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Miao X, Lin J, Li A, Gao T, Liu T, Shen J, Sun Y, Wei J, Bao B, Zheng X. AAV-mediated VEGFA overexpression promotes angiogenesis and recovery of locomotor function following spinal cord injury via PI3K/Akt signaling. Exp Neurol 2024; 375:114739. [PMID: 38401852 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disorder of the central nervous system resulting from various factors such as trauma, inflammation, tumors, and other etiologies. This condition leads to impairment in motor, sensory, and autonomic functions below the level of injury. Limitations of current therapeutic approaches prompt an investigation into therapeutic angiogenesis through persistent local expression of proangiogenic factors. Here, we investigated whether overexpression of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in mouse SCI promoted locomotor function recovery, and whether the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway was mechanistically involved. Three weeks before SCI, AAV-VEGFA was injected at the T10 level to induce VEGFA overexpression. Neurofunctional, histological, and biochemical assessments were done to determine tissue damage and/or recovery of neuromuscular and behavioral impairments. Daily injections of the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor LY294002 were made to assess a possible mechanism. AAV-VEGFA overexpression dramatically improved locomotor function and ameliorated pathological injury caused by SCI. Improved motor-evoked potentials in hindlimbs and more spinal CD31-positive microvessels were observed in AAV-VEGFA-overexpressing mice. LY294002 reduced PI3K and Akt phosphorylation levels and attenuated AAV-VEGFA-related improvements. In conclusion, sustained local AAV-mediated VEGFA overexpression in spinal cord can significantly promote angiogenesis and ameliorate locomotor impairment after SCI in a contusion mouse model through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Miao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqing Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiexin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabao Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbo Bao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyou Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China.
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Wang J, Ji C, Ye W, Rong Y, Ge X, Wang Z, Tang P, Zhou Z, Luo Y, Cai W. Deubiquitinase UCHL1 promotes angiogenesis and blood-spinal cord barrier function recovery after spinal cord injury by stabilizing Sox17. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:137. [PMID: 38478109 PMCID: PMC10937794 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Improving the function of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) benefits the functional recovery of mice following spinal cord injury (SCI). The death of endothelial cells and disruption of the BSCB at the injury site contribute to secondary damage, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in regulating protein function. However, little is known about the regulation of deubiquitinated enzymes in endothelial cells and their effect on BSCB function after SCI. We observed that Sox17 is predominantly localized in endothelial cells and is significantly upregulated after SCI and in LPS-treated brain microvascular endothelial cells. In vitro Sox17 knockdown attenuated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation, while in vivo Sox17 knockdown inhibited endothelial regeneration and barrier recovery, leading to poor functional recovery after SCI. Conversely, in vivo overexpression of Sox17 promoted angiogenesis and functional recovery after injury. Additionally, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry revealed the interaction between the deubiquitinase UCHL1 and Sox17, which stabilized Sox17 and influenced angiogenesis and BSCB repair following injury. By generating UCHL1 conditional knockout mice and conducting rescue experiments, we further validated that the deubiquitinase UCHL1 promotes angiogenesis and restoration of BSCB function after injury by stabilizing Sox17. Collectively, our findings present a novel therapeutic target for treating SCI by revealing a potential mechanism for endothelial cell regeneration and BSCB repair after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengyue Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wu Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuluo Rong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Xuhui Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuanghui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengyu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yongjun Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weihua Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Han X, Zhang M, Yan L, Fu Y, Kou H, Shang C, Wang J, Liu H, Jiang C, Wang J, Cheng T. Role of dendritic cells in spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14593. [PMID: 38528832 PMCID: PMC10964036 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation can worsen spinal cord injury (SCI), with dendritic cells (DCs) playing a crucial role in the inflammatory response. They mediate T lymphocyte differentiation, activate microglia, and release cytokines like NT-3. Moreover, DCs can promote neural stem cell survival and guide them toward neuron differentiation, positively impacting SCI outcomes. OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarize the role of DCs in SCI-related inflammation and identify potential therapeutic targets for treating SCI. METHODS Literature in PubMed and Web of Science was reviewed using critical terms related to DCs and SCI. RESULTS The study indicates that DCs can activate microglia and astrocytes, promote T-cell differentiation, increase neurotrophin release at the injury site, and subsequently reduce secondary brain injury and enhance functional recovery in the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the repair mechanisms of DCs and their potential therapeutic potential for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Han
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Mingkang Zhang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Liyan Yan
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yikun Fu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Hongwei Kou
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Chunfeng Shang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
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Miron RJ, Estrin NE, Sculean A, Zhang Y. Understanding exosomes: Part 2-Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:257-414. [PMID: 38591622 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of diseases/conditions. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. Today exosomes have been applied in numerous contexts including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system, depression, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury), damaged organs (heart, kidney, liver, stroke, myocardial infarctions, myocardial infarctions, ovaries), degenerative processes (atherosclerosis, diabetes, hematology disorders, musculoskeletal degeneration, osteoradionecrosis, respiratory disease), infectious diseases (COVID-19, hepatitis), regenerative procedures (antiaging, bone regeneration, cartilage/joint regeneration, osteoarthritis, cutaneous wounds, dental regeneration, dermatology/skin regeneration, erectile dysfunction, hair regrowth, intervertebral disc repair, spinal cord injury, vascular regeneration), and cancer therapy (breast, colorectal, gastric cancer and osteosarcomas), immune function (allergy, autoimmune disorders, immune regulation, inflammatory diseases, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). This scoping review is a first of its kind aimed at summarizing the extensive regenerative potential of exosomes over a broad range of diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan E Estrin
- Advanced PRF Education, Venice, Florida, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
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Lee HY, Moon SH, Kang D, Choi E, Yang GH, Kim KN, Won JY, Yi S. A multi-channel collagen conduit with aligned Schwann cells and endothelial cells for enhanced neuronal regeneration in spinal cord injury. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7884-7896. [PMID: 37906468 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01152f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to Wallerian degeneration and the accompanying disruption of vasculature leads to ischemia, which damages motor and sensory function. Therefore, understanding the biological environment during regeneration is essential to promote neuronal regeneration and overcome this phenomenon. The band of Büngner is a structure of an aligned Schwann cell (SC) band that guides axon elongation providing a natural recovery environment. During axon elongation, SCs promote axon elongation while migrating along neovessels (endothelial cells [ECs]). To model this, we used extrusion 3D bioprinting to develop a multi-channel conduit (MCC) using collagen for the matrix region and sacrificial alginate to make the channel. The MCC was fabricated with a structure in which SCs and ECs were longitudinally aligned to mimic the sophisticated recovering SCI conditions. Also, we produced an MCC with different numbers of channels. The aligned SCs and ECs in the 9-channel conduit (9MCC-SE) were more biocompatible and led to more proliferation than the 5-channel conduit (5MCC-SE) in vitro. Also, the 9MCC-SE resulted in a greater healing effect than the 5MCC-SE with respect to neuronal regeneration, remyelination, inflammation, and angiogenesis in vivo. The above tissue recovery results led to motor function repair. Our results show that our 9MCC-SE model represents a new therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yeong Lee
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seo Hyun Moon
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Donggu Kang
- Research Institute of Additive Manufacturing and Regenerative Medicine, Baobab Healthcare Inc., 55 Hanyangdaehak-Ro, Ansan, Gyeonggi-Do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Eunjeong Choi
- Research Institute of Additive Manufacturing and Regenerative Medicine, Baobab Healthcare Inc., 55 Hanyangdaehak-Ro, Ansan, Gyeonggi-Do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Yang
- Research Institute of Additive Manufacturing and Regenerative Medicine, Baobab Healthcare Inc., 55 Hanyangdaehak-Ro, Ansan, Gyeonggi-Do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Keung Nyun Kim
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo Yun Won
- Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Anymedi INC., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Yi
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Gao P, Yi J, Chen W, Gu J, Miao S, Wang X, Huang Y, Jiang T, Li Q, Zhou W, Zhao S, Wu M, Yin G, Chen J. Pericyte-derived exosomal miR-210 improves mitochondrial function and inhibits lipid peroxidation in vascular endothelial cells after traumatic spinal cord injury by activating JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:452. [PMID: 38012616 PMCID: PMC10680350 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a significant health concern, with limited available treatment options. This condition poses significant medical, economic, and social challenges. SCI is typically categorized into primary and secondary injuries. Inflammation, oxidative stress, scar formation, and the immune microenvironment impede axon regeneration and subsequent functional restoration. Numerous studies have shown that the destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and microvessels is a crucial factor in severe secondary injury. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced lipid peroxidation significantly contributes to endothelial cell death. Pericytes are essential constituents of the BBB that share the basement membrane with endothelial cells and astrocytes. They play a significant role in the establishment and maintenance of BBB. RESULTS Immunofluorescence staining at different time points revealed a consistent correlation between pericyte coverage and angiogenesis, suggesting that pericytes promote vascular repair via paracrine signaling. Pericytes undergo alterations in cellular morphology and the transcriptome when exposed to hypoxic conditions, potentially promoting angiogenesis. We simulated an early ischemia-hypoxic environment following SCI using glucose and oxygen deprivation and BBB models. Co-culturing pericytes with endothelial cells improved barrier function compared to the control group. However, this enhancement was reduced by the exosome inhibitor, GW4869. In vivo injection of exosomes improved BBB integrity and promoted motor function recovery in mice following SCI. Subsequently, we found that pericyte-derived exosomes exhibited significant miR-210-5p expression based on sequencing analysis. Therefore, we performed a series of gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vitro. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that miR-210-5p regulates endothelial barrier function by inhibiting JAK1/STAT3 signaling. This process is achieved by regulating lipid peroxidation levels and improving mitochondrial function, suggesting a potential mechanism for restoration of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Yi
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedic, Changzheng Hospital, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Orthopedic, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, No. 1128 Dacheng Road, Wuxi, 214105, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Miao
- Department of Orthopedic, Suqian First People's Hospital, No. 120 Suzhi Road, Suqian, 223812, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, Maanshan People's Hospital, No. 45 Hubei Road, Maanshan, 243000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengyuan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Xie Y, Luo Z, Peng W, Liu Y, Yuan F, Xu J, Sun Y, Lu H, Wu T, Jiang L, Hu J. Inhibition of UTX/KDM6A improves recovery of spinal cord injury by attenuating BSCB permeability and macrophage infiltration through the MLCK/p-MLC pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:259. [PMID: 37951955 PMCID: PMC10638785 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can prompt an immediate disruption to the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB). Restoring the integrity of this barrier is vital for the recovery of neurological function post-SCI. The UTX protein, a histone demethylase, has been shown in previous research to promote vascular regeneration and neurological recovery in mice with SCI. However, it is unclear whether UTX knockout could facilitate the recovery of the BSCB by reducing its permeability. In this study, we systematically studied BSCB disruption and permeability at different time points after SCI and found that conditional UTX deletion in endothelial cells (ECs) can reduce BSCB permeability, decrease inflammatory cell infiltration and ROS production, and improve neurological function recovery after SCI. Subsequently, we used RNA sequencing and ChIP-qPCR to confirm that conditional UTX knockout in ECs can down-regulate expression of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), which specifically mediates myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and is involved in actin contraction, cell retraction, and tight junctions (TJs) protein integrity. Moreover, we found that MLCK overexpression can increase the ratio of p-MLC/MLC, further break TJs, and exacerbate BSCB deterioration. Overall, our findings indicate that UTX knockout could inhibit the MLCK/p-MLC pathway, resulting in decreased BSCB permeability, and ultimately promoting neurological recovery in mice. These results suggest that UTX is a promising new target for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zixiang Luo
