1
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Smith P, Mann J, Marsh A. Empathy for wildlife: The importance of the individual. AMBIO 2024; 53:1269-1280. [PMID: 38795282 PMCID: PMC11300747 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-024-02017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Because climate change and the biodiversity crisis are driven by human actions, determining psychological mechanisms underpinning support for environmental action is an urgent priority. Here, we experimentally tested for mechanisms promoting conservation-related motivation and behavior toward a flagship species, wild Tamanend's bottlenose dolphins. Following evidence that empathy increases prosocial motivations and behavior, and that the ability to identify individual humans promotes empathy, we tested whether this relationship applied to the ability to identify individual dolphins. Participants identified dolphins from their dorsal fins at above chance levels, and better individuation correlated with higher empathy for dolphins and higher willingness to pledge environmental behaviors. Pairing a narrative with an image of an injured dolphin leads to higher donations relative to a narrative alone. Our novel finding that the ability to individually identify dolphins relates to empathy and conservation-related behavior suggests pathways for strengthening environmental attitudes and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Smith
- Environmental Justice Program, Earth Commons Institute, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Janet Mann
- Department of Biology and Department of Psychology, Earth Commons Institute, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Abigail Marsh
- Department of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
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2
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Samojlik T, Daszkiewicz P, Fedotova A, Ričkienė A, Cielemęcka O, Szczygielska M. Evolution of European bison image and its implications for current species conservation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281113. [PMID: 36719893 PMCID: PMC9888683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual media are one of the fastest and most effective tools informing the public about conservation goals and convincing societies to support conservation actions. Similar mechanisms functioned in the past, only within a much longer time scale and different communication channels. We analyse the evolution of European bison's depictions between 1500 and 1900 in the context of building public awareness of the species and its conservation needs. Experts evaluated the anatomical accuracy of thirty eight images of the species from the period analysed, and their conservation appeal was assessed by using an online survey of the general public. Existing knowledge and previous publications allowed authors to describe the development of the scientific knowledge about European bison in 1500-1900. By juxtaposing this with anatomical accuracy of depictions, a conclusion was reached that the accuracy of depictions was not directly linked to the state of knowledge about the species. In the survey, the public reception of the accuracy of historical pictures of European bison, as well as their potential to be used in conservation campaigns, was connected with subjective appeal of depicted animals. This lesson can be translated to modern conservation campaigns using mass media and global communication channels: popularization of knowledge on species of concern should be accompanied by appealing depictions of these species to strengthen public reception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Samojlik
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Piotr Daszkiewicz
- UMS PatriNat (OFB-CNRS-MNHN), Muséum National D’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Anastasia Fedotova
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Olga Cielemęcka
- Department of Gender Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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3
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Salazar G, Monroe MC, Ennes M, Jones JA, Veríssimo D. Testing the influence of visual framing on engagement and pro‐environmental action. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabby Salazar
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Martha C. Monroe
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Megan Ennes
- Department of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Jennifer Amanda Jones
- Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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4
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Twining-Ward C, Luna JR, Back JP, Barakagwira J, Bicca-Marques JC, Chanvin M, Diko N, Duboscq J, Fan P, Galán-Acedo C, Gogarten JF, Guo S, Guzman-Caro DC, Hou R, Kalbitzer U, Kaplin BA, Lee SM, Mekonnen A, Mungongo P, Nautiyal H, Omeja P, Ramananjato V, Raoelinjanakolona NN, Razafindratsima O, Sarabian C, Sarkar D, Serio-Silva JC, Yanti R, Chapman CA. Social media’s potential to promote conservation at the local level: an assessment in eleven primate range countries. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/14219980-bja10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Historically, Internet access has been linked to a country’s wealth. However, starting a decade ago, this situation changed dramatically and Internet access became increasingly available in primate range countries. The rapid growth of smartphone use in developing nations has created new avenues to communicate conservation. Here we assess the potential of social media to promote primate conservation at the local level within primate range countries. We interviewed 381 people in communities associated with 18 conservation projects from 11 countries to assess their use of social media. We found that 91% of the people had at least one social media account and 95% of these people checked their accounts daily. The median number of contacts per person across all platforms was 453 and 300 considering only each person’s most used platform. We also documented that local conservation projects had a diversity of information they wanted to relay to the local community through social media. Our research highlights the potential for social media to be an extremely useful communication tool for tropical conservation scientists. Thus, we encourage more conservation groups to explore using social media to communicate to local communities and to report on the impact it has on conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cate Twining-Ward
- Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jorge Ramos Luna
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa 91070, México
| | - Janaína Paula Back
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610, Brazil
| | - Joselyne Barakagwira
- Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Júlio César Bicca-Marques
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610, Brazil
| | - Mathilde Chanvin
- Macaca Nigra Project, Tangkoko Conservation Education, Tangkogo Reserve, Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Nona Diko
- Macaca Nigra Project, Tangkoko Conservation Education, Tangkogo Reserve, Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Julie Duboscq
- Macaca Nigra Project, Tangkoko Conservation Education, Tangkogo Reserve, Sulawesi, Indonesia
- UMR7206 Eco-anthropologie, CNRS-MNHN-Université de Paris, Musée de l’Homme, 75016 Paris, France
- Department for Behavioral Ecology, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pengfei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Carmen Galán-Acedo
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jan F. Gogarten
- Viral Evolution & Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, 1335 Berlin, Germany
| | - Songtao Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069, China
| | | | - Rong Hou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069, China
| | - Urs Kalbitzer
