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Guízar-Sahagún G, Grijalva I, Franco-Bourland RE, Madrazo I. Aging with spinal cord injury: A narrative review of consequences and challenges. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102020. [PMID: 37487887 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Given the increase in life expectancy, aging with a pre-existing spinal cord injury (SCI) is becoming more common. This condition is challenging as compromised health status and functional independence can worsen. We aimed to provide an updated overview of the consequences of aging with SCI, highlighting the main challenges facing this population in a narrative review of the current literature we retrieved from the PubMed database from 2000 to 2022 on any aspect related to aging in persons with SCI. Here we address adverse circumstances that increase disability and hinder an active lifestyle, such as progressive physical deterioration, secondary health conditions, limitations in personal activity, changes in family and social support structures, aging of caregivers, and depletion of economic resources. Favorable changes are also observed, including psychosocial adjustments that improve quality of life. Additionally, various interventions are discussed to promote well-being, health, and social participation. Due to the relevance of this issue, people with SCI and all those who take care of them must have up-to-date information to carry out the necessary measures to promote healthy aging in a more inclusive social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Guízar-Sahagún
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 4430 Calzada de Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Israel Grijalva
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 4430 Calzada de Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rebecca E Franco-Bourland
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, 289 Calzada México-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Madrazo
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 4430 Calzada de Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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Paredes-Cruz M, Grijalva I, Martínez-López YE, Guizar-Sahagún G, Colín-Ramírez E, Rojano-Mejía D. Functional improvement in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury treated with 4-aminopyridine: A systematic review. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1034730. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1034730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Study designSystematic review.ObjectiveTo provide current evidence on the efficacy of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) to bring about functional improvement in individuals with chronic traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI).MethodsThe Medline (PubMed), Web of Science and SCOPUS databases were systematically searched for relevant articles on the efficacy of 4-AP to treat SCI, from the dates such articles were first published until May 2022. Full-text versions of all the articles selected were examined independently by two reviewers. Methodological quality was rated using the Modified Jadad Scale, and risk of bias was assessed with the RoB-2 test. Data extracted included human models/types, PRISMA assessment protocols, and the results of each study. Descriptive syntheses are provided.ResultsIn total, 28 articles were initially identified, 10 of which were included after screening. Most of the studies reviewed reported some degree of patient improvement in one or more of the following parameters: motor, sensitivity and sexual function, sphincter control, spasticity, ability to function independently, quality of life, central motor conduction, pain, and pulmonary function.ConclusionsThis review confirms the efficacy of 4-AP in improving several conditions resulting from SCI but further research on this topic is warranted. Additional randomized clinical trials with 4-AP involving larger sample sizes are needed, as are consistent outcome measures in order to obtain adequate data for analysis with a view to enhance treatment benefits.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=334835, PROSPERO CRD42022334835.
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Morales-Guadarrama A, Salgado-Ceballos H, Grijalva I, Morales-Corona J, Hernández-Godínez B, Ibáñez-Contreras A, Ríos C, Diaz-Ruiz A, Cruz GJ, Olayo MG, Sánchez-Torres S, Mondragón-Lozano R, Alvarez-Mejia L, Fabela-Sánchez O, Olayo R. Evolution of Spinal Cord Transection of Rhesus Monkey Implanted with Polymer Synthesized by Plasma Evaluated by Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050962. [PMID: 35267785 PMCID: PMC8912689 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In spinal cord injury (SCI) there is damage to the nervous tissue, due to the initial damage and pathophysiological processes that are triggered subsequently. There is no effective therapeutic strategy for motor functional recovery derived from the injury. Several studies have demonstrated neurons growth in cell cultures on polymers synthesized by plasma derived from pyrrole, and the increased recovery of motor function in rats by implanting the polymer in acute states of the SCI in contusion and transection models. In the process of transferring these advances towards humans it is recommended to test in mayor species, such as nonhuman primates, prioritizing the use of non-invasive techniques to evaluate the injury progression with the applied treatments. This work shows the ability of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to evaluate the evolution of the SCI in nonhuman primates through the fraction of anisotropy (FA) analysis and the diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) calculus. The injury progression was analysed up to 3 months after the injury day by FA and DTT. The FA recovery and the DTT re-stabilization were observed in the experimental implanted subject with the polymer, in contrast with the non-implanted subject. The parameters derived from DTI are concordant with the histology and the motor functional behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axayacatl Morales-Guadarrama
- Centro Nacional de Investigación en Imagenología e Instrumentación Médica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City 09340, Mexico;
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City 09340, Mexico;
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Axapusco 52750, Mexico; (G.J.C.); (M.G.O.)