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feifei Yuan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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8
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You Z, Gao X, Kang X, Yang W, Xiong T, Li Y, Wei F, Zhuang Y, Zhang T, Sun Y, Shen H, Dai J. Microvascular endothelial cells derived from spinal cord promote spinal cord injury repair. Bioact Mater 2023; 29:36-49. [PMID: 37621772 PMCID: PMC10444976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) closely relates to the microvascular endothelial cell (MEC)-mediated neurovascular unit formation. However, the effects of central nerve system-derived MECs on neovascularization and neurogenesis, and potential signaling involved therein, are unclear. Here, we established a primary spinal cord-derived MECs (SCMECs) isolation with high cell yield and purity to describe the differences with brain-derived MECs (BMECs) and their therapeutic effects on SCI. Transcriptomics and proteomics revealed differentially expressed genes and proteins in SCMECs were involved in angiogenesis, immunity, metabolism, and cell adhesion molecular signaling was the only signaling pathway enriched of top 10 in differentially expressed genes and proteins KEGG analysis. SCMECs and BMECs could be induced angiogenesis by different stiffness stimulation of PEG hydrogels with elastic modulus 50-1650 Pa for SCMECs and 50-300 Pa for BMECs, respectively. Moreover, SCMECs and BMECs promoted spinal cord or brain-derived NSC (SNSC/BNSC) proliferation, migration, and differentiation at different levels. At certain dose, SCMECs in combination with the NeuroRegen scaffold, showed higher effectiveness in the promotion of vascular reconstruction. The potential underlying mechanism of this phenomenon may through VEGF/AKT/eNOS- signaling pathway, and consequently accelerated neuronal regeneration and functional recovery of SCI rats compared to BMECs. Our findings suggested a promising role of SCMECs in restoring vascularization and neural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng You
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xinyi Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tiandi Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yue Li
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunction Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunction Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yifu Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - He Shen
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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9
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Xie Y, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zhao J, Liu Q, Xu J, Qin Y, He R, Yuan F, Wu T, Duan C, Jiang L, Lu H, Hu J. Targeted Delivery of RGD-CD146 +CD271 + Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Promotes Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Repair after Spinal Cord Injury. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18008-18024. [PMID: 37695238 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), potentially exacerbating nerve damage and emphasizing the criticality of preserving the BSCB integrity during SCI treatment. This study explores an alternative therapeutic approach for SCI by identifying a subpopulation of exosomes with stable BSCB function and achieving a specific targeted delivery. Specific subpopulations of CD146+CD271+ umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) were isolated, from which engineered exosomes (RGD-CD146+CD271+ UCMSC-Exos) with targeted neovascularization function were obtained through gene transfection. In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to explore the targeting and therapeutic effects of RGD-CD146+CD271+ UCMSC-Exos and the potential mechanisms underlying BSCB stabilization and neural function recovery. The results demonstrated that RGD-CD146+CD271+ UCMSC-Exos exhibited physical and chemical properties similar to those of regular exosomes. Notably, following intranasal administration, RGD-CD146+CD271+ UCMSC-Exos exhibited enhanced aggregation at the SCI center and demonstrated the specific targeting of neovascular endothelial cells. In the SCI model, intranasal administration of RGD-CD146+CD271+ UCMSC-Exos reduced Evans blue dye leakage, increased tight junction protein expression, and improved neurological function recovery. In vitro testing revealed that RGD-CD146+CD271+ UCMSC-Exos treatment significantly reduced the permeability of bEnd.3 cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation, thereby restoring the integrity of tight junctions. Moreover, further exploration of the molecular mechanism underlying BSCB stabilization by CD146+CD271+ UCMSC-Exos identified the crucial role of the miR-501-5p/MLCK axis in this process. In conclusion, targeted delivery of RGD-CD146+CD271+ UCMSC-Exos presents a promising and effective treatment option for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Jinyun Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Quanbo Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Yiming Qin
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Rundong He
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Feifei Yuan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410005, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha 410005, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
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10
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Peng W, Xie Y, Liu Y, Xu J, Yuan F, Li C, Qin T, Lu H, Duan C, Hu J. Targeted delivery of CD163 + macrophage-derived small extracellular vesicles via RGD peptides promote vascular regeneration and stabilization after spinal cord injury. J Control Release 2023; 361:750-765. [PMID: 37586563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with low immunogenicity and fewer undesirable side effects are needed for spinal cord injury (SCI) therapy. Here, we show that RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptide-decorated CD163+ macrophage-derived sEVs can deliver TGF-β to the neovascular endothelial cells of the injured site and improve neurological function after SCI. CD163+ macrophages are M2 macrophages that express TGF-β and are reported to promote angiogenesis and vascular stabilization in various diseases. Enriched TGF-β EVs were crucial in angiogenesis and tissue repair. However, TGF-β also boosts the formation of fibrous or glial scars, detrimental to neurological recovery. Our results found RGD-modified CD163+ sEVs accumulated in the injured region and were taken up by neovascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, RGD-CD163+ sEVs promoted vascular regeneration and stabilization in vitro and in vivo, resulting in substantial functional recovery post-SCI. These data suggest that RGD-CD163+ sEVs may be a potential strategy for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Wuxi 9th Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feifei Yuan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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11
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Martins I, Neves-Silva D, Ascensão-Ferreira M, Dias AF, Ribeiro D, Isidro AF, Quitéria R, Paramos-de-Carvalho D, Barbosa-Morais NL, Saúde L. Mouse Spinal Cord Vascular Transcriptome Analysis Identifies CD9 and MYLIP as Injury-Induced Players. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6433. [PMID: 37047406 PMCID: PMC10094762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates a cascade of cellular events, culminating in irreversible tissue loss and neuroinflammation. After the trauma, the blood vessels are destroyed. The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), a physical barrier between the blood and spinal cord parenchyma, is disrupted, facilitating the infiltration of immune cells, and contributing to a toxic spinal microenvironment, affecting axonal regeneration. Understanding how the vascular constituents of the BSCB respond to injury is crucial to prevent BSCB impairment and to improve spinal cord repair. Here, we focus our attention on the vascular transcriptome at 3- and 7-days post-injury (dpi), during which BSCB is abnormally leaky, to identify potential molecular players that are injury-specific. Using the mouse contusion model, we identified Cd9 and Mylip genes as differentially expressed at 3 and 7 dpi. CD9 and MYLIP expression were injury-induced on vascular cells, endothelial cells and pericytes, at the injury epicentre at 7 dpi, with a spatial expression predominantly at the caudal region of the lesion. These results establish CD9 and MYLIP as two new potential players after SCI, and future studies targeting their expression might bring promising results for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaura Martins
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dalila Neves-Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Ascensão-Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Dias
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniel Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Isidro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Quitéria
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diogo Paramos-de-Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno L. Barbosa-Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonor Saúde
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes e Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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12
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Wu Y, Tang Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu S. Restoration of spinal cord injury: From endogenous repairing process to cellular therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1077441. [PMID: 36523818 PMCID: PMC9744968 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1077441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts neurological pathways and impacts sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve function. There is no effective treatment for SCI currently. Numerous endogenous cells, including astrocytes, macrophages/microglia, and oligodendrocyte, are involved in the histological healing process following SCI. By interfering with cells during the SCI repair process, some advancements in the therapy of SCI have been realized. Nevertheless, the endogenous cell types engaged in SCI repair and the current difficulties these cells confront in the therapy of SCI are poorly defined, and the mechanisms underlying them are little understood. In order to better understand SCI and create new therapeutic strategies and enhance the clinical translation of SCI repair, we have comprehensively listed the endogenous cells involved in SCI repair and summarized the six most common mechanisms involved in SCI repair, including limiting the inflammatory response, protecting the spared spinal cord, enhancing myelination, facilitating neovascularization, producing neurotrophic factors, and differentiating into neural/colloidal cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shengwen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Sarkar A, Kim KT, Tsymbalyuk O, Keledjian K, Wilhelmy BE, Sherani NA, Jia X, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. A Direct Comparison of Physical Versus Dihydrocapsaicin-Induced Hypothermia in a Rat Model of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2022; 12:90-102. [PMID: 35675523 PMCID: PMC9231662 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2021.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition with no effective treatment. Hypothermia induced by physical means (cold fluid) is established as an effective therapy in animal models of SCI, but its clinical translation to humans is hampered by several constraints. Hypothermia induced pharmacologically may be noninferior or superior to physically induced hypothermia for rapid, convenient systemic temperature reduction, but it has not been investigated previously in animal models of SCI. We used a rat model of SCI to compare outcomes in three groups: (1) normothermic controls; (2) hypothermia induced by conventional physical means; (3) hypothermia induced by intravenous (IV) dihydrocapsaicin (DHC). Male rats underwent unilateral lower cervical SCI and were treated after a 4-hour delay with physical cooling or IV DHC (∼0.60 mg/kg total) cooling (both 33.0 ± 1.0°C) lasting 4 hours; controls were kept normothermic. Telemetry was used to monitor temperature and heart rate during and after treatments. In two separate experiments, one ending at 48 hours, the other at 6 weeks, “blinded” investigators evaluated rats in the three groups for neurological function followed by histopathological evaluation of spinal cord tissues. DHC reliably induced systemic cooling to 32–33°C. At both the time points examined, the two modes of hypothermia yielded similar improvements in neurological function and lesion size compared with normothermic controls. Our results indicate that DHC-induced hypothermia may be comparable with physical hypothermia in efficacy, but more clinically feasible to administer than physical hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin T Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Orest Tsymbalyuk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaspar Keledjian
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradley E Wilhelmy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nageen A Sherani
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pathology and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Tsivelekas KK, Evangelopoulos DS, Pallis D, Benetos IS, Papadakis SA, Vlamis J, Pneumaticos SG. Angiogenesis in Spinal Cord Injury: Progress and Treatment. Cureus 2022; 14:e25475. [PMID: 35800787 PMCID: PMC9246426 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) provokes the onset of an intricate pathological process. Initial primary injury ruptures local micro-neuro-vascularcomplex triggering the commencement of multi-factorial secondary sequences which exert significant influence on neurological deterioration progress. Stimulating by local ischemia, neovascularization pathways emerge to provide neuroprotection and improve functional recovery. Although angiogenetic processes are prompted, newly formed vascular system is frequently inadequate to distribute sufficient blood supply and improve axonal recovery. Several treatment interventions have been endeavored to achieve the optimal conditions in SCI microenvironment, enhancing angiogenesis and improve functional recovery. In this study we review the revascularization pathogenesis and importance within the secondary processes and condense the proangiogenic influence of several angiogenetic-targeted treatment interventions.
