DRP) losses from agricultural fields promote algae growth in water bodies, and may increase the risk of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Using existing data from the Lake Erie Basin, we applied multiple regression analysis to better understand the impacts of both site-specific conditions (e.g., soil types/properties) and management practices (e.g., Agricultural Conservation Practices [ACP]) on annual DRP losses in subsurface and surface runoff. Results showed that soil properties significantly impact DRP losses. Greater DRP losses were associated with increased soil pH and Soil Test Phosphorus (STP). By contrast, soil organic matter (SOM) was inversely correlated with DRP losses. Soil clay content was also inversely correlated with DRP subsurface losses, but had no impact on DRP surface losses. The ACPs evaluated had varied effectiveness on DRP loss reduction. Cropping systems involving soybean could reduce DRP subsurface losses, whereas winter cover crops could cause unintended DRP subsurface losses. Cropping systems involving soybean and cover crops, however, had no impact on DRP surface losses. In addition, no-till and conservation tillage also enhanced DRP losses compared to conventional tillage, particularly for soils with high SOM and/or high clay content. Precipitation amount and fertilizer application rate significantly increased DRP surface losses as expected. Fertilizer application rate, however, had no impact on DRP subsurface losses. The impact of precipitation amount on DRP subsurface losses depends on STP levels. Precipitation amount significantly increases DRP subsurface losses when STP is higher (>41 mg kg-1 in this analysis). The optimal STP level for crop growth is 30 to 50 mg kg-1. Results from this study help us to better understand DRP losses and the effectiveness of ACPs for controlling them. We suggest taking soil surveys and soil tests into consideration when designing and/or implementing ACPs to manage DRP losses. Furthermore, the method we used for this study could be applied to other agricultural regions to investigate impacts of site-specific conditions and management practices on water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Ni
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America.
| | - Yongping Yuan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Watershed & Ecosystem Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America.
| | - Wenlong Liu
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America.
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12
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Zimnicki T, Boring T, Evenson G, Kalcic M, Karlen DL, Wilson RS, Zhang Y, Blesh J. On Quantifying Water Quality Benefits of Healthy Soils. Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDespite decades of research demonstrating links between many agricultural practices and water quality, the ability to predict water quality on the basis of changes in soil health remains severely limited. By better understanding how soil health affects downstream water quality, researchers and policymakers could prioritize different conservation practices while exploring more innovative soil health management strategies. Focusing on the Great Lakes region, we describe the value and challenges of different approaches to linking soil health and water quality, specifically applying nitrogen and phosphorus mass balances and adapting simulation models to better incorporate changing soil health conditions. We identify critical research needs, including paying greater attention to a broad suite of conservation practices and to biological indicators of soil health. We also discuss key barriers to farmer adoption of conservation practices from field to national scales, highlighting that improved scientific understanding alone is insufficient to drive widespread change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zimnicki
- Agriculture policy director, Michigan Environmental Council, Lansing, Michigan
| | - Timothy Boring
- Michigan Agri-Business Association, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | | | - Douglas L Karlen
- Retired from the USDA Agricultural Research Service, principal for DLKarlen Consulting, LLC, Ames, Iowa
| | - Robyn S Wilson
- Behavioral decision scientist, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yao Zhang
- Ecosystem modeler, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jennifer Blesh
- Agricultural ecologist and assistant professor, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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13
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Performance of Field-Scale Phosphorus Removal Structures Utilizing Steel Slag for Treatment of Subsurface Drainage. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reducing dissolved phosphorus (P) losses from legacy P soils to surface waters is necessary for preventing algal blooms. Phosphorus removal structures containing steel slag have shown success in treating surface runoff for dissolved P, but little is known about treating subsurface (tile) drainage. A ditch-style and subsurface P removal structure were constructed using steel slag in a bottom-up flow design for treating tile drainage. Nearly 97% of P was delivered during precipitation-induced flow events (as opposed to baseflow) with inflow P concentrations increasing with flow rate. Structures handled flow rates approximately 12 L s−1, and the subsurface and ditch structures removed 19.2 (55%) and 0.9 kg (37%) of the cumulative dissolved P load, respectively. Both structures underperformed relative to laboratory flow-through experiments and exhibited signs of flow inhibition with time. Dissolved P removal decreased dramatically when treated water pH decreased <8.5. Although slag has proven successful for treating surface runoff, we hypothesize that underperformance in this case was due to tile drainage bicarbonate consumption of slag calcium through the precipitation of calcium carbonate, thereby filling pore space, decreasing flow and pH, and preventing calcium phosphate precipitation. We do not recommend non-treated steel slag for removing dissolved P from tile drainage unless slag is replaced every 4–6 months.