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Beth A. Kaplin
- Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Sean M. Lee
- Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Addisu Mekonnen
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paulin Mungongo
- Veterinary medicine faculty, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Himani Nautiyal
- National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Patrick Omeja
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | | | | | - Onja Razafindratsima
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cécile Sarabian
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Dipto Sarkar
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Serio-Silva
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa 91070, México
| | - Risma Yanti
- Macaca Nigra Project, Tangkoko Conservation Education, Tangkogo Reserve, Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069, China
- Wilson Center, Washington, DC 20004, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Fančovičová J, Prokop P, Repáková R, Medina-Jerez W. Factors Influencing the Sponsoring of Animals in Slovak Zoos. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010021. [PMID: 35011128 PMCID: PMC8749688 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To achieve conservation goals with ex situ programs, zoos have two alternatives: government funding and private donations. By using published data from 2018 on the amount of money received by zoos through adoption programs (if any), we investigated the factors influencing donations in all Slovak zoos. Generalized linear mixed models were applied throughout statistical analyses. Although the majority of animal species in the zoos included in this study had low a conservation status, a few others, like amphibians, were rarely listed as threatened species. In general, vertebrates received more funding than invertebrates, and mammals were the preferred taxa by private contributors. Mammals were sponsored more frequently than non-mammal species, except for reptiles. We submit that zoo managers could concentrate their efforts on the breeding of threatened animals to support their reintroduction to the wild and to enhance people’s awareness of these animal species. Abstract Anthropogenic disturbance causes biodiversity loss, and consequently the captive conservation (ex situ) of threatened animals may be an effective strategy in protecting species. We used estimated body mass, phylogenetic closeness with humans, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) conservation status, and species attractiveness scores, to examine the factors influencing the adoption likelihood of a species in all Slovak zoos. In general, vertebrates received more funding than invertebrates, and mammals were the preferred taxa by private contributors. In terms of funding, we propose that the perception of mammals as phylogenetically close to humans, and attractiveness factor, contribute to an advantage over less attractive and phylogenetically distant species. Conservation status also contributed to the amount of donations; however, the magnitude of these relationships was weak when compared to the effect of animal taxa. These results suggest that Slovak zoos might be more successful in raising donations by breeding threatened species, and raising public awareness about these animal species. Displaying popular, flagship species of non-mammal taxa may increase interest among the public as well, and may translate into a significant growth in the amount of donations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Fančovičová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Trnava University, Priemyselná 4, 918 43 Trnava, Slovakia; (J.F.); (R.R.)
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-6-02-96236
| | - Róberta Repáková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Trnava University, Priemyselná 4, 918 43 Trnava, Slovakia; (J.F.); (R.R.)
| | - William Medina-Jerez
- Teacher Education Department, College of Education, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
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6
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McGaley J, Paszkowski U. Visualising an invisible symbiosis. PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET 2021; 3:462-470. [PMID: 34938955 PMCID: PMC8651000 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vast abundance and global importance of plant and microbial species, the large majority go unnoticed and unappreciated by humans, contributing to pressing issues including the neglect of study and research of these organisms, the lack of interest and support for their protection and conservation, low microbial and botanical literacy in society, and a growing disconnect between people and nature. The invisibility of many of these organisms is a key factor in their oversight by society, but also points to a solution: sharing the wealth of visual data produced during scientific research with a broader audience. Here, we discuss how the invisible can be visualised for a public audience, and the benefits it can bring. SUMMARY Whether too small, slow or concealed, the majority of species on Earth go unseen by humans. One such rather unobservable group of organisms are the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, who form beneficial symbioses with plants. AM symbiosis is ubiquitous and vitally important globally in ecosystem functioning, but partly as a consequence of its invisibility, it receives disproportionally little attention and appreciation. Yet AM fungi, and other unseen organisms, need not remain overlooked: from decades of scientific research there exists a goldmine of visual data, which if shared effectively we believe can alleviate the issues of low awareness. Here, we use examples from our experience of public engagement with AM symbiosis as well as evidence from the literature to outline the diverse ways in which invisible organisms can be visualised for a broad audience. We highlight outcomes and knock-on consequences of this visualisation, ranging from improved human mental health to environmental protection, making the case for researchers to share their images more widely for the benefit of plants (and fungi and other overlooked organisms), people and planet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uta Paszkowski
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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7
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Kubo T, Veríssimo D, Uryu S, Mieno T, MacMillan D. What determines the success and failure of environmental crowdfunding? AMBIO 2021; 50:1659-1669. [PMID: 33754325 PMCID: PMC8285433 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Online crowdfunding can help address the perennial financial shortfalls in environmental conservation and management. Although many online crowdfunding campaigns fail to collect any funds due to not achieving their targets, little is known about what drives success. To address this knowledge gap, we applied a mixed-methods approach to data from 473 successful and failed campaigns hosted on the online crowdfunding platform Readyfor. We found that fundraising performance varied by topic, with campaigns on pet animal management outperforming those focussed on landscape management and sustainable use. We also found that marketing strategies associated with online findability and increased reach through social networks, increased fundraising success. However, the existence of other environmental campaigns running simultaneously, reduced the chance of success, which implies that the selecting popular topics does not always increase the likelihood of success due to increased competition. Wider applications of marketing could enhance the ability of environmental crowdfunding campaigns to raise funds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kubo
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, 78 Marlowe Building, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK.