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15
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Tracy EP, Stielberg V, Rowe G, Benson D, Nunes SS, Hoying JB, Murfee WL, LeBlanc AJ. State of the field: cellular and exosomal therapeutic approaches in vascular regeneration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H647-H680. [PMID: 35179976 PMCID: PMC8957327 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00674.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathologies of the vasculature including the microvasculature are often complex in nature, leading to loss of physiological homeostatic regulation of patency and adequate perfusion to match tissue metabolic demands. Microvascular dysfunction is a key underlying element in the majority of pathologies of failing organs and tissues. Contributing pathological factors to this dysfunction include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress, endothelial dysfunction, loss of angiogenic potential and vascular density, and greater senescence and apoptosis. In many clinical settings, current pharmacologic strategies use a single or narrow targeted approach to address symptoms of pathology rather than a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to address their root cause. To address this, efforts have been heavily focused on cellular therapies and cell-free therapies (e.g., exosomes) that can tackle the multifaceted etiology of vascular and microvascular dysfunction. In this review, we discuss 1) the state of the field in terms of common therapeutic cell population isolation techniques, their unique characteristics, and their advantages and disadvantages, 2) common molecular mechanisms of cell therapies to restore vascularization and/or vascular function, 3) arguments for and against allogeneic versus autologous applications of cell therapies, 4) emerging strategies to optimize and enhance cell therapies through priming and preconditioning, and, finally, 5) emerging strategies to bolster therapeutic effect. Relevant and recent clinical and animal studies using cellular therapies to restore vascular function or pathologic tissue health by way of improved vascularization are highlighted throughout these sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Paul Tracy
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Virginia Stielberg
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gabrielle Rowe
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel Benson
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sara S Nunes
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James B Hoying
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, New Hampshire
| | - Walter Lee Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Amanda Jo LeBlanc
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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16
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Strain MM, Johnston DT, Baine RE, Reynolds JA, Huang YJ, Henwood MK, Fauss GN, Davis JA, Miranda RC, West CR, Grau JW. Hemorrhage and Locomotor Deficits Induced by Pain Input after Spinal Cord Injury Are Partially Mediated by Changes in Hemodynamics. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3406-3430. [PMID: 34652956 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociceptive input diminishes recovery and increases lesion area after a spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent work has linked these effects to the expansion of hemorrhage at the site of injury. The current article examines whether these adverse effects are linked to a pain-induced rise in blood pressure (BP) and/or flow. Male rats with a low-thoracic SCI were treated with noxious input (electrical stimulation [shock] or capsaicin) soon after injury. Locomotor recovery and BP were assessed throughout. Tissues were collected 3 h, 24 h, or 21 days later. Both electrical stimulation and capsaicin undermined locomotor function and increased the area of hemorrhage. Changes in BP/flow varied depending on type of noxious input, with only shock producing changes in BP. Providing behavioral control over the termination of noxious stimulation attenuated the rise in BP and hemorrhage. Pretreatment with the α-1 adrenergic receptor inverse agonist, prazosin, reduced the stimulation-induced rise in BP and hemorrhage. Prazosin also attenuated the adverse effect that noxious stimulation has on long-term recovery. Administration of the adrenergic agonist, norepinephrine 1 day after injury induced an increase in BP and disrupted locomotor function, but had little effect on hemorrhage. Further, inducing a rise in BP/flow using norepinephrine undermined long-term recovery and increased tissue loss. Mediational analyses suggest that the pain-induced rise in blood flow may foster hemorrhage after SCI. Increased BP appears to act through an independent process to adversely affect locomotor performance, tissue sparing, and long-term recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty M Strain
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - David T Johnston
- Cellular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, and College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel E Baine
- Cellular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, and College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua A Reynolds
- Cellular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, and College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Melissa K Henwood
- Cellular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, and College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gizelle N Fauss
- Cellular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, and College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob A Davis
- Cellular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, and College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rajesh C Miranda
- Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher R West
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James W Grau
- Cellular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, and College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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17
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Li C, Qin T, Zhao J, He R, Wen H, Duan C, Lu H, Cao Y, Hu J. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosome-Educated Macrophages Promote Functional Healing After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:725573. [PMID: 34650405 PMCID: PMC8506031 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.725573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord injury is a site of severe central nervous system (CNS) trauma and disease without an effective treatment strategy. Neurovascular injuries occur spontaneously following spinal cord injury (SCI), leading to irreversible loss of motor and sensory function. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosome-educated macrophages (EEM) have great characteristics as therapeutic candidates for SCI treatment. It remains unknown whether EEM could promote functional healing after SCI. The effect of EEM on neurovascular regeneration after SCI needs to be further explored. We generated M2-like macrophages using exosomes isolated from BMSCs, which were known as EEM, and directly used these EEM for SCI treatment. We aimed to investigate the effects of EEM using a spinal cord contusive injury mouse model in vivo combined with an in vitro cell functional assay and compared the results to those of a normal spinal cord without any biological intervention, or PBS treatment or macrophage alone (MQ). Neurological function measurements and histochemical tests were performed to evaluate the effect of EEM on angiogenesis and axon regrowth. In the current study, we found that treatment with EEM effectively promoted the angiogenic activity of HUVECs and axonal growth in cortical neurons. Furthermore, exogenous administration of EEM directly into the injured spinal cord could promote neurological functional healing by modulating angiogenesis and axon growth. EEM treatment could provide a novel strategy to promote healing after SCI and various other neurovascular injury disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jinyun Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Rundong He
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Haicheng Wen
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Research Centre of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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18
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Qian T. Inflammatory Response to Spinal Cord Injury and Its Treatment. World Neurosurg 2021; 155:19-31. [PMID: 34375779 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.07.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), as one of the intractable diseases in clinical medicine, affects thousands of human beings, and the pathologic changes after injury have been a hot spot for exploration in clinical medicine. With the development of new treatments, the survival of patients has shown an increasing trend; however, the inflammatory response after injury has not yet been effectively controlled. SCI is divided into primary injury and secondary injury according to the time of injury and pathophysiologic changes. Primary injury occurs immediately and the damage to the injury site is irreversible; however, secondary injury occurs after primary injury and involves pathologic changes at the cellular and molecular levels, which are reversible. Thus, the inflammatory response from secondary injuries has become the main direction of research. In recent years, a complex pathophysiologic mechanism has gradually been unveiled, which has been followed by an upgrade of treatment methods. This article describes the mechanisms of the inflammatory response after SCI and the mainstream treatment modalities. Also, neuroprotective agents and nerve regeneration agent agents are commonly used in the treatment of SCI; the therapeutic mechanism and classification of these agents are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Taibao Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.
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19
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Yao C, Cao X, Yu B. Revascularization After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Physiol 2021; 12:631500. [PMID: 33995118 PMCID: PMC8119644 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.631500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex pathological process. The initial mechanical damage is followed by a progressive secondary injury cascade. The injury ruptures the local microvasculature and disturbs blood-spinal cord barriers, exacerbating inflammation and tissue damage. Although endogenous angiogenesis is triggered, the new vessels are insufficient and often fail to function normally. Numerous blood vessel interventions, such as proangiogenic factor administration, gene modulation, cell transplantation, biomaterial implantation, and physical stimulation, have been applied as SCI treatments. Here, we briefly describe alterations and effects of the vascular system on local microenvironments after SCI. Therapies targeted at revascularization for SCI are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xuemin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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20
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Cheng X, Yu Z, Xu J, Quan D, Long H. Pathophysiological Changes and the Role of Notch-1 Activation After Decompression in a Compressive Spinal Cord Injury Rat Model. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:579431. [PMID: 33584186 PMCID: PMC7876297 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.579431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical decompression is the primary treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) patients with compressive spinal cord injury (CSCI). However, the prognosis of patients with CSCI varies, and the pathophysiological changes following decompression remain poor. This study aimed to investigate the pathophysiological changes and the role of Notch-1 activation after decompression in a rat CSCI model. Surgical decompression was conducted at 1 week post-injury (wpi). DAPT was intraperitoneally injected to down-regulate Notch-1 expression. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores and an inclined plane test were used to evaluate the motor function recovery. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess pathophysiological changes, while hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), von Willebrand factor (vWF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, MMP-2, Notch-1, and Hes-1 expression in the spinal cord were examined by immunohistochemical analysis or quantitative PCR. The results show that early decompression can partially promote motor function recovery. Improvements in structural and cellular damage and hypoxic levels were also observed in the decompressed spinal cord. Moreover, decompression resulted in increased VEGF and vWF expression, but decreased MMP-9 and MMP-2 expression at 3 wpi. Expression levels of Notch-1 and its downstream gene Hes-1 were increased after decompression, and the inhibition of Notch-1 significantly reduced the decompression-induced motor function recovery. This exploratory study revealed preliminary pathophysiological changes in the compressed and decompressed rat spinal cord. Furthermore, we confirmed that early surgical decompression partially promotes motor function recovery may via activation of the Notch-1 signaling pathway after CSCI. These results could provide new insights for the development of drug therapy to enhance recovery following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengran Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghui Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daping Quan
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Houqing Long
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Ye LX, An NC, Huang P, Li DH, Zheng ZL, Ji H, Li H, Chen DQ, Wu YQ, Xiao J, Xu K, Li XK, Zhang HY. Exogenous platelet-derived growth factor improves neurovascular unit recovery after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:765-771. [PMID: 33063740 PMCID: PMC8067950 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.295347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier plays a vital role in recovery after spinal cord injury. The neurovascular unit concept emphasizes the relationship between nerves and vessels in the brain, while the effect of the blood-spinal cord barrier on the neurovascular unit is rarely reported in spinal cord injury studies. Mouse models of spinal cord injury were established by heavy object impact and then immediately injected with platelet-derived growth factor (80 μg/kg) at the injury site. Our results showed that after platelet-derived growth factor administration, spinal cord injury, neuronal apoptosis, and blood-spinal cord barrier permeability were reduced, excessive astrocyte proliferation and the autophagy-related apoptosis signaling pathway were inhibited, collagen synthesis was increased, and mouse locomotor function was improved. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were established by exposure to 200 μM H2O2. At 2 hours prior to injury, in vitro cell models were treated with 5 ng/mL platelet-derived growth factor. Our results showed that expression of blood-spinal cord barrier-related proteins, including Occludin, Claudin 5, and β-catenin, was significantly decreased and autophagy was significantly reduced. Additionally, the protective effects of platelet-derived growth factor could be reversed by intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, for 3 successive days prior to spinal cord injury. Our findings suggest that platelet-derived growth factor can promote endothelial cell repair by regulating autophagy, improve the function of the blood-spinal cord barrier, and promote the recovery of locomotor function post-spinal cord injury. Approval for animal experiments was obtained from the Animal Ethics Committee, Wenzhou Medical University, China (approval No. wydw2018-0043) in July 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Xia Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ning-Chen An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruian People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Duo-Hui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhi-Long Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Lishui People's Hospital, The sixth affiliated hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Da-Qing Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan-Qing Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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22
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Zhang C, Zhang C, Xu Y, Li C, Cao Y, Li P. Exosomes derived from human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve neurologic function by promoting angiogenesis after spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2020; 739:135399. [PMID: 32979457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious central nervous system condition with no effective clinal treatment. Recently, transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived exosomes has been proposed as a potential treatment for SCI. However, whether exosomes have similar functions as transplanted human placenta-derived MSCs(hPMSCs) has remained unclear. METHODS The hPMSCs-derived exosomes (hPMSCs-Exos) were extracted using a sequential centrifugation approach. Then, the effects of hPMSCs-Exos on angiogenesis were analysis both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the sensory and locomotor functions of mice after SCI were also analyzed. RESULTS The administration of hPMSCs-Exos promote the tube formation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs). Furthermore, vessel numbers, vessel volume fraction and vessel connectivity in spinal cords significantly increased after exosomes were intrathecally injected in the SCI model. In addition, the locomotor and sensory function, also significantly improved in the exosome treatment group. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study demonstrated that hPMSCs-Exos have proangiogenic effects on endothelial cells and enhanced angiogenesis in SCI model. Thus, this treatment strategy demonstrates great potential for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciliu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, 410008, China
| | - ChengLiang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China.
