The "Early Treatment" Approach Reducing Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus From an Expert Panel Using the Delphi Technique

Prevention of foot ulcers recurrence in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials for the development of the italian guidelines for the treatment of diabetic foot syndrome

AIM

To compare the effectiveness of preventive interventions in reducing reccurrent diabetic foot ulcers. Meta-analysis (MA) was conducted to address clinical questions on this topic of the Italian guidelines on diabetic foot.

METHODS

This MA includes randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of various preventive interventions, namely: treatment of pre-ulcerative foot lesions, structured educational programs, psychological interventions and the use of therapeutic footwear to relieve plantar pressure in people with diabetes mellitus and a history of previous ulcers.

RESULTS

A total of 731 studies were identified and 14 were considered eligible for the analysis. We found that treatments of pre-ulcerative foot lesions did not provide any statistically significant effects (MH-OR: 0.84 [0.31, 2.33], p = 0.74, I2 = 38%). Conversely, structured educational programs were associated with a trend toward reduction of ulcer recurrence risk (MH-OR: 0.13 [0.01, 1.64], p = 0.10, I2 = 88%). No randomized controlled studies assessing the efficacy of psychological interventions have been retrieved. The use of therapeutic footwears can effectively reduce the risk of reulceration in diabetic patients with an history of previous DFU, in particular prefabricated rigid-soled therapeutic footwears showed a significant reduction of the risk of ulcer recurrence in comparison with semirigid soles (MH-OR: 0.17 [0.05, 0.57], p = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS

The study provides low-certainty evidence that, among preventive strategies in patients with previous DFU, rigid-sole therapeutic footwear and structured education programs are capable of reducing the risk of foot re-ulceration.

The quality of care in type 1 and type 2 diabetes - A 2023 update of the AMD Annals initiative

AIMS

An initiative of continuous monitoring of the quality of diabetes care, promoted by the Association of Medical Diabetologists, is in place in Italy since 2006 (AMD Annals). The initiative was effective in improving quality of care indicators, assessed periodically through standardized measures. Here, we show the 2023 AMD Annals data on type 2 (T2D) and type 1 (T1D) diabetes.

METHODS

A network of over 1/3 of diabetes centers in Italy periodically extracts anonymous data from electronic medical records, using a standardized software. Process, treatment and outcome indicators, and a validated score of overall care, the Q-score, were evaluated.

RESULTS

296 centers provided data on 573,164 T2D (mean age 69.7 ± 11.2 years) and 42,611 T1D subjects (mean age 48.6 ± 16.9 years). A HbA1c value ≤ 7.0 % was documented in 56.3 % of patients with T2D and 35.9 % of those with T1D. Only 6.6 % of T2D patients and 3.5 % of those with T1D reached the composite outcome of HbA1c ≤ 7.0 % + LDL-C < 70 mg/dl + BP < 130/80 mmHg. Notably, only 2.8 % and 3.2 % of T2D and T1D patients, respectively, showed a Q score < 15, which correlates with an 80 % higher risk of incident CVD events compared to scores > 25.

CONCLUSIONS

We documented an overall good quality of care in both T1D and T2D subjects. However, the failure to achieve the targets of the main risk factors, especially if combined, in a still too large proportion of patients testify the difficulty to apply the more and more stringent indications recommended by guidelines in the everyday clinical practice.

Development of the Italian clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of diabetic foot syndrome: design and methodological aspects

AIMS

Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) and its complications are a growing public health concern. The Italian Society of Diabetology (SID) and the Italian Association of Clinical Diabetologists (AMD), in collaboration with other scientific societies, will develop the first Italian guidelines for the treatment of DFS.

METHODS

The creation of SID/AMD Guidelines is based on an extended work made by 19 panelists and 12 members of the Evidence Review Team. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) methodology has been used to decide aims, reference population, and target health professionals. Clinical questions have been created using PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) conceptual framework. The definition of questions has been performed using a two-step web-based Delphi methodology, a structured technique aimed at obtaining by repeated rounds of questionnaires a consensus opinion from a panel of experts in areas wherein evidence is scarce or conflicting, and opinion is important.

RESULTS

The mean age of panelists (26.3% women) was 53.7 ± 10.6 years. The panel proposed 34 questions. A consensus was immediately reached for all the proposed questions, 32 were approved and 2 were rejected.

CONCLUSIONS

The areas covered by clinical questions included diagnosis of ischemia and infection, treatment of ischemic, neuropathic, and infected ulcers, prevention of foot ulceration, organization and education issues, and surgical management. The PICO presented in this paper are designed to provide indications for healthcare professionals in charge of diabetic foot treatment and prevention, primarily based on clinical needs of people with diabetic foot syndrome and considering the existing organization of health care.

The legacy effect of hyperglycemia and early use of SGLT-2 inhibitors: a cohort study with newly-diagnosed people with type 2 diabetes

Background

A delay in reaching HbA1c targets in patients with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased long-term risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), a phenomenon referred to as legacy effect. Whether an early introduction of glucose-lowering drugs with proven benefit on CVD can attenuate this phenomenon is unknown.

Methods

Using data derived from a large Italian clinical registry, i.e. the AMD Annals, we identified 251,339 subjects with newly-diagnosed T2D and without CVD at baseline. Through Cox regressions adjusted for multiple risk factors, we examined the association between having a mean HbA1c between 7.1 and 8% or >8%, compared with ≤7%, for various periods of early exposure (0-1, 0-2, 0-3 years) and the development of later (mean subsequent follow-up 4.6 ± 2.9 years) CVD, evaluated as a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary or peripheral revascularization, and coronary or peripheral bypass. We performed this analysis in the overall cohort and then splitting the population in two groups of patients: those that introduced sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) during the exposure phase and those not treated with these drugs.