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14
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Liu Y, Guo T, Wang R, Engel BA, Flanagan DC, Li S, Pijanowski BC, Collingsworth PD, Lee JG, Wallace CW. A SWAT-based optimization tool for obtaining cost-effective strategies for agricultural conservation practice implementation at watershed scales. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:685-696. [PMID: 31325867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To address the harmful algal blooms problem in Lake Erie, one solution is to determine the most cost-effective strategies for implementing agricultural best management practices (BMPs) in the Maumee River watershed. An optimization tool, which combines multi-objective optimization algorithms, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), and a computational efficient framework, was created to optimally identify agricultural BMPs at watershed scales. The optimization tool was demonstrated in the Matson Ditch watershed, an agricultural watershed in the Maumee River basin considering critical areas (25% of the watershed with the greatest pollutant loadings per area) and the entire watershed. The initial implementation of BMPs with low expenditures greatly reduced pollutant loadings; beyond certain levels of pollutant reductions, additional expenditures resulted in less significant reductions in pollutant loadings. Compared to optimization for the entire watershed, optimization in critical areas can greatly reduce computational time and obtain similar optimization results for initial reductions in pollutant loadings, which were 10% for Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus (DRP) and 38% for Total Phosphorus (TP); however, for greater reductions in pollutant loadings, critical area optimization was less cost-effective. With the target of simultaneously reducing March-July DRP/TP losses by 40%, the optimized scenario that reduced DRP losses by 40% was found to reduce 51.1% of TP; however, the optimized scenario that reduced TP losses by 40% can only decrease 11.3% of DRP. The optimization tool can help stakeholders identify optimal types, quantities, and spatial locations of BMPs that can maximize reductions in pollutant loadings with the lowest BMP costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoze Liu
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Tian Guo
- National Center for Water Quality Research, Heidelberg University, 310 E Market Street, Tiffin, OH 44883, USA
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bernard A Engel
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Dennis C Flanagan
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory, 275 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Siyu Li
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Bryan C Pijanowski
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 195 Marsteller Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Paris D Collingsworth
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 195 Marsteller Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant College Program, 77 West Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL 60604, USA
| | - John G Lee
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 403 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Carlington W Wallace
- Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin (ICPRB), 30 West Gude Drive, Suite 450, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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15
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Smith DR, Jarvie HP, Harmel RD, Haney RL. The Role of Field-Scale Management on Soil and Surface Runoff C/N/P Stoichiometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:1543-1548. [PMID: 31589732 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.09.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural runoff is an important contributor to water quality impairment. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential role of field-scale management on carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry in soils and runoff from agricultural fields. Cultivated and pasture fields at the Riesel watersheds in central Texas were used for this analysis, and nutrients were transformed to evaluate relative to the Redfield ratio (106 C/16 N/1 P). Using the Redfield ratio, all soil samples were P depleted relative to C and N. The majority of stormflow and baseflow runoff samples contained 9 to 19% Redfield N relative to C and P. Shifting from inorganic fertilizer application to poultry litter as a fertilizer source resulted in increased absolute C, N, and P concentrations in stormflow and baseflow runoff. Increasing rates of poultry litter application increased the Redfield P relative to Redfield C, whereas Redfield N remained relatively constant at roughly 9 to 11% in stormflow runoff from cultivated fields. This study shows how land use and management can affect C/N/P stoichiometry in stormflow and baseflow runoff.