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, 410008, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Early Life Development and Disease Prevention, Changsha, 410008, China.
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23
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Mushlin HM, Lessing N, Wessell AP, Chryssikos T, Pratt N, Caffes N, Oliver J, Aarabi B, Schwartzbauer G. The Effect of Elevated Mean Arterial Blood Pressure in Cervical Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury with Hemorrhagic Contusion. World Neurosurg 2020; 144:e405-e413. [PMID: 32889182 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemorrhagic contusion in cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) is poorly understood. We investigated hemorrhagic expansion in patients with CSCI with an assigned elevated mean arterial pressure (MAP) goal of >85 mm Hg. The change in hemorrhagic area and long-term follow-up data ≥6 months after injury was studied. METHODS A retrospective review was performed from 2005 to 2016 to identify patients with motor complete CSCI with 2 cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans within 7 days of injury showing evidence of hemorrhagic contusion and assigned a MAP goal of >85 mm Hg for 7 days. T2-weighted MRI was used to calculate the hemorrhagic surface area in the sagittal plane. A calculated MAP was recorded for each blood pressure measure between the initial and follow-up MRI scans. The American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS) and American Spinal Injury Association motor scores were recorded at the final follow-up examination at ≥6 months. RESULTS A total of 193 patients were identified. The mean change in the hemorrhagic area was 24.0 mm2. Of the 193 patients, the AIS grade was A for 114 and B for 79 patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the MAP and systolic blood pressure were nonsignificant predictors of hemorrhagic contusion expansion. An increased hemorrhagic contusion area on the follow-up MRI scan was associated with a reduced odds of AIS improvement of ≥1 and ≥2 points (odds ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.87-0.97; P = 0.028; and odds ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.13; P = 0.008, respectively) at the final ≥6-month follow-up examination. CONCLUSION The present study investigated the clinical safety of elevated MAP goals for patients with CSCI and hemorrhagic contusion. Elevated MAPs did not significantly increase the risk of hemorrhagic expansion in those with CSCI. We have also reported the use of hemorrhagic contusion size as a potential radiographic biomarker for neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry M Mushlin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Noah Lessing
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron P Wessell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy Chryssikos
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan Pratt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Caffes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Oliver
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bizhan Aarabi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Program in Trauma, R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gary Schwartzbauer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Program in Trauma, R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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24
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Zheng G, Zheng F, Luo Z, Ma H, Zheng D, Xiang G, Xu C, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Tian N, Wu Y, Zhang T, Ni W, Wang S, Xu H, Zhang X. CO-Releasing Molecule (CORM)-3 Ameliorates Spinal Cord-Blood Barrier Disruption Following Injury to the Spinal Cord. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:761. [PMID: 32581781 PMCID: PMC7287126 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a clinical tough neurological problem without efficient cure currently. Blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) interruption is not only a crucial pathological feature for SCI process but is a possible target for future SCI treatments; however, few treatments have been developed to intervene BSCB. In the present study, we intravenously injected CO-releasing molecule3 (CORM-3), a classical exogenous CO donor, to the rats experiencing SCI and assessed its protection on BSCB integrity in rats. Our results demonstrated that the exogenous increasing of CO by CORM-3 blocked the tight junction (TJ) protein degeneration and neutrophils infiltration, subsequently suppressed the BSCB damage and improved the motor recovery after SCI. And we certified that the CO-induced down-regulation of MMP-9 expression and activity in neutrophil might be associated with the NF-κB signaling. Taken together, our study indicates that CO-releasing molecule (CORM)-3 ameliorates BSCB after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanghong Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zucheng Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangheng Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yaosen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Naifeng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, China
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Mohaghegh Shalmani L, Valian N, Pournajaf S, Abbaszadeh F, Dargahi L, Jorjani M. Combination therapy with astaxanthin and epidermal neural crest stem cells improves motor impairments and activates mitochondrial biogenesis in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Mitochondrion 2020; 52:125-134. [PMID: 32151747 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), a multifactorial disease, can lead to irreversible motor and sensory disabilities. Cell therapy in combination with pharmacological agents can be a promising approach to attenuate SCI damages. Epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSCs) extracted from bulge hair follicle in adults are attractive candidates due to the possibility of autologous transplantation. This study evaluated the effect of EPI-NCSCs combined with astaxanthin (Ast), a potent antioxidant, on damages induced by SCI. Male rats were treated with Ast (0.2 mM) and EPI-NCSCs (106/10 μl PBS) alone and combined together after SCI contusion. Motor function was assessed by Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) test on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 post-injury. Motor neurons number and myelin level were evaluated on days 14 and 42 using Nissl and Luxol Fast Blue staining. The gene expression of mitochondrial biogenesis involved factors (PGC1α, NRF1 and TFAM) was measured by qPCR. All treatments improved motor function, with the highest BBB score in Ast + Cell compared to Ast and Cell. Decreased motor neurons number and myelin level following SCI, were increased by Ast, Cell and Ast + Cell, but combination therapy significantly had a better effect. We observed reduction in PGC1α, NRF1, and TFAM expression in spinal tissue after SCI, and treatment with Cell and Ast + Cell significantly restored NRF1 and TFAM mRNA levels. These results suggested that Ast in combination with EPI-NCSCs has better effects on behavioral dysfunction, motor neuron loss and demyelination after SCI. These protective effects may be attributed to mitochondrial biogenesis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mohaghegh Shalmani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Valian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safura Pournajaf
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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26
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Kumar H, Lim CS, Choi H, Joshi HP, Kim KT, Kim YH, Park CK, Kim HM, Han IB. Elevated TRPV4 Levels Contribute to Endothelial Damage and Scarring in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1943-1955. [PMID: 31974206 PMCID: PMC7046444 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2035-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4), a nonselective cation channel in the pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI), is not recognized. Herein, we report the expression and contribution of TRPV4 in the pathology of scarring and endothelial and secondary damage after SCI. TRPV4 expression increased during the inflammatory phase in female rats after SCI and was expressed primarily by cells at endothelial-microglial junctions. Two-photon microscopy of intracellular-free Ca2+ levels revealed a biphasic increase at similar time points after SCI. Expression of TRPV4 at the injury epicenter, but not intracellular-free Ca2+, progressively increases with the severity of the injury. Activation of TRPV4 with specific agonist altered the organization of endothelial cells, affected tight junctions in the hCMEC/D3 BBB cell line in vitro, and increases the scarring in rat spinal cord as well as induced endothelial damage. By contrast, suppression of TRPV4 with a specific antagonist or in female Trpv4 KO mouse attenuated inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, prevented the degradation of tight junction proteins, and preserve blood-spinal cord barrier integrity, thereby attenuate the scarring after SCI. Likewise, secondary damage was reduced, and behavioral outcomes were improved in Trpv4 KO mice after SCI. These results suggest that increased TRPV4 expression disrupts endothelial cell organization during the early inflammatory phase of SCI, resulting in tissue damage, vascular destabilization, blood-spinal cord barrier breakdown, and scarring. Thus, TRPV4 inhibition/knockdown represents a promising therapeutic strategy to stabilize/protect endothelial cells, attenuate nociception and secondary damage, and reduce scarring after SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT TRPV4, a calcium-permeable nonselective cation channel, is widely expressed in both excitable and nonexcitable cells. Spinal cord injury (SCI) majorly caused by trauma/accidents is associated with changes in osmolarity, mechanical injury, and shear stress. After SCI, TRPV4 was increased and were found to be linked with the severity of injury at the epicenter at the time points that were reported to be critical for repair/treatment. Activation of TRPV4 was damaging to endothelial cells that form the blood-spinal cord barrier and thus contributes to scarring (glial and fibrotic). Importantly, inhibition/knockdown of TRPV4 prevented these effects. Thus, the manipulation of TRPV4 signaling might lead to new therapeutic strategies or combinatorial therapies to protect endothelial cells and enhance repair after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 13488
| | - Chang Su Lim
- Department of Energy System Research and Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 16499
| | - Hyemin Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 13488
| | - Hari Prasad Joshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 13488
| | - Kyoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea, 41944
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea, 41944, and
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea, 13120
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea, 13120
| | - Hwan Myung Kim
- Department of Energy System Research and Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 16499
| | - In-Bo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 13488,
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27
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Pfyffer D, Huber E, Sutter R, Curt A, Freund P. Tissue bridges predict recovery after traumatic and ischemic thoracic spinal cord injury. Neurology 2019; 93:e1550-e1560. [PMID: 31541012 PMCID: PMC6815206 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the spatiotemporal evolution and predictive properties of intramedullary damage and midsagittal tissue bridges at the epicenter of a thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) using MRI. Methods We retrospectively assessed midsagittal T2-weighted scans from 25 patients with thoracic SCI (14 traumatic, 11 ischemic) at 1 month post-SCI. In 12 patients with SCI, linear mixed-effects models on serial MRI explored temporal trajectories of quantifiable lesion markers (area, length, and width) and tissue bridges. Using partial correlation analysis, we assessed associations between structural lesion characteristics at 1 month post-SCI and recovery at 1 year postinjury, adjusting for baseline clinical status, age, and sex. Results Lesion area decreased by 5.68 mm2 (p = 0.005), lesion length by 2.14 mm (p = 0.004), and lesion width by 0.13 mm (p = 0.004) per month. Width of tissue bridges increased by 0.06 mm (p = 0.019) per month, being similar in traumatic and ischemic SCI (p = 0.576). Smaller lesion area, length, width, and wider tissue bridges at 1 month post-SCI predicted better recovery at 1-year follow-up. Conclusions Over time, the immediate area of cord damage shrunk while the cystic cavity became demarcated. Adjacent to the cyst, midsagittal tissue bridges became visible. The width of tissue bridges at 1 month post-SCI predicted recovery at 1 year follow-up. Measures of lesion area and tissue bridges early after traumatic and ischemic thoracic SCI therefore allow characterizing the evolution of focal cord damage and are predictive of recovery in thoracic SCI. Thus, lesion extent and tissue bridges hold potential to improve diagnosis and patient stratification in interventional trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pfyffer