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, CDMX, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (H.S.-C.); (I.G.); (S.S.-T.); (L.A.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., CDMX, Mexico City 14050, Mexico;
| | - Israel Grijalva
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, CDMX, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (H.S.-C.); (I.G.); (S.S.-T.); (L.A.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., CDMX, Mexico City 14050, Mexico;
| | - Juan Morales-Corona
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City 09340, Mexico;
| | - Braulio Hernández-Godínez
- Investigación Biomédica Aplicada S.A.S. de C.V., CDMX, Mexico City 14240, Mexico; (B.H.-G.); (A.I.-C.)
| | | | - Camilo Ríos
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A., CDMX, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.R.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Araceli Diaz-Ruiz
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A., CDMX, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.R.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Guillermo Jesus Cruz
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Axapusco 52750, Mexico; (G.J.C.); (M.G.O.)
| | - María Guadalupe Olayo
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Axapusco 52750, Mexico; (G.J.C.); (M.G.O.)
| | - Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, CDMX, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (H.S.-C.); (I.G.); (S.S.-T.); (L.A.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., CDMX, Mexico City 14050, Mexico;
| | - Rodrigo Mondragón-Lozano
- Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., CDMX, Mexico City 14050, Mexico;
- Catedrático CONACyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, CDMX, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Laura Alvarez-Mejia
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, CDMX, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (H.S.-C.); (I.G.); (S.S.-T.); (L.A.-M.)
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A., CDMX, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.R.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Omar Fabela-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City 09340, Mexico;
- Departamento de Química Macromoléculas y Nanomateriales, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Mexico
| | - Roberto Olayo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City 09340, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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Rodríguez-Florido MA, Feria-Romero IA, Nettel-Rueda B, Guerrero-Cantera J, Orozco-Suárez S, Chavez JA, Guinto G, Grijalva I. Semi-quantitative evaluation of brain gliomas in adults: A focus on neuropathological characteristics. GAC MED MEX 2020; 155:439-446. [PMID: 32091031 DOI: 10.24875/gmm.m20000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gliomas are neoplasms with high recurrence and mortality. Due to the difficulty to apply the World Health Organization (2016) classification, developing countries continue to use histological evaluation to diagnose and classify these neoplasms. Objective To develop a semi-quantitative scale to numerically grade gliomas by its morphological characteristics. Method A cohort of patients with gliomas was assessed and followed for 36 months. Tumor tissue sections were analyzed and graded, including aspects such as cell line, cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, mitosis, endothelial hyperplasia, hypoxic changes, apoptotic bodies, necrosis, hemorrhage and proliferation index. Results 58 cases were analyzed. Low-grade gliomas median score was 12 points (9 and 13.5 for percentiles 25 and 75, respectively), whereas for high-grade gliomas it was 17 points (16 and 20.5 for percentiles 25 and 75, respectively) (p < 0.0001). Thirty-six-month survival of patients with low (13/17) and high grade gliomas (6/41) was also significantly different (p < 0.0001). Conclusions The semi-quantitative morphological scale allows an objective evaluation of gliomas, with an adequate correlation between the score, tumor grade and survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Rodríguez-Florido
- Unit of Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iris A Feria-Romero
- Unit of Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bárbara Nettel-Rueda
- Specialty Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Guerrero-Cantera
- Unit of Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unit of Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús A Chavez
- Unit of Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Guinto
- Specialty Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
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Gongora-Rivera F, Grijalva I, Infante-Valenzuela A, Cámara-Lemarroy C, Garza-González E, Paredes-Cruz M, Grajales-Muñiz C, Guerrero-Cantera J, Vargas-Ramos I, Soares J, Abrams JY, Styczynski AR, Camacho-Ortiz A, Villarino ME, Belay ED, Schonberger LB, Sejvar JJ. Zika Virus infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome in Northeastern Mexico: A case-control study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230132. [PMID: 32214354 PMCID: PMC7098590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beginning August 2017, we conducted a prospective case-control investigation in Monterrey, Mexico to assess the association between Zika virus (ZIKV) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). METHODS For each of 50 GBS case-patients, we enrolled 2-3 afebrile controls (141 controls in total) matched by sex, age group, and presentation to