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16
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Qiu J, Shen Z, Chen L, Hou X. Quantifying effects of conservation practices on non-point source pollution in the Miyun Reservoir Watershed, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:582. [PMID: 31435833 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-point source (NPS) pollution, including fertilizer and manure application, sediment erosion, and haphazard discharge of wastewater, has led to a wide range of water pollution problems in the Miyun Reservoir, the most important drinking water source in Beijing. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to evaluate NPS pollution loads and the effectiveness of best management practices (BMPs) in the two subwatersheds within the Miyun Reservoir Watershed (MRW). Spatial distributions of soil types and land uses, and changes in precipitation and fertilizer application, were analysed to elucidate the distribution of pollution in this watershed from 1990 to 2010. The results demonstrated that the nutrient losses were significantly affected by soil properties and higher in both agricultural land and barren land. The temporal distribution of pollutant loads was consistent with that of precipitation. Soil erosion and nutrient losses would increase risks of water eutrophication and ecosystem degradation in the Miyun Reservoir. The well-calibrated SWAT model was used to assess the effects of several Best Management Practices (BMPs), including filter strips, grassed waterways, constructed wetlands, detention basins, converting farmland to forest, soil nutrient management, conservation tillage, contour farming, and strip cropping. The removal rates of those BMPs ranged from 1.03 to 38.40% and from 1.36 to 39.34% for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads, respectively. The efficiency of BMPs was dependent on design parameters and local factors and varied in different sub-basins. This study revealed that no single BMP could achieve the water quality improvement targets and highlighted the importance of optimal configuration of BMP combinations at sub-basin scale. The findings presented here provide valuable information for developing the sustainable watershed management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, People's Republic of, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, People's Republic of, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, People's Republic of, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoshu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, People's Republic of, Beijing, 100875, China
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17
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Khaledian Y, Quinton JN, Brevik EC, Pereira P, Zeraatpisheh M. Developing global pedotransfer functions to estimate available soil phosphorus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:1110-1116. [PMID: 30743824 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There are a large number of investigations that estimate available soil phosphorous (P), but a paucity of global data on available soil P. One significant modern challenge is developing low cost, accurate approaches to predict available soil P that are useful to scientists around the world. We conducted a global meta-analysis using data on available soil P from 738 sites, 640 in the USA and 149 in 14 other countries. Four different methods of determining available soil P, New Zealand (NZ), acid oxalate, Bray and Mehlich 3 were represented in the dataset. Inputs evaluated for inclusion in the pedotransfer functions to predict available soil P were clay (C), fine silt, (FSi) coarse silt (CSi), very fine sand (VFS), fine sand (FS), medium sand (MS), coarse sand (CS), very coarse sand (VCS), organic carbon (OC), pH, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn). Available soil P was estimated for: 1) the entire dataset, 2) only the USA, and 3) the non-USA dataset. The best models to estimate available soil P were obtained for the NZ method (using the co-variates C, FSi, CSi, VFS, MS, CS, OC, Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, and pH) and for the acid oxalate method (using the co-variates C, FSi, Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, and Mg). Although estimation of available soil P determined with the acid oxalate method was poor for the entire dataset, good estimates were obtained for the USA and non-USA datasets separately. Models for the Bray and Mehlich 3 methods only predicted available soil P well for the non-USA dataset. Using pedotransfer function models to estimate available soil P could provide an efficient and cost effective way to estimate global distributions of a soil property that is important for a number of agricultural and environmental reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yones Khaledian
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - John N Quinton
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Eric C Brevik
- Department of Natural Sciences, Dickinson State University, Dickinson, ND, USA.