- From the Spinal Cord Injury Center (D.P., E.H., A.C., P.F.) and Radiology (R.S.), Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (P.F.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Department of Neurophysics (P.F.), Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; and Department of Neurology (P.F.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eveline Huber
- From the Spinal Cord Injury Center (D.P., E.H., A.C., P.F.) and Radiology (R.S.), Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (P.F.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Department of Neurophysics (P.F.), Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; and Department of Neurology (P.F.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Sutter
- From the Spinal Cord Injury Center (D.P., E.H., A.C., P.F.) and Radiology (R.S.), Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (P.F.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Department of Neurophysics (P.F.), Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; and Department of Neurology (P.F.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Armin Curt
- From the Spinal Cord Injury Center (D.P., E.H., A.C., P.F.) and Radiology (R.S.), Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (P.F.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Department of Neurophysics (P.F.), Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; and Department of Neurology (P.F.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Freund
- From the Spinal Cord Injury Center (D.P., E.H., A.C., P.F.) and Radiology (R.S.), Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (P.F.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Department of Neurophysics (P.F.), Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; and Department of Neurology (P.F.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
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28
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Pukos N, Goodus MT, Sahinkaya FR, McTigue DM. Myelin status and oligodendrocyte lineage cells over time after spinal cord injury: What do we know and what still needs to be unwrapped? Glia 2019; 67:2178-2202. [PMID: 31444938 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects over 17,000 individuals in the United States per year, resulting in sudden motor, sensory and autonomic impairments below the level of injury. These deficits may be due at least in part to the loss of oligodendrocytes and demyelination of spared axons as it leads to slowed or blocked conduction through the lesion site. It has long been accepted that progenitor cells form new oligodendrocytes after SCI, resulting in the acute formation of new myelin on demyelinated axons. However, the chronicity of demyelination and the functional significance of remyelination remain contentious. Here we review work examining demyelination and remyelination after SCI as well as the current understanding of oligodendrocyte lineage cell responses to spinal trauma, including the surprisingly long-lasting response of NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to proliferate and differentiate into new myelinating oligodendrocytes for months after SCI. OPCs are highly sensitive to microenvironmental changes, and therefore respond to the ever-changing post-SCI milieu, including influx of blood, monocytes and neutrophils; activation of microglia and macrophages; changes in cytokines, chemokines and growth factors such as ciliary neurotrophic factor and fibroblast growth factor-2; glutamate excitotoxicity; and axon degeneration and sprouting. We discuss how these changes relate to spontaneous oligodendrogenesis and remyelination, the evidence for and against demyelination being an important clinical problem and if remyelination contributes to motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pukos
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew T Goodus
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Fatma R Sahinkaya
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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29
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Yin J, Gong G, Liu X. Angiopoietin: A Novel Neuroprotective/Neurotrophic Agent. Neuroscience 2019; 411:177-184. [PMID: 31152935 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin (Ang) is an angiogenic factor, but its neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects have recently come to light. Ang exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, protecting the blood-brain/blood-spinal cord barrier, reducing inflammation and promoting neovascularization. In addition, Ang can also promote neural development and neurite outgrowth via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and binding to the Tie2 receptor and/or integrin receptor. In addition, Ang and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are known to interact in blood vessels in the nervous system and the combination of Ang and VEGF can mitigate the negative effects of VEGF, such as inflammation and local edema. These data indicated that Ang is a novel neuroprotective/neurotrophic factor, which may become a new tool for the treatment of nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Ge Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 211002, China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China.
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30
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Vawda R, Badner A, Hong J, Mikhail M, Lakhani A, Dragas R, Xhima K, Barretto T, Librach CL, Fehlings MG. Early Intravenous Infusion of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Exerts a Tissue Source Age-Dependent Beneficial Effect on Neurovascular Integrity and Neurobehavioral Recovery After Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:639-649. [PMID: 30912623 PMCID: PMC6591557 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized vascular disruption after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers a cascade of secondary events, including inflammation, gliosis, and scarring, that can further impact recovery. In addition to immunomodulatory and neurotrophic properties, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess pericytic characteristics. These features make MSCs an ideal candidate for acute cell therapy targeting vascular disruption, which could reduce the severity of secondary injury, enhance tissue preservation and repair, and ultimately promote functional recovery. A moderately severe cervical clip compression/contusion injury was induced at C7‐T1 in adult female rats, followed by an intravenous tail vein infusion 1 hour post‐SCI of (a) term‐birth human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs); (b) first‐trimester human umbilical cord perivascular cells (FTM HUCPVCs); (c) adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; or (d) vehicle control. Weekly behavioral testing was performed. Rats were sacrificed at 24 hours or 10 weeks post‐SCI and immunohistochemistry and ultrasound imaging were performed. Both term and FTM HUCPVC‐infused rats displayed improved (p < .05) grip strength compared with vehicle controls. However, only FTM HUCPVC‐infusion led to significant weight gain. All cell infusion treatments resulted in reduced glial scarring (p < .05). Cell infusion also led to increased axonal, myelin, and vascular densities (p < .05). Although post‐traumatic cavity volume was reduced with cell infusion, this did not reach significance. Taken together, we demonstrate selective long‐term functional recovery alongside histological improvements with HUCPVC infusion in a clinically relevant model of cervical SCI. Our findings highlight the potential of these cells for acute therapeutic intervention after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reaz Vawda
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Badner
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Hong
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mirriam Mikhail
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alam Lakhani
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Dragas
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristiana Xhima
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery and Spinal Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Santamaria AJ, Benavides FD, Padgett KR, Guada LG, Nunez-Gomez Y, Solano JP, Guest JD. Dichotomous Locomotor Recoveries Are Predicted by Acute Changes in Segmental Blood Flow after Thoracic Spinal Contusion Injuries in Pigs. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:1399-1415. [PMID: 30284945 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging facilitates the translation of animal pre-clinical research to human application. The large porcine spinal cord is useful for testing invasive interventions. Ideally, the safety and efficacy of a delayed intervention is tested in pigs that have recovered sufficiently after spinal cord injury (SCI) to allow either deterioration or improvement of function to be detected. We set out to create moderate severity T9 injuries in Yucatan minipigs by conducting a bridging study adapting methods previously developed in infant piglets. The injury severity was varied according to two pneumatic impactor parameters: the piston compression depth into tissue or the velocity. To stratify locomotor recovery, a 10-point scale used in prior piglet studies was redefined through longitudinal observations of spontaneous recovery. Using hindlimb body weight support to discriminate injury severity, we found that end-point recovery was strongly bimodal to either non-weight-bearing plegia with reciprocating leg movements (<5/10) or recovery of weight bearing that improved toward a ceiling effect (≥ 8/10). No intermediate recovery animals were observed at 2 months post-injury. The ability of intra-operative ultrasound and acute magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to provide immediate predictive feedback regarding tissue and vascular changes following SCI was assessed. There was an inverse association between locomotor outcome and early gray matter hemorrhage on MRI and ultrasound. Epicenter blood flow following contusion predicted recovery or non-recovery of weight-bearing. The depth of the dorsal cerebrospinal fluid space, which varied between animals, influenced injury severity and confounded the results in this fixed-stroke paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Santamaria
- 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Francisco D Benavides
- 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Kyle R Padgett
- 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Luis G Guada
- 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Yohjan Nunez-Gomez
- 3 Department of Pediatrics Critical Care, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Juan P Solano
- 3 Department of Pediatrics Critical Care, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - James D Guest
- 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,4 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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32
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Gerber YN, Saint-Martin GP, Bringuier CM, Bartolami S, Goze-Bac C, Noristani HN, Perrin FE. CSF1R Inhibition Reduces Microglia Proliferation, Promotes Tissue Preservation and Improves Motor Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:368. [PMID: 30386212 PMCID: PMC6198221 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a pronounced neuroinflammation driven by activation and proliferation of resident microglia as well as infiltrating peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages. Depending on the time post-lesion, positive and detrimental influences of microglia/macrophages on axonal regeneration had been reported after SCI, raising the issue whether their modulation may represent an attractive therapeutic strategy. Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) regulates microglia/macrophages proliferation, differentiation and survival thus, pharmacological treatments using CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors had been used to ablate microglia. We analyzed the effect of chronic (10 weeks) food diet containing GW2580 (a CSF1R inhibitor) in mice that underwent lateral spinal cord hemisection (HS) at vertebral thoracic level 9. Treatment started 4 weeks prior to SCI and continued until 6 weeks post-lesion. We first demonstrate that GW2580 treatment did not modify microglial response in non-injured spinal cords. Conversely, a strong decrease in proliferating microglia was observed following SCI. Second, we showed that GW2580 treatment improved some parameters of motor recovery in injured animals through better paw placement. Using in and ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we then established that GW2580 treatment had no effect on lesion extension and volume. However, histological analyses revealed that GW2580-treated animals had reduced gliosis and microcavity formation following SCI. In conclusion, CSF1R blockade using GW2580 specifically inhibits SCI-induced microglia/macrophages proliferation, reduces gliosis and microcavity formations and improves fine motor recovery after incomplete SCI. Preventing microglial proliferation may offer therapeutic approach to limit neuroinflammation, promote tissue preservation and motor recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Nicolas Gerber
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Patrick Saint-Martin
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France.,UMR 5221 CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Mathilde Bringuier
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Bartolami