same hospital within 7 days. RESULTS PCR results for ZIKV in blood and/or urine were available on all subjects; serum ZIKV IgM antibody for 52% of case-patients and 80% of controls. Subjects were asked about antecedent illness in the two months prior to neurological onset (for case-patients) or interview (for controls). Laboratory evidence of ZIKV infection alone (PCR+ or IgM+) was not significantly different between case-patients and controls (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.45-3.54) but antecedent symptomatic ZIKV infection [a typical ZIKV symptom (rash, joint pain, or conjunctivitis) plus laboratory evidence of ZIKV infection] was higher among case-patients (OR: 12.45, 95% CI: 1.45-106.64). GBS case-patients with laboratory evidence of ZIKV infection were significantly more likely to have had typical ZIKV symptoms than controls with laboratory evidence of ZIKV infection (OR: 17.5, 95% CI: 3.2-96.6). This association remained significant even when only GBS case-patients who were afebrile for 5 days before onset were included in the analysis, (OR 9.57 (95% CI: 1.07 to 85.35). CONCLUSIONS During ZIKV epidemics, this study indicates that increases in GBS will occur primarily among those with antecedent symptomatic ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gongora-Rivera
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Israel Grijalva
- Medical Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrian Infante-Valenzuela
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cámara-Lemarroy
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Martin Paredes-Cruz
- Medical Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Concepción Grajales-Muñiz
- Epidemiological Surveillance Division for Transmissible Diseases, Epidemiological Surveillance Coordination, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Guerrero-Cantera
- Medical Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Vargas-Ramos
- Department of Neurology, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades No. 25, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jesus Soares
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Prion and Public Health Office, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joseph Y. Abrams
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Prion and Public Health Office, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ashley R. Styczynski
- Department of Infectious Disease, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortiz
- Department of Infectious Disease, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Margarita E. Villarino
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, CDC Mexico Country Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ermias D. Belay
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Prion and Public Health Office, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lawrence B. Schonberger
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Prion and Public Health Office, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James J. Sejvar
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Prion and Public Health Office, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Rivera-Osorio J, Orozco-Suárez S, Vega-García A, García-Vences E, Sánchez-Torres S, Jiménez-Estrada I, Guizar-Sahagún G, Mondragon-Caso J, Fernández-Valverde F, Madrazo I, Grijalva I. Single vs. Combined Therapeutic Approaches in Rats With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:136. [PMID: 32210903 PMCID: PMC7076126 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capability of the central nervous system is limited after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors that inhibit spinal cord regeneration, resulting in deficient functional recovery. It has been shown that strategies, such as pre-degenerated peripheral nerve (PPN) grafts or the use of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) or exogenous molecules, such as chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) promote axonal growth and remyelination, resulting in an improvement in locomotor function. These treatments have been primarily assessed in acute injury models. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the ability of several single and combined treatments in order to modify the course of chronic complete SCI in rats. A complete cord transection was performed at the T9 level. One month later, animals were divided into five groups: original injury only (control group), and original injury plus spinal cord re-transection to create a gap to accommodate BMSCs, PPN, PPN + BMSCs, and PPN + BMSCs + ChABC. In comparison with control and single-treatment groups (PPN and BMSCs), combined treatment groups (PPN + BMSCs and PPN + BMSCs + ChABC) showed significative axonal regrowth, as revealed by an increase in GAP-43 and MAP-1B expression in axonal fibers, which correlated with an improvement in locomotor function. In conclusion, the combined therapies tested here improve locomotor function by enhancing axonal regeneration in rats with chronic SCI. Further studies are warranted to refine this promising line of research for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinnitsa Buzoianu-Anguiano
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jared Rivera-Osorio
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Vega-García
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elisa García-Vences
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac México Campus Norte, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ismael Jiménez-Estrada
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Guizar-Sahagún