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Environmental Management Center, Mykolas Romeris University, Ateities g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mojtaba Zeraatpisheh
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
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18
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Uusitalo R, Lemola R, Turtola E. Surface and Subsurface Phosphorus Discharge from a Clay Soil in a Nine-Year Study Comparing No-Till and Plowing. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1478-1486. [PMID: 30512069 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.06.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
No-till as a water protection measure is highly efficient in controlling erosion and particulate P (PP) loss but tends to increase dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations in runoff water. In a 9-yr field study on a clay soil in Southwest Finland, the effects of no-till and autumn plowing on surface runoff and subsurface drainage water quality were compared. The site had a 2% slope and was under spring cereal cropping, with approximately replacement fertilizer P rates. Vertical stratification of soil-test P that had developed during a preceding 6-yr grass ley was undone by plowing but continued to develop under no-till. During the 9-yr study period, no-till soil had 27% lower cumulative total P losses than plowed soil (10.0 vs. 13.7 kg total P ha). Concentrations and losses of PP were clearly lower under no-till than under plowing (5.6 vs. 12.3 kg PP ha), but DRP loss showed the opposite trend (4.3 vs. 1.4 kg DRP ha). There was an increasing trend in subsurface drainflow DRP concentration under no-till, possibly because of development of a conductive pore structure from soil surface to drain depth. The potential benefit of no-till in water protection depends on how much of the PP transported to water is transformed into a bioavailable form and used by aquatic organisms. The beneficial effect of no-till in controlling P-induced eutrophication at the study site would only be realized if the bioavailable share of PP exceeds 43%. Otherwise, no-till would not be an efficient eutrophication control measure at this site.
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19
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Characterization of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Phosphorus Loading to Lake Erie from the Western Basin Using Wavelet Transform Methods. HYDROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology5030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of temporal and spatial patterns in phosphorus (P) loading in Lake Erie is essential in order to continue monitoring the excessive P condition that comes from the western Lake Erie Basin. This study aims to perform such a characterization using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) methods. These wavelet transformations were conducted on streamflow data, TP loads, and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) of six stations located near Lake Erie of Northern Ohio. These stations are located near the outlet of Cuyahoga, Grand, Maumee, Vermilion, Raisin, and Sandusky watersheds. Long-term continuous P loading data, in which some dated back to 1970, were used in the analysis. The results obtained from the CWT and DWT approaches were found to complement each other. Streamflow had significant mixed variability at 1, 2, and 4 years. The variability for SRP was limited to 1 and 2 years while the TP variability was only seen at the 1-year scale. It was interesting to find that strong temporal patterns of SRP were observed in most of the watersheds only after the mid-1990s. The CWT wavelet spectra also reflected the land use characteristics of each watershed. For example, the wavelet spectra of surface runoff and TP for the agricultural watersheds (i.e., Raisin, Sandusky, and Maumee Rivers) were similar and characterized by significant variability primarily at the annual scale and at the two to four-year periodicities. The urbanized watershed (i.e., Cuyahoga River) did not show any association between either phosphorus (TP or SRP) with surface runoff and baseflow, which indicates that P in the urbanized watershed was not driven by the flow.
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20
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Nummer SA, Qian SS, Harmel RD. A Meta-Analysis on the Effect of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Nutrient Loss. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1172-1178. [PMID: 30272799 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.01.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conservation practices are widely used to reduce N and P loads from agricultural fields and minimize their impact on water quality, but research using field-scale data to model the national average impact of conservation practices for different forms of N and P is needed. Thus, we quantified the effects of conservation practices (grassed waterways, terraces, contour farming, filter strips, and riparian buffers) on total, particulate, and dissolved N and P runoff from farmlands. Specifically, we conducted a meta-analysis of the Measured Annual Nutrient loads from AGricultural Environments (MANAGE) database using propensity score matching and multilevel modeling to remove the influence of confounding factors. There is no best method for addressing this influence, so we applied two alternative methods because similar results increase confidence in our findings. Propensity score matching found that conservation practices reduced total P, particulate P, and particulate N loading by an average of 67, 83, and 67%, respectively. Multilevel modeling estimated reductions of 58, 76, and 64% for the same nutrients. Although the propensity score method only yields a mean rate of reduction, multilevel modeling further estimates the reduction for different subgroups (i.e., different crops and fertilizer application methods) when such groupings are feasible. The multilevel models indicated that conservation practices affected row crops the most (e.g., corn [ L.] and soybean [ (L.) Merr.]) and fields with injected or surface-applied fertilizers. Our analysis used field-scale data to estimate the average effectiveness of conservation practices in reducing N and P runoff, providing valuable insight for regional and national decision making.