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Shinya Uryu
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Taro Mieno
- Agricultural Economics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Douglas MacMillan
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, 78 Marlowe Building, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
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8
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Thomas MJ, Giannoulatou ID, Kocak E, Tank W, Sarnowski R, Jones PE, Januchowski‐Hartley SR. Reflections from the team: Co‐creating visual media about ecological processes for young people. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Merryn J. Thomas
- Department of Biosciences Faculty of Science and Engineering Singleton Park Campus Swansea University Swansea Wales UK
- School of Psychology Cardiff University Cardiff Wales UK
| | - Ioanna Daphne Giannoulatou
- Department of Biosciences Faculty of Science and Engineering Singleton Park Campus Swansea University Swansea Wales UK
| | | | | | | | - Peter E. Jones
- Department of Biosciences Faculty of Science and Engineering Singleton Park Campus Swansea University Swansea Wales UK
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9
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Boissat L, Thomas‐Walters L, Veríssimo D. Nature documentaries as catalysts for change: Mapping out the ‘Blackfish Effect’. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Boissat
- Oxford School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
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10
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Salazar G, Neves J, Alves V, Silva B, Veríssimo D. Picturing donations: Do images influence conservation fundraising? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251882. [PMID: 34086695 PMCID: PMC8177415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many environmental organizations use photographic images to engage donors and supporters. While images play a role in fundraising, visual framing remains understudied in the environmental field. Few real-world experiments have examined which types of images result in higher donations to biodiversity conservation. We examined the role of images in conservation fundraising through a public experiment at Zoomarine, a marine park located in southern Portugal. Zoomarine runs a program called Dolphin Emotions where visitors pay to learn about dolphin biology and to interact with dolphins. We placed a donation box and a large informational poster about the Marine Megafauna Foundation, a conservation partner, in the lounge of the Dolphin Emotions program, which is open to participants and their families. The text on the poster, which solicited donations for the Marine Megafauna Foundation, was held constant, while four different image conditions were tested: dolphins, ocean wildlife, children, and people staring out from the poster (i.e., “watching eyes”). Each image condition was displayed for three days at a time and was on display for at least seven randomly assigned three-day periods over the course of 91 days. 20,944 visitors passed the donation box and the four poster conditions during this time and a total of € 952.40 was collected. The differences in mean donations in € per visitor per 3-day period were not statistically significant, F(3, 25) = 0.745, p = 0.54. Thus, we did not find that different images had a significant influence on donations to conservation. This may be due to our choice of visual frames or to the use of a donation box, which is a passive fundraising channel. Future research should examine how visual framing influences donations in other public settings and should test the influence of other visual frames on philanthropic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabby Salazar
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - João Neves
- Department of Science and Education, Zoomarine, Algarve, Albufeira, Portugal
| | - Vasco Alves
- Department of Science and Education, Zoomarine, Algarve, Albufeira, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva
- Department of Science and Education, Zoomarine, Algarve, Albufeira, Portugal
| | - Diogo Veríssimo
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
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Thomas‐Walters L, Vieira S, Jiménez V, Monteiro D, Ferreira B, Smith RJ, Veríssimo D. Challenges in the impact evaluation of behaviour change interventions: The case of sea turtle meat and eggs in São Tomé. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thomas‐Walters
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Sara Vieira
- Programa Tatô Largo do Bom Despacho Cidade de São Tomé São Tomé Sao Tome and Principe
| | - Victor Jiménez
- Programa Tatô Sítio da Pedragosa Barão de São João Portugal
| | - Domingas Monteiro
- Programa Tatô Largo do Bom Despacho Cidade de São Tomé São Tomé Sao Tome and Principe
| | | | - Robert J. Smith
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Diogo Veríssimo
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido CA USA
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12
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Dunn ME, Mills M, Veríssimo D. Evaluating the impact of the documentary series
Blue Planet
II
on viewers' plastic consumption behaviors. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Morena Mills
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London London UK
| | - Diogo Veríssimo
- Department of Zoology and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford Oxford UK
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