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Proyecto Camina AC, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose Mondragon-Caso
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac México Campus Norte, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ignacio Madrazo
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Israel Grijalva
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Rodríguez-Florido MA, Feria-Romero IA, Nettel-Rueda B, Guerrero-Cantera J, Orozco-Suárez S, Chavez JA, Guinto G, Grijalva I. Evaluación semicuantitativa de gliomas cerebrales en adultos: un enfoque de las características neuropatológicas. GAC MED MEX 2019; 155:473-480. [PMID: 31695222 DOI: 10.24875/gmm.19004832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gliomas are neoplasms with high recurrence and mortality. Due to the difficulty to apply the World Health Organization (2016) classification, developing countries continue to use histological evaluation to diagnose and classify these neoplasms. Objective To develop a semi-quantitative scale to numerically grade gliomas morphological characteristics. Method A cohort of patients with gliomas was assessed and followed for 36 months. Tumor tissue sections were analyzed and graded, including aspects such as cell line, cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, mitosis, endothelial hyperplasia, hypoxic changes, apoptotic bodies, necrosis, hemorrhage and proliferation index. Results 58 cases were analyzed. Low-grade gliomas median score was 12 points (9 and 13.5 for percentiles 25 and 75, respectively), whereas for high-grade gliomas it was 17 points (16 and 20.5 for percentiles 25 and 75, respectively) (p < 0.0001). Thirty-six-month survival of patients with low (13/17) and high grade gliomas (6/41) was also significantly different (p < 0.0001). Conclusions The semi-quantitative morphological scale allows an objective evaluation of gliomas, with an adequate correlation between the score, tumor grade and survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris A Feria-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Bárbara Nettel-Rueda
- Hospital de Especialidades, Servicio de Neurocirugía. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Guerrero-Cantera
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jesús A Chavez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gerardo Guinto
- Hospital de Especialidades, Servicio de Neurocirugía. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Israel Grijalva
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Ciudad de México, México
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Arreola-Mora C, Silva-Pereyra J, Fernández T, Paredes-Cruz M, Bertado-Cortés B, Grijalva I. Effects of 4-aminopyridine on attention and executive functions of patients with multiple sclerosis: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Preliminary report. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 28:117-124. [PMID: 30593980 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high percentage of patients with multiple sclerosis present cognitive alterations. Because 4-aminopyridine improves nerve conduction and efficient synaptic connection could improve cognitive dysfunction. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy on cognitive performance and safety of 4-aminopyridine administered to patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis diagnosis according to the McDonald criteria. At the beginning and at the end of the treatment different tests were used to assess cognitive performance. Subsequently, patients were randomized 1:1 to receive treatment or placebo. A bootstrap-t test was proposed to test the effectiveness of cognitive performance, considering a p-value < 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS Twenty-four patients were recruited of which 21 completed the trial, 11 with 4-aminopyridine and 10 with placebo treatment. No significant differences between groups in the initial assessments were observed. In terms of efficacy, the experimental group achieved significantly higher scores in attention span, verbal fluency, planning and graphics and constructive motion. CONCLUSIONS 4-aminopyridine proved to be an effective treatment on cognitive aspects in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Drug doses were shown to be safe with mild to moderate adverse events (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02280096).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arreola-Mora
- Laboratorio de Neurometría, Proyecto de Neurociencias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación Médica de Enfermedades Neurológicas, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuauhtémoc 330. Col. Doctores. C. P, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - J Silva-Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Neurometría, Proyecto de Neurociencias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - T Fernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-UAQ, Juriquilla, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - M Paredes-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica de Enfermedades Neurológicas, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuauhtémoc 330. Col. Doctores. C. P, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - B Bertado-Cortés
- Departamento de Neurología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Grijalva
- Unidad de Investigación Médica de Enfermedades Neurológicas, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuauhtémoc 330. Col. Doctores. C. P, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.