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | | | - Harun Najib Noristani
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
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33
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Haggerty AE, Maldonado-Lasunción I, Oudega M. Biomaterials for revascularization and immunomodulation after spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:044105. [PMID: 29359704 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aaa9d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes immediate damage to the nervous tissue accompanied by loss of motor and sensory function. The limited self-repair competence of injured nervous tissue underscores the need for reparative interventions to recover function after SCI. The vasculature of the spinal cord plays a crucial role in SCI and repair. Ruptured and sheared blood vessels in the injury epicenter and blood vessels with a breached blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) in the surrounding tissue cause bleeding and inflammation, which contribute to the overall tissue damage. The insufficient formation of new functional vasculature in and near the injury impedes endogenous tissue repair and limits the prospect of repair approaches. Limiting the loss of blood vessels, stabilizing the BSCB, and promoting the formation of new blood vessels are therapeutic targets for spinal cord repair. Inflammation is an integral part of injury-mediated vascular damage, which has deleterious and reparative consequences. Inflammation and the formation of new blood vessels are intricately interwoven. Biomaterials can be effectively used for promoting and guiding blood vessel formation or modulating the inflammatory response after SCI, thereby governing the extent of damage and the success of reparative interventions. This review deals with the vasculature after SCI, the reciprocal interactions between inflammation and blood vessel formation, and the potential of biomaterials to support revascularization and immunomodulation in damaged spinal cord nervous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes E Haggerty
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
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34
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Halder SK, Kant R, Milner R. Chronic mild hypoxia promotes profound vascular remodeling in spinal cord blood vessels, preferentially in white matter, via an α5β1 integrin-mediated mechanism. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:251-266. [PMID: 29299782 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to rapid destruction of neuronal tissue, resulting in devastating motor and sensory deficits. This is exacerbated by damage to spinal cord blood vessels and loss of vascular integrity. Thus, approaches that protect existing blood vessels or stimulate the growth of new blood vessels might present a novel approach to minimize loss or promote regeneration of spinal cord tissue following SCI. In light of the remarkable power of chronic mild hypoxia (CMH) to stimulate vascular remodeling in the brain, the goal of this study was to examine how CMH (8% O2 for up to 7 days) affects blood vessel remodeling in the spinal cord. We found that CMH promoted the following: (1) endothelial proliferation and increased vascularity as a result of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, (2) increased vascular expression of the angiogenic extracellular matrix protein fibronectin as well as concomitant increases in endothelial expression of the fibronectin receptor α5β1 integrin, (3) strongly upregulated endothelial expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-5, ZO-1 and occludin and (4) astrocyte activation. Of note, the vascular remodeling changes induced by CMH were more extensive in white matter. Interestingly, hypoxic-induced vascular remodeling in spinal cord blood vessels was markedly attenuated in mice lacking endothelial α5 integrin expression (α5-EC-KO mice). Taken together, these studies demonstrate the considerable remodeling potential of spinal cord blood vessels and highlight an important angiogenic role for the α5β1 integrin in promoting endothelial proliferation. They also imply that stimulation of the α5β1 integrin or controlled use of mild hypoxia might provide new approaches for promoting angiogenesis and improving vascular integrity in spinal cord blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebok K Halder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MEM-132, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MEM-132, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Richard Milner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MEM-132, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Banerjee K, Keasey MP, Razskazovskiy V, Visavadiya NP, Jia C, Hagg T. Reduced FAK-STAT3 signaling contributes to ER stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and death in endothelial cells. Cell Signal 2017; 36:154-162. [PMID: 28495589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to cell loss in many diseases, e.g., contributing to endothelial cell loss after spinal cord injury. Here, we determined whether ER stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction could be explained by interruption of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-mitochondrial STAT3 pathway we recently discovered. ER stress was induced in brain-derived mouse bEnd5 endothelial cells by thapsigargin or tunicamycin and caused apoptotic cell death over a 72h period. In concert, ER stress caused mitochondrial dysfunction as shown by reduced bioenergetic function, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mitophagy. ER stress caused a reduction in mitochondrial phosphorylated S727-STAT3, known to be important for maintaining mitochondrial function. Normal activation or phosphorylation of the upstream cytoplasmic FAK was also reduced, through mechanisms that involve tyrosine phosphatases and calcium signaling, as shown by pharmacological inhibitors, bisperoxovanadium (bpV) and 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (APB), respectively. APB mitigated the reduction in FAK and STAT3 phosphorylation, and improved endothelial cell survival caused by ER stress. Transfection of cells rendered null for STAT3 using CRISPR technology with STAT3 mutants confirmed the specific involvement of S727-STAT3 inhibition in ER stress-mediated cell loss. These data suggest that loss of FAK signaling during ER stress causes mitochondrial dysfunction by reducing the protective effects of mitochondrial STAT3, leading to endothelial cell death. We propose that stimulation of the FAK-STAT3 pathway is a novel therapeutic approach against pathological ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpita Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70582, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Matt P Keasey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70582, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Vladislav Razskazovskiy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70582, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Nishant P Visavadiya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70582, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Cuihong Jia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70582, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Theo Hagg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70582, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Yang P, Cai L, Zhang G, Bian Z, Han G. The role of the miR-17-92 cluster in neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the central nervous system of adults. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1574-1581. [PMID: 27869313 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that neurogenesis is not the only concern for the fully functional recovery after brain or spinal cord injury, as it has been shed light on the critical role of angiogenesis in improving neurological functional recovery. Angiogenesis and neurogenesis coordinately interact with each other in the developing and adult brain, during which they may respond to similar mediators and receptors, in which they share a common posttranscriptional regulator: the miR-17-92 cluster. The miR-17-92 cluster was initially described as an oncogene and was later demonstrated to drive key physiological and pathological responses during development and diseases respectively. It has been reported that the miR-17-92 cluster regulates both neurogenesis and angiogenesis. The miR-17-92 cluster modulates neural progenitor cells proliferation not only during development but also during neurological disorders such as stroke. It has also been shown that the endothelial miR-17-92 cluster regulates angiogenesis during embryonic stage and adulthood. In this review, we have discussed the actions of the miR-17-92 cluster in neuronal and vascular plasticity, and its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for CNS injury. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Linghu Cai
- Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Guan Zhang
- Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Zhiqun Bian
- Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Gaofeng Han
- Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
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Ye LB, Yu XC, Xia QH, Yang Y, Chen DQ, Wu F, Wei XJ, Zhang X, Zheng BB, Fu XB, Xu HZ, Li XK, Xiao J, Zhang HY. Regulation of Caveolin-1 and Junction Proteins by bFGF Contributes to the Integrity of Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier and Functional Recovery. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:844-858. [PMID: 27170156 PMCID: PMC5147725 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) plays important roles in the recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI), and caveolin-1 is essential for the integrity and permeability of barriers. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is an important neuroprotective protein and contributes to the survival of neuronal cells. This study was designed to investigate whether bFGF is beneficial for the maintenance of junction proteins and the integrity of the BSCB to identify the relations with caveolin-1 regulation. We examined the integrity of the BSCB with Evans blue dye and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran extravasation, measured the junction proteins and matrix metalloproteinases, and evaluated the locomotor function recovery. Our data indicated that bFGF treatment improved the recovery of BSCB and functional locomotion in contusive SCI model rats, reduced the expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9, and increased the expressions of caveolin-1 and junction proteins, including occludin, claudin-5, p120-catenin, and β-catenin. In the brain, in microvascular endothelial cells, bFGF treatment increased the levels of junction proteins, caveolin-1 small interfering RNA abolished the protective effect of bFGF under oxygen-glucose deprivation conditions, and the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and co-localization with caveolin-1 decreased significantly, which could not be reversed by bFGF treatment. These findings provide a novel mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of bFGF on the BSCB and recovery of SCI, especially the regulation of caveolin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xi-Chong Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Qing-Hai Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Da-Qing Chen
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Fenzan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, China
| | - Xie Zhang
- Ningbo Medical Treatment Center, Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Bin-Bin Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Fu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hua-Zi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Angiogenic microspheres promote neural regeneration and motor function recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33428. [PMID: 27641997 PMCID: PMC5027575 DOI: 10.1038/srep33428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined sustained co-delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) encapsulated in angiogenic microspheres. These spheres were delivered to sites of spinal cord contusion injury in rats, and their ability to induce vessel formation, neural regeneration and improve hindlimb motor function was assessed. At 2–8 weeks after spinal cord injury, ELISA-determined levels of VEGF, angiopoietin-1, and bFGF were significantly higher in spinal cord tissues in rats that received angiogenic microspheres than in those that received empty microspheres. Sites of injury in animals that received angiogenic microspheres also contained greater numbers of isolectin B4-binding vessels and cells positive for nestin or β III-tubulin (P < 0.01), significantly more NF-positive and serotonergic fibers, and more MBP-positive mature oligodendrocytes. Animals receiving angiogenic microspheres also suffered significantly less loss of white matter volume. At 10 weeks after injury, open field tests showed that animals that received angiogenic microspheres scored significantly higher on the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scale than control animals (P < 0.01). Our results suggest that biodegradable, biocompatible PLGA microspheres can release angiogenic factors in a sustained fashion into sites of spinal cord injury and markedly stimulate angiogenesis and neurogenesis, accelerating recovery of neurologic function.