Findings

Considering the whole cohort, subjects with both a mean HbA1c between 7.1 and 8% and >8%, compared with patients attaining a mean HbA1c ≤ 7%, showed an increased risk of developing the outcome in all the three early exposure periods assessed, with the highest risk observed in patients with mean HbA1c > 8% in the 3 years exposure period (hazard ratio [HR]1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.063-1.365). The introduction of SGLT-2i during the exposure periods of 0-1 and 0-2 years eliminated the association between poor glycemic control and the outcome (p for interaction 0.006 and 0.003, respectively, vs. patients with the same degree of glycemic control but not treated with these drugs).

Interpretation

Among patients with newly diagnosed T2D and free of CVD at baseline, a poor glycemic control in the first three years after diagnosis is associated with an increased subsequent risk of CVD. This association is no longer evident when SGLT-2i are introduced in the first two years, suggesting that these drugs attenuate the phenomenon of legacy effect. An early treatment with these drugs might thus promote a long-lasting benefit in patients not attaining proper glycemic control after T2D diagnosis.

Funding

This work was supported, in part, by the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente) to IRCCS MultiMedica.

A prediction model to assess the risk of egfr loss in patients with type 2 diabetes and preserved kidney function: The amd annals initiative

OBJECTIVE

To develop and validate a model for predicting 5-year eGFR-loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with preserved renal function at baseline.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A cohort of 504.532 T2DM outpatients participating to the Medical Associations of Diabetologists (AMD) Annals Initiative was splitted into the Learning and Validation cohorts, in which the predictive model was respectively developed and validated. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model including all baseline characteristics was performed to identify predictors of eGFR-loss. A weight derived from regression coefficients was assigned to each variable and the overall sum of weights determined the 0 to 8-risk score.

RESULTS

A set of demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters entered the final model. The eGFR-loss score showed a good performance in the Validation cohort. Increasing score values progressively identified a higher risk of GFR loss: a score ≥ 8 was associated with a HR of 13.48 (12.96-14.01) in the Learning and a HR of 13.45 (12.93-13.99) in the Validation cohort. The 5 years-probability of developing the study outcome was 55.9% higher in subjects with a score ≥ 8.

CONCLUSIONS

In the large AMD Annals Initiative cohort, we developed and validated an eGFR-loss prediction model to identify T2DM patients at risk of developing clinically meaningful renal complications within a 5-years time frame.

Approach to Patients with Obesity and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Primary Care Using the Delphi Methodology

BACKGROUND

Implementing preventive strategies for patients with obesity would improve the future burden of cardiovascular diseases. The objective was to present the opinions of experts on the approach to treating patients with obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors from a primary care perspective in Spain; Methods: Using the Delphi technique, a 42-question questionnaire was developed based on results from the scientific literature, and sent to 42 experts in primary care. Two rounds of participation were held; Results: There is a close relationship between obesity and cardiovascular risk factors among primary care physicians. It is necessary to use a checklist in primary care that includes metabolic parameters such as body mass index, waist circumference, and levels of C-reactive protein and ferritin. It is also useful to combine pharmacological treatment, such as liraglutide, with a change in lifestyle to achieve therapeutic goals in this population; Conclusions: There is a high level of awareness among experts in Spain regarding obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors, and the need to address this pathology comprehensively. The need to incorporate specific tools in primary care consultations that allow for better assessment and follow-up of these patients, such as cuffs adapted to arm size or imaging techniques to assess body fat, is evident. Teleconsultation is imposed as a helpful tool for follow-up. Experts recommend that patients with obesity and associated comorbidities modify their lifestyle, incorporate a Mediterranean diet, and administer liraglutide.

The Place and Value of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in the Evolving Treatment Paradigm for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

Over recent years, the expanding evidence base for sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) therapies has revealed benefits beyond their glucose-lowering efficacy in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), resulting in their recognition as cardiorenal medicines. While SGLT2is continue to be recommended among the second-line therapies for the treatment of hyperglycaemia, their true value now extends to the prevention of debilitating and costly cardiovascular and renal events for high-risk individuals, with particular benefit shown in reducing major adverse cardiac events and heart failure (HF) and slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease. However, SGLT2i usage is still suboptimal among groups considered to be at greatest risk of cardiorenal complications. The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has intensified financial pressures on healthcare systems, which may hamper further investment in newer effective medicines. Emerging evidence indicates that glycaemic control should be prioritised for people with T2DM in the era of COVID-19 and practical advice on the use of T2DM medications during periods of acute illness remains important, particularly for healthcare professionals working in primary care who face multiple competing priorities. This article provides the latest update from the Improving Diabetes Steering Committee, including perspectives on the value of SGLT2is as cost-effective therapies within the T2DM treatment paradigm, with particular focus on the latest published evidence relating to the prevention or slowing of cardiorenal complications. The implications for ongoing and future approaches to diabetes care are considered in the light of the continuing coronavirus pandemic, and relevant aspects of international treatment guidelines are highlighted with practical advice on the appropriate use of SGLT2is in commonly occurring T2DM clinical scenarios. The 'SGLT2i Prescribing Tool for T2DM Management', previously published by the Steering Committee, has been updated to reflect the latest evidence and is provided in the Supplementary Materials to help support clinicians delivering T2DM care.