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Rodríguez-Castañeda A, Martínez-González KL, Sánchez-Arenas R, Sánchez-García S, Grijalva I, Basurto-Acevedo L, Cuadros-Moreno J, Ramírez-García E, García-de la Torre P. [Oxidative stress in the elderly with diabetes mellitus or hypertension]. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2018; 56:S12-S17. [PMID: 29624343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico City has the highest aging rate in the country, as well as a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT). It is known that each one of these conditions increase oxidative stress (OS) independently. METHODS With this study we described changes in OS of 18 patients without DM or HT (controls), 12 with DM, 23 with HT, and 18 with DM and HT, all of them members of the COSFAMM (Cohorte de Obesidad, Sarcopenia y Fragilidad en Adultos Mayores de México). OS was measured by the quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), by the oxidation of diclorofluorosceine, and by determination of lipid peroxidation by product malondialdehyde (MDA). RESULTS HT patients showed increased ROS levels, as did men with HT compared with the respective DM and HT groups. Also, women of control group showed higher levels of ROS compared with men. CONCLUSIONS Generally, HT turned out to be the most influential factor for the increase of oxidative stress in the elderly while DM has no effect whatsoever.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paola García-de la Torre
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas. Ciudad de México, México
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10
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Guizar-Sahagun G, Martinez-Cruz A, Franco-Bourland RE, Cruz-García E, Corona-Juarez A, Diaz-Ruiz A, Grijalva I, Reyes-Alva HJ, Madrazo I. Creation of an intramedullary cavity by hemorrhagic necrosis removal 24 h after spinal cord contusion in rats for eventual intralesional implantation of restorative materials. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176105. [PMID: 28414769 PMCID: PMC5393885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramedullary hemorrhagic necrosis occurs early after spinal cord injury at the site of injury and adjacent segments. It is considered harmful because of its potential to aggravate secondary injury, and to interfere with axonal regeneration; it might also lead to an unfavorable environment for intralesional implants. Removal of hemorrhagic necrosis has been attempted before with variable results. The invasive nature of these procedures carries the risk of exacerbating damage to the injured cord. The overall objective for this study was to test several strategies for non-damaging removal of hemorrhagic necrosis and characterize the resulting cavity looking for a space for future intralesional therapeutic implants in rats with acute cord injury. Rats were subjected to graded cord contusion, and hemorrhagic necrosis was removed after 24h. Three grades of myelotomy (extensive, medium sized, and small) were tested. Using the small surgical approach to debridement, early and late effects of the intervention were determined by histology and by analytical and behavioral analysis. Appearance and capacity of the resulting cavity were characterized. Satisfactory removal of hemorrhagic necrosis was achieved with all three surgical approaches to debridement. However, bleeding in spared cord tissue was excessive after medium sized and extensive myelotomies but similar to control injured rats after small cord surgery. Small surgical approach to debridement produced no swelling nor acute inflammation changes, nor did it affect long-term spontaneous locomotor recovery, but resulted in modest improvement of myelination in rats subjected to both moderate and severe injuries. Cavity created after intervention was filled with 10 to 15 μL of hydrogel. In conclusion, by small surgical approach to debridement, removal of hemorrhagic necrosis was achieved after acute cord contusion thereby creating intramedullary spaces without further damaging the injured spinal cord. Resulting cavities appear suitable for future intralesional placement of pro-reparative cells or other regenerative biomaterials in a clinically relevant model of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Guizar-Sahagun
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Proyecto Camina A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Rebecca E. Franco-Bourland
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Proyecto Camina A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Cruz-García
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Araceli Diaz-Ruiz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Israel Grijalva
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Proyecto Camina A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Horacio J. Reyes-Alva