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21
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Wolf D, Georgic W, Klaiber HA. Reeling in the damages: Harmful algal blooms' impact on Lake Erie's recreational fishing industry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 199:148-157. [PMID: 28527741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lake Erie is one of the most valuable natural resources in the United States, providing billions of dollars in benefits each year to recreationalists, homeowners and local governments. The ecosystem services provided by Lake Erie, however, are under threat due to harmful algal blooms. This paper provides recreational damage estimates using spatially and temporally varying algae measures and monthly fishing permit sales collected between 2011 and 2014. Results indicate that fishing license sales drop between 10% and 13% when algal conditions surpass the World Health's Organization's moderate health risk advisory threshold of 20,000 cyanobacteria cells/mL. For Lake Erie adjacent counties experiencing a large, summer-long algal bloom, this would result in approximately 3600 fewer fishing licenses issued and approximately $2.25 million to $5.58 million in lost fishing expenditures. Our results show a discrete jump in reduced angling activity upon crossing this threshold, with limited additional impacts associated with more severe algal blooms. This suggests that policies aimed at eliminating, rather than mitigating, algal levels are most beneficial to the Ohio angling industry.
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22
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Li S, Cooke RA, Wang L, Ma F, Bhattarai R. Characterization of fly ash ceramic pellet for phosphorus removal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 189:67-74. [PMID: 28011428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus has been recognized as a leading pollutant for surface water quality deterioration. In the Midwestern USA, subsurface drainage not only provides a pathway for excess water to leave the field but it also drains out nutrients like nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Fly ash has been identified as one of the viable materials for phosphorus removal from contaminated waters. In this study, a ceramic pellet was manufactured using fly ash for P absorption. Three types of pellet with varying lime and clay proportions by weight (type 1: 10% lime + 30% clay, type 2: 20% lime + 20% clay, and type 3: 30% lime + 10% clay) were characterized and evaluated for absorption efficiency. The result showed that type 3 pellet (60% fly ash with 30% lime and 10% clay) had the highest porosity (14%) and absorption efficiency and saturated absorption capacity (1.98 mg P/g pellet) compared to type 1 and 2 pellets. The heavy metal leaching was the least (30 μg/L of chromium after 5 h) for type 3 pellet compared to other two. The microcosmic structure of pellet from scanning electron microscope showed the type 3 pellet had the better distribution of aluminum and iron oxide on the surface compared other two pellets. This result indicates that addition of lime and clay can improve P absorption capacity of fly ash while reducing the potential to reduce chromium leaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Li
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 1304 W Pennsylvania Ave, Urbana IL, 61801, USA; State Key Lab Urban Water Resource & Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No.73 HuangHe Road, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Richard A Cooke
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 1304 W Pennsylvania Ave, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Lab Urban Water Resource & Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No.73 HuangHe Road, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Lab Urban Water Resource & Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No.73 HuangHe Road, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Rabin Bhattarai
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 1304 W Pennsylvania Ave, Urbana IL, 61801, USA.
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23
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Jarvie HP, Johnson LT, Sharpley AN, Smith DR, Baker DB, Bruulsema TW, Confesor R. Increased Soluble Phosphorus Loads to Lake Erie: Unintended Consequences of Conservation Practices? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:123-132. [PMID: 28177409 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.07.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative daily load time series show that the early 2000s marked a step-change increase in riverine soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) loads entering the Western Lake Erie Basin from three major tributaries: the Maumee, Sandusky, and Raisin Rivers. These elevated SRP loads have been sustained over the last 12 yr. Empirical regression models were used to estimate the contributions from (i) increased runoff from changing weather and precipitation patterns and (ii) increased SRP delivery (the combined effects of increased source availability and/or increased transport efficiency of labile phosphorus [P] fractions). Approximately 65% of the SRP load increase after 2002 was attributable to increased SRP delivery, with higher runoff volumes accounting for the remaining 35%. Increased SRP delivery occurred concomitantly with declining watershed P budgets. However, within these watersheds, there have been long-term, largescale changes in land management: reduced tillage to minimize erosion and particulate P loss, and increased tile drainage to improve field operations and profitability. These practices can inadvertently increase labile P fractions at the soil surface and transmission of soluble P via subsurface drainage. Our findings suggest that changes in agricultural practices, including some conservation practices designed to reduce erosion and particulate P transport, may have had unintended, cumulative, and converging impacts contributing to the increased SRP loads, reaching a critical threshold around 2002.