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Yahata K, Kanno H, Ozawa H, Yamaya S, Tateda S, Ito K, Shimokawa H, Itoi E. Low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy for promotion of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis and improvement of locomotor and sensory functions after spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine 2016; 25:745-755. [PMID: 27367940 DOI: 10.3171/2016.4.spine15923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is widely used to treat various human diseases. Low-energy ESWT increases expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cultured endothelial cells. The VEGF stimulates not only endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis but also neural cells to induce neuroprotective effects. A previous study by these authors demonstrated that low-energy ESWT promoted expression of VEGF in damaged neural tissue and improved locomotor function after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the neuroprotective mechanisms in the injured spinal cord produced by low-energy ESWT are still unknown. In the present study, the authors investigated the cell specificity of VEGF expression in injured spinal cords and angiogenesis induced by low-energy ESWT. They also examined the neuroprotective effects of low-energy ESWT on cell death, axonal damage, and white matter sparing as well as the therapeutic effect for improvement of sensory function following SCI. METHODS Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the SCI group (SCI only) and SCI-SW group (low-energy ESWT applied after SCI). Thoracic SCI was produced using a New York University Impactor. Low-energy ESWT was applied to the injured spinal cord 3 times a week for 3 weeks after SCI. Locomotor function was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan open-field locomotor score for 42 days after SCI. Mechanical and thermal allodynia in the hindpaw were evaluated for 42 days. Double staining for VEGF and various cell-type markers (NeuN, GFAP, and Olig2) was performed at Day 7; TUNEL staining was also performed at Day 7. Immunohistochemical staining for CD31, α-SMA, and 5-HT was performed on spinal cord sections taken 42 days after SCI. Luxol fast blue staining was performed at Day 42. RESULTS Low-energy ESWT significantly improved not only locomotion but also mechanical and thermal allodynia following SCI. In the double staining, expression of VEGF was observed in NeuN-, GFAP-, and Olig2-labeled cells. Low-energy ESWT significantly promoted CD31 and α-SMA expressions in the injured spinal cords. In addition, low-energy ESWT significantly reduced the TUNEL-positive cells in the injured spinal cords. Furthermore, the immunodensity of 5-HT-positive axons was significantly higher in the animals treated by low-energy ESWT. The areas of spared white matter were obviously larger in the SCI-SW group than in the SCI group, as indicated by Luxol fast blue staining. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that low-energy ESWT promotes VEGF expression in various neural cells and enhances angiogenesis in damaged neural tissue after SCI. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effect of VEGF induced by low-energy ESWT can suppress cell death and axonal damage and consequently improve locomotor and sensory functions after SCI. Thus, low-energy ESWT can be a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kenta Ito
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- Departments of 1 Orthopaedic Surgery and
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Anwar MA, Al Shehabi TS, Eid AH. Inflammogenesis of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:98. [PMID: 27147970 PMCID: PMC4829593 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal infarction lead to neurological complications and eventually to paraplegia or quadriplegia. These extremely debilitating conditions are major contributors to morbidity. Our understanding of SCI has certainly increased during the last decade, but remains far from clear. SCI consists of two defined phases: the initial impact causes primary injury, which is followed by a prolonged secondary injury consisting of evolving sub-phases that may last for years. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms driving this condition are complex. Derangement of the vasculature is a notable feature of the pathology of SCI. In particular, an important component of SCI is the ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) that leads to endothelial dysfunction and changes in vascular permeability. Indeed, together with endothelial cell damage and failure in homeostasis, ischemia reperfusion injury triggers full-blown inflammatory cascades arising from activation of residential innate immune cells (microglia and astrocytes) and infiltrating leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages). These inflammatory cells release neurotoxins (proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, free radicals, excitotoxic amino acids, nitric oxide (NO)), all of which partake in axonal and neuronal deficit. Therefore, our review considers the recent advances in SCI mechanisms, whereby it becomes clear that SCI is a heterogeneous condition. Hence, this leads towards evidence of a restorative approach based on monotherapy with multiple targets or combinatorial treatment. Moreover, from evaluation of the existing literature, it appears that there is an urgent requirement for multi-centered, randomized trials for a large patient population. These clinical studies would offer an opportunity in stratifying SCI patients at high risk and selecting appropriate, optimal therapeutic regimens for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akhtar Anwar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirut, Lebanon
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Anwar MA, Eid AH. Determination of Vascular Reactivity of Middle Cerebral Arteries from Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury Animal Models Using Pressure Myography. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1462:611-24. [PMID: 27604741 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stroke and other neurovascular derangements are main causes of global death. They, along with spinal cord injuries, are responsible for being the principal cause of disability due to neurological and cognitive problems. These problems then lead to a burden on scarce financial resources and societal care facilities as well as have a profound effect on patients' families. The mechanism of action in these debilitating diseases is complex and unclear. An important component of these problems arises from derangement of blood vessels, such as blockage due to clotting/embolism, endothelial dysfunction, and overreactivity to contractile agents, as well as alteration in endothelial permeability. Moreover, the cerebro-vasculature (large vessels and arterioles) is involved in regulating blood flow by facilitating auto-regulatory processes. Moreover, the anterior (middle cerebral artery and the surrounding region) and posterior (basilar artery and its immediate locality) regions of the brain play a significant role in triggering the pathological progression of ischemic stroke particularly due to inflammatory activity and oxidative stress. Interestingly, modifiable and non-modifiable cardiovascular risk factors are responsible for driving ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and spinal cord injury. There are different stroke animal models to examine the pathophysiology of middle cerebral and basilar arteries. In this context, arterial myography offers an opportunity to determine the etiology of vascular dysfunction in these diseases. Herein, we describe the technique of pressure myography to examine the reactivity of cerebral vessels to contractile and vasodilator agents and a prelude to stroke and spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Anwar
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 11-0236, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon.
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Ewan EE, Hagg T. Intrathecal Acetyl-L-Carnitine Protects Tissue and Improves Function after a Mild Contusive Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:269-77. [PMID: 26415041 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary and secondary ischemia after spinal cord injury (SCI) contributes to tissue and axon degeneration, which may result from decreased energy substrate availability for cellular and axonal mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Therefore, providing spinal tissue with an alternative energy substrate during ischemia may be neuroprotective after SCI. To assess this, rats received a mild contusive SCI (120 kdyn, Infinite Horizons impactor) at thoracic level 9 (T9), which causes loss of ∼ 80% of the ascending sensory dorsal column axonal projections to the gracile nucleus. Immediately afterwards, the energy substrate acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC; 1 mg/day) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was infused intrathecally (sub-arachnoid) for 6 days via an L5/6 catheter attached to a subcutaneous Alzet pump. ALC treatment improved overground locomotor function (Basso-Beattie-Breshnahan [BBB] score 18 vs. 13) at 6 days, total spared epicenter (71% vs. 57%) and penumbra white matter (90% vs. 85%), ventral penumbra microvessels (108% vs. 79%), and penumbra motor neurons (42% vs. 15%) at 15 days post-SCI, compared with PBS treatment. However, the ascending sensory projections (anterogradely traced with cholera toxin B from the sciatic nerves) and dorsal column white matter and perfused blood vessels were not protected. Furthermore, grid walking, a task we have shown to be dependent on dorsal column function, was not improved. Thus, mitochondrial substrate replacement may only be efficacious in areas of lesser or temporary ischemia, such as the ventral spinal cord and injury penumbra in this study. The current data also support our previous evidence that microvessel loss is central to secondary tissue degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Ewan
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Theo Hagg
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
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Paczkowska E, Rogińska D, Pius-Sadowska E, Jurewicz A, Piecyk K, Safranow K, Dziedziejko V, Grzegrzółka R, Bohatyrewicz A, Machaliński B. Evidence for proangiogenic cellular and humoral systemic response in patients with acute onset of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2015; 38:729-44. [PMID: 24968203 PMCID: PMC4725807 DOI: 10.1179/2045772314y.0000000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT/OBJECTIVE Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to disruption of local vasculature inducing secondary damage of neural tissue. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in post-injury regeneration of vasculature, whereas endothelial cells (ECs) reflect endothelial damage. METHODS Twenty patients with SCI were assessed during the first 24 hours, at day 3, and day 7 post-injury and compared to 25 healthy subjects. We herein investigated EPC and EC counts by flow cytometry as well as the levels of soluble factors (SDF-1, HGF, VEGF, Ang2, EGF, endoglin, PLGF, FGF-2, ET-1, BDNF, IGF-1) regulating their migration and proangiogenic function. To better characterize peripheral blood (PB) cells, global gene expression profiles of PB-derived cells were determined using genome-wide RNA microarray technology. RESULTS We found significantly higher EPC (CD34(+)/CD133(+)/VEGFR2(+)) as well as EC (VEGFR2(+)) count in PB of patients with SCI within 7 days post-injury and the increased HGF, ET-1, Ang2, EGF, and PLGF plasma levels. Global gene expression analysis revealed considerably lower expression of genes associated with both innate and adaptive immune response in PB cells in patients. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings demonstrate that SCI triggers bone marrow-derived EPC mobilization accompanied by increased circulating EC numbers. Significant changes in both chemoattractive and proangiogenic cytokines plasma levels occurring rapidly after SCI suggest their role in SCI-related regenerative responses to injury. Broadened knowledge concerning the mechanisms governing of human organism response to the SCI might be helpful in developing effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Paczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dorota Rogińska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Pius-Sadowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Alina Jurewicz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Musculoskeletal Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piecyk
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Grzegrzółka
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bohatyrewicz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Musculoskeletal Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland,Correspondence to: Bogusław Machaliński, Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
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Readdy WJ, Whetstone WD, Ferguson AR, Talbott JF, Inoue T, Saigal R, Bresnahan JC, Beattie MS, Pan JZ, Manley GT, Dhall SS. Complications and outcomes of vasopressor usage in acute traumatic central cord syndrome. J Neurosurg Spine 2015; 23:574-580. [DOI: 10.3171/2015.2.spine14746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT
The optimal mean arterial pressure (MAP) for spinal cord perfusion after trauma remains unclear. Although there are published data on MAP goals after spinal cord injury (SCI), the specific blood pressure management for acute traumatic central cord syndrome (ATCCS) and the implications of these interventions have yet to be elucidated. Additionally, the complications of specific vasopressors have not been fully explored in this injury condition.
METHODS
The present study is a retrospective cohort analysis of 34 patients with ATCCS who received any vasopressor to maintain blood pressure above predetermined MAP goals at a single Level 1 trauma center. The collected variables were American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grades at admission and discharge, administered vasopressor and associated complications, other interventions and complications, and timing of surgery. The relationship between the 2 most common vasopressors—dopamine and phenylephrine—and complications within the cohort as a whole were explored, and again after stratification by age.