- Department of Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Mexico, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Madrazo
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Proyecto Camina A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
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11
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Madrazo I, Magallón E, Zamorano C, Jiménez F, Ysunza A, Grijalva I, Franco-Bourland R, Guízar-Sahagún G. Immediate recovery of neurological function in response to deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in a patient with idiopathic camptocormia. Revista Médica del Hospital General de México 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hgmx.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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12
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Rodríguez-Meza MV, Paredes-Cruz M, Grijalva I, Rojano-Mejía D. Clinical and demographic profile of traumatic spinal cord injury: a mexican hospital-based study. Spinal Cord 2015; 54:266-9. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Salcedo M, Pina-Sanchez P, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Monroy-Garcia A, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Cortes-Gutierrez EI, Santos-Lopez G, Montoya-Fuentes H, Grijalva R, Madrid-Marina V, Apresa-Garcia T, Hernandez DM, Jave-Suarez LF, Romero P, Poot A, Salgado E, Ramos-Gonzalez P, Gonzalez-Hernandez R, Canton JC, Jimenez-Aranda L, Parra-Melquiadez M, Paniagua L, Mendoza M, Arreola H, Villegas V, Torres-Poveda K, Bahena-Roman M, Gonzalez-Yebra B, Taniguchi K, Rodea C, Mantilla-Morales A, Mora-Garcia ML, Velazquez-Velazquez CK, Cordova-Uscanga C, Peralta R, Lopez-Romero R, Marrero D, Bandala C, Reyes-Leyva J, Furuya ME, Almeida E, Galvan ME, Grijalva I. Human papillomavirus genotypes among females in Mexico: a study from the Mexican institute for social security. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:10061-6. [PMID: 25556426 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.23.10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiological relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer (CC) is widely accepted. Our goal was to determine the prevalence of HPV types in Mexican women attending at the Mexican Institute for Social Security from different areas of Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNAs from 2,956 cervical samples were subjected to HPV genotyping: 1,020 samples with normal cytology, 931 with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL), 481 with high grade HGSIL and 524 CC. RESULTS Overall HPV prevalence was 67.1%. A total of 40 HPV types were found; HPV16 was detected in 39.4% of the HPV-positive samples followed by HPV18 at 7.5%, HPV31 at 7.1%, HPV59 at 4.9%, and HPV58 at 3.2%. HPV16 presented the highest prevalence both in women with altered or normal cytology and HPV 18 presented a minor prevalence as reported worldwide. The prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated for the HPV types. The analysis of PR showed that HPV16 presents the highest association with CC, HPV 31, -33, -45, -52 and -58 also demonstrating a high association. CONCLUSIONS The most prevalent HPV types in cervical cancer samples were -16, -18, -31, but it is important to note that we obtained a minor prevalence of HPV18 as reported worldwide, and that HPV58 and -52 also were genotypes with an important prevalence in CC samples. Determination of HPV genotypes is very important in order to evaluate the impact of vaccine introduction and future cervical cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Salcedo
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital de Oncologia, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Institute for Social Security; IMSS), Mexico E-mail :
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14
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Lopez-Garcia MA, Feria-Romero IA, Fernando-Serrano H, Escalante-Santiago D, Grijalva I, Orozco-Suarez S. Genetic polymorphisms associated with antiepileptic metabolism. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2014; 6:377-86. [PMID: 24896213 DOI: 10.2741/e713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several factors, including pharmacogenetics, contribute to inter-individual variability in drug response. Many antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are metabolized by a variety of enzymatic reactions, and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family has attracted considerable attention. Some of the CYPs exist as genetic (allelic) variants, which may also affect the plasma concentrations or drug exposure. Regarding the metabolism of AEDs, the polymorphic CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 are of particular interest. There have