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Kalcic MM, Kirchhoff C, Bosch N, Muenich RL, Murray M, Griffith Gardner J, Scavia D. Engaging Stakeholders To Define Feasible and Desirable Agricultural Conservation in Western Lake Erie Watersheds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8135-8145. [PMID: 27336855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Widespread adoption of agricultural conservation measures in Lake Erie's Maumee River watershed may be required to reduce phosphorus loading that drives harmful algal blooms and hypoxia. We engaged agricultural and conservation stakeholders through a survey and workshops to determine which conservation practices to evaluate. We investigated feasible and desirable conservation practices using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool calibrated for streamflow, sediment, and nutrient loading near the Maumee River outlet. We found subsurface placement of phosphorus applications to be the individual practice most influential on March-July dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loading from row croplands. Perennial cover crops and vegetated filter strips were most effective for reducing seasonal total phosphorus (TP) loading. We found that practices effective for reducing TP and DRP load were not always mutually beneficial, culminating in trade-offs among multiple Lake Erie phosphorus management goals. Adoption of practices at levels considered feasible to stakeholders led to nearly reaching TP targets for western Lake Erie on average years; however, adoption of practices at a rate that goes beyond what is currently considered feasible will likely be required to reach the DRP target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret McCahon Kalcic
- Graham Sustainability Institute, University of Michigan , 625 E. Liberty Street, Suite #300, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, United States
| | - Christine Kirchhoff
- Connecticut Institute for Resilience & Climate Adaptation, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut , 261 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3037, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Nathan Bosch
- Center for Lakes & Streams, Grace College , 200 Seminary Drive, Winona Lake, Indiana 46590, United States
| | - Rebecca Logsdon Muenich
- Graham Sustainability Institute, University of Michigan , 625 E. Liberty Street, Suite #300, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, United States
| | - Michael Murray
- National Wildlife Federation , 2812 Joy Road, #113, Augusta, Georgia 30909, United States
| | - Jacob Griffith Gardner
- Connecticut Institute for Resilience & Climate Adaptation, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut , 261 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3037, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Donald Scavia
- Graham Sustainability Institute, University of Michigan , 625 E. Liberty Street, Suite #300, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, United States
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25
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Sharpley AN, Bergström L, Aronsson H, Bechmann M, Bolster CH, Börling K, Djodjic F, Jarvie HP, Schoumans OF, Stamm C, Tonderski KS, Ulén B, Uusitalo R, Withers PJA. Future agriculture with minimized phosphorus losses to waters: Research needs and direction. AMBIO 2015; 44 Suppl 2:S163-79. [PMID: 25681975 PMCID: PMC4329155 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The series of papers in this issue of AMBIO represent technical presentations made at the 7th International Phosphorus Workshop (IPW7), held in September, 2013 in Uppsala, Sweden. At that meeting, the 150 delegates were involved in round table discussions on major, predetermined themes facing the management of agricultural phosphorus (P) for optimum production goals with minimal water quality impairment. The six themes were (1) P management in a changing world; (2) transport pathways of P from soil to water; (3) monitoring, modeling, and communication; (4) importance of manure and agricultural production systems for P management; (5) identification of appropriate mitigation measures for reduction of P loss; and (6) implementation of mitigation strategies to reduce P loss. This paper details the major challenges and research needs that were identified for each theme and identifies a future roadmap for catchment management that cost-effectively minimizes P loss from agricultural activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Sharpley
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Lars Bergström
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7014, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Aronsson
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7014, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marianne Bechmann
- Department of Soil and Environment, Bioforsk, Fred. A. Dahls vei 20, 1430 Aas, Norway
| | | | - Katarina Börling
- Swedish Board of Agriculture, Dragarbrunnsgatan 35, 75320 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Faruk Djodjic
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helen P. Jarvie
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Oscar F. Schoumans
- Alterra Wageningen UR, Alterra, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Stamm
- Environmental Chemistry, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Karin S. Tonderski
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Barbro Ulén
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7014, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Paul J. A. Withers
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG UK
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