RESULTS
The mean age of the ATCCS patients was 62 years. Dopamine was the most commonly used primary vasopressor (91% of patients), followed by phenylephrine (65%). Vasopressors were administered to maintain MAP goals fora mean of 101 hours. Neurological status improved by a median of 1 ASIA grade in all patients, regardless of the choice of vasopressor. Sixty-four percent of surgical patients underwent decompression within 24 hours. There was no observed relationship between the timing of surgical intervention and the complication rate. Cardiogenic complications associated with vasopressor usage were notable in 68% of patients who received dopamine and 46% of patients who received phenylephrine. These differences were not statistically significant (OR with dopamine 2.50 [95% CI 0.82–7.78], p = 0.105). However, in the subgroup of patients > 55 years, dopamine produced statistically significant increases in the complication rates when compared with phenylephrine (83% vs 50% for dopamine and phenylephrine, respectively; OR with dopamine 5.0 [95% CI 0.99–25.34], p = 0.044).
CONCLUSIONS
Vasopressor usage in ATCCS patients is associated with complication rates that are similar to the reported literature for SCI. Dopamine was associated with a higher risk of complications in patients > 55 years. Given the increased incidence of ATCCS in older populations, determination of MAP goals and vasopressor administration should be carefully considered in these patients. While a randomized control trial on this topic may not be practical, a multiinstitutional prospective study for SCI that includes ATCCS patients as a subpopulation would be useful for examining MAP goals in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Readdy
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center; and
| | - William D. Whetstone
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center; and
- Departments of 2Emergency Medicine,
| | - Adam R. Ferguson
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center; and
| | - Jason F. Talbott
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center; and
- 3Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, and
| | - Tomoo Inoue
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center; and
| | - Rajiv Saigal
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center; and
| | | | - Michael S. Beattie
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center; and
| | - Jonathan Z. Pan
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center; and
- 4Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Geoffrey T. Manley
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center; and
| | - Sanjay S. Dhall
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center; and
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45
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Hosier H, Peterson D, Tsymbalyuk O, Keledjian K, Smith BR, Ivanova S, Gerzanich V, Popovich PG, Simard JM. A Direct Comparison of Three Clinically Relevant Treatments in a Rat Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1633-44. [PMID: 26192071 PMCID: PMC4638208 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent preclinical studies have identified three treatments that are especially promising for reducing acute lesion expansion following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI): riluzole, systemic hypothermia, and glibenclamide. Each has demonstrated efficacy in multiple studies with independent replication, but there is no way to compare them in terms of efficacy or safety, since different models were used, different laboratories were involved, and different outcomes were evaluated. Here, using a model of lower cervical hemicord contusion, we compared safety and efficacy for the three treatments, administered beginning 4 h after trauma. Treatment-associated mortality was 30% (3/10), 30% (3/10), 12.5% (1/8), and 0% (0/7) in the control, riluzole, hypothermia, and glibenclamide groups, respectively. For survivors, all three treatments showed overall favorable efficacy, compared with controls. On open-field locomotor scores (modified Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores), hypothermia- and glibenclamide-treated animals were largely indistinguishable throughout the study, whereas riluzole-treated rats underperformed for the first two weeks; during the last four weeks, scores for the three treatments were similar, and significantly different from controls. On beam balance, hypothermia and glibenclamide treatments showed significant advantages over riluzole. After trauma, rats in the glibenclamide group rapidly regained a normal pattern of weight gain that differed markedly and significantly from that in all other groups. Lesion volumes at six weeks were: 4.8±0.7, 3.5±0.4, 3.1±0.3 and 2.5±0.3 mm3 in the control, riluzole, hypothermia, and glibenclamide groups, respectively; measurements of spared spinal cord tissue confirmed these results. Overall, in terms of safety and efficacy, systemic hypothermia and glibenclamide were superior to riluzole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Hosier
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Peterson
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Orest Tsymbalyuk
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kaspar Keledjian
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bradley R Smith
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Phillip G Popovich
- 2 Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, the Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - J Marc Simard
- 3 Departments of Neurosurgery, Pathology and Physiology, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland
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46
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Characterization of blood flow in the mouse dorsal spinal venous system before and after dorsal spinal vein occlusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:667-75. [PMID: 25564237 PMCID: PMC4420886 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The availability of transgenic strains has made the laboratory mouse a popular model for the study of healthy and diseased state spinal cord (SC). Essential to identifying physiologic and pathologic events is an understanding of the microvascular network and flow patterns of the SC. Using 2-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) microscopy we performed in vivo measurements of blood flow in the lower thoracic portion of the mouse dorsal spinal vein (dSV) and in the first upstream branches supplying it, denoted as dorsal ascending venules (dAVs). We found that the dSV had large radiculomedullary veins (RMVs) exiting the SC, and that flow in the dSV between pairs of RMVs was bidirectional. Volumetric flow increased in each direction away from the point of bifurcation. Flow in the upstream dAVs varied with diameter in a manner consistent with a constant distal pressure source. By performing ex vivo 2PEF microscopy of fluorescent-gel perfused tissue, we created a 3-D map of the dorsal spinal vasculature. From these data, we constructed a simple model that predicted changes in the flow of upstream branches after occlusion of the dSV in different locations. Using an atraumatic model of dSV occlusion, we confirmed the predictions of this model in vivo.
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47
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Lei T, Li H, Fang Z, Lin J, Wang S, Xiao L, Yang F, Liu X, Zhang J, Huang Z, Liao W. Polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis alleviate neuronal cell injury caused by oxidative stress. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:260-7. [PMID: 25206810 PMCID: PMC4146141 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.128218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica sinensis has antioxidative and neuroprotective effects. In the present study, we aimed to determine the neuroprotective effect of polysaccharides isolated from Angelica sinensis. In a preliminary experiment, Angelica sinensis polysaccharides not only protected PC12 neuronal cells from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, but also reduced apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and increased the mitochondrial membrane potential induced by H2O2 treatment. In a rat model of local cerebral ischemia, we further demonstrated that Angelica sinensis polysaccharides enhanced the antioxidant activity in cerebral cortical neurons, increased the number of microvessels, and improved blood flow after ischemia. Our findings highlight the protective role of polysaccharides isolated from Angelica sinensis against nerve cell injury and impairment caused by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital and Cerebral Vascular Diseases Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital and Cerebral Vascular Diseases Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junbin Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital and Cerebral Vascular Diseases Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital and Cerebral Vascular Diseases Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lingyun Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junjian Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital and Cerebral Vascular Diseases Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zebo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Weijing Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital and Cerebral Vascular Diseases Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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48
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Bastien D, Lacroix S. Cytokine pathways regulating glial and leukocyte function after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:62-77. [PMID: 25017888 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the nervous system causes the almost immediate release of cytokines by glial cells and neurons. These cytokines orchestrate a complex array of responses leading to microgliosis, immune cell recruitment, astrogliosis, scarring, and the clearance of cellular debris, all steps that affect neuronal survival and repair. This review will focus on cytokines released after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury and the primary signalling pathways triggered by these inflammatory mediators. Notably, the following cytokine families will be covered: IL-1, TNF, IL-6-like, TGF-β, and IL-10. Whether interfering with cytokine signalling could lead to novel therapies will also be discussed. Finally, the review will address whether manipulating the above-mentioned cytokine families and signalling pathways could exert distinct effects in the injured spinal cord versus peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Bastien
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-CHUL, Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Steve Lacroix
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-CHUL, Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada..
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49
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Differential cavitation, angiogenesis and wound-healing responses in injured mouse and rat spinal cords. Neuroscience 2014; 275:62-80. [PMID: 24929066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The vascular disruption, blood vessel loss and cavitation that occur at spinal cord injury (SCI) epicenters in mice and rats are different, but few studies have compared the acute SCI response in the two species. This is of interest since key elements of the rat SCI response are shared with humans. In this study, we investigated acute SCI responses and characterized changes in pro- and anti-angiogenic factors and matrix deposition in both species. Cavitation was absent in mouse but the area of the lesion site was 21- and 27-fold larger at 8 and 15 days post-lesion (dpl), respectively, in the rat compared to intact control. The absence of wound cavitation in the mouse was correlated with increased levels of immunoreactive pro-angiogenic, pro-matrix and pro-wound-healing factors, e.g. laminin, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) within the wound, which were 6.0-, 2.9-, and 2.8-fold, respectively, higher in the mouse compared to rats at 8 dpl. Increased axonal sparing was observed after dorsal column (DC) injury, detected by higher levels of neurofilament 200 (NF200) immunoreactivity in the dorsal column of mice compared to rats at both T7 and T9 spinal segments. Despite similar post SCI deficits in plantar heat tests at 2h after injury (1.4- and 1.6-fold lower than control mice and rats, respectively), by 7 days the magnitude of these responses were comparable to sham-treated controls in both species, while no post-SCI changes in Von Frey hair filament test response were observed in either species. We conclude that the more robust angiogenesis/wound-healing response in the mouse attenuates post-injury wound cavitation. Although the spinal cord functions that were monitored post-injury were similarly affected in both species, we suggest that the quality of the angiogenesis/wound-healing response together with the diminished lesion size seen after mouse SCI may protect against secondary axon damage and create an environment more conducive to axon sprouting/regeneration. These results suggest the potential therapeutic utility of manipulating the angiogenic response after human SCI.
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50
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Reyes-Alva HJ, Franco-Bourland RE, Martinez-Cruz A, Grijalva I, Madrazo I, Guizar-Sahagun G. Spatial and temporal morphological changes in the subarachnoid space after graded spinal cord contusion in the rat. J Neurotrauma 2014; 30:1084-91. [PMID: 23472674 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous repair or treatment-induced recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) is very limited and might be related to extramedullary alterations that have only briefly been documented. Here we report on the morphological changes of the spinal subarachnoid space (SAS) in a clinically relevant model of SCI. Anesthetized rats were subjected either to mild or severe spinal cord contusion at T9. Spine blocks from the site of injury and adjacent segments were harvested at acute (1 h and 1 day [d]), subacute (3 and 7 d), and chronic (1 and 3 months) stages post-injury. Histopathology and morphometry at each decalcified vertebral level were assessed. At acute and subacute stages, reduction of SAS lumen was observed after both mild and severe injuries. Acutely, after severe injuries, SAS occlusion was associated mainly with cord swelling and subarachnoid hematomas; a trend for dural sac constriction was observed for mild injuries. At 7 d, cord swelling diminished in both instances, but dural sac constriction increased for severe injuries. At early stages, in the epicenter and vicinity, histopathology revealed compression of neurovascular elements within the SAS, which was more intense in severe than in mild injuries. In the chronic stage, SAS lumen increased notably, mostly from cord atrophy, despite dural sac constriction. Myelograms complemented observations made on SAS lumen permeability. Post-traumatic arachnoiditis occurred mainly in animals with severe injury. In conclusion, early extramedullary SAS changes described here might be expected to produce alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and cord blood perfusion, thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of SCI and becoming novel targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio J Reyes-Alva
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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