been recent advances in discovering factors such as these, especially those underlying the risk of medication toxicity. This review summarizes the evidence about whether such polymorphisms affect the clinical action of AEDs to facilitate future studies on the pharmacogenetics of epilepsy. We performed Key Words searches in the public databases PubMed, Medscape, and Rxlisty, Pharm GKB for genetic polymorphisms and the NCBI website for the nomenclature of alleles of CYP450, finding that CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP2D19 were involved in the metabolism of most antiepileptic drugs, given the allele frequency in the population and the associated variability in the clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Lopez-Garcia
- Doctoral Biological and Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iris A Feria-Romero
- Doctoral Biological and Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector Fernando-Serrano
- Doctoral Biological and Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Escalante-Santiago
- Doctoral Biological and Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Israel Grijalva
- Doctoral Biological and Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suarez
- Doctoral Biological and Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Sanchez-Arenas R, Vargas-Alarcon G, Sanchez-Garcia S, Garcia-Peña C, Gutierrez-Gutierrez L, Grijalva I, Garcia-Dominguez A, Juárez-Cedillo T. Value of EQ-5D in Mexican city older population with and without dementia (SADEM study). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29:478-88. [PMID: 24123291 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The EuroQoL-5D (EQ-5D) is a brief, multi-attribute, preference-based health status measurement. The objective of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of EQ-5D in older adults with and without dementia in Mexico City. METHODS The Study on Aging and Dementia in Mexico (SADEM) was a survey of 3101, Mexican adults (60 + years old). An in-home face-to-face interview was administered. EQ-5D using ranking to rate states on a 100-point visual analogue scale; Daily Living Activities (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Short Form of the quality of life survey (SF-36), and Charlson comorbility index were used for comparison. The validity and reliability of EQ-5D were tested. We identified states of health for direct valuation; state 11111 ("no problems") had to be included because it was essential to the reseating (onto a 0-1 scale) of the visual analogue scale data. We included all plausible combinations of levels across each of the five EQ-5D dimensions and evaluated any significant interaction effects and factorial designs, based on balanced complete blocks. RESULTS The EQ-5D was applied to 3101 older people, of whom 109 (3.4%) had dementia. The general reliability of EQ-5D for cases was 0.80 and for controls 0.76, for each dimension. We had a total of 103 combinations for controls and 45 for cases. The percentage for the state of health "no problems" (11111) for controls was 30.4%, and had the highest percentage of cases (8.8%). CONCLUSION The resulting valuations form the basis for clinical use and facilitate the interpretation and evaluation of health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Sanchez-Arenas
- Neurological Diseases Research Unit, Specialty Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Reyes-Alva HJ, Franco-Bourland RE, Martinez-Cruz A, Grijalva I, Madrazo I, Guizar-Sahagun G. Spatial and temporal morphological changes in the subarachnoid space after graded spinal cord contusion in the rat. J Neurotrauma 2014; 30:1084-91. [PMID: 23472674 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous repair or treatment-induced recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) is very limited and might be related to extramedullary alterations that have only briefly been documented. Here we report on the morphological changes of the spinal subarachnoid space (SAS) in a clinically relevant model of SCI. Anesthetized rats were subjected either to mild or severe spinal cord contusion at T9. Spine blocks from the site of injury and adjacent segments were harvested at acute (1 h and 1 day [d]), subacute (3 and 7 d), and chronic (1 and 3 months) stages post-injury. Histopathology and morphometry at each decalcified vertebral level were assessed. At acute and subacute stages, reduction of SAS lumen was observed after both mild and severe injuries. Acutely, after severe injuries, SAS occlusion was associated mainly with cord swelling and subarachnoid hematomas; a trend for dural sac constriction was observed for mild injuries. At 7 d, cord swelling diminished in both instances, but dural sac constriction increased for severe injuries. At early stages, in the epicenter and vicinity, histopathology revealed compression of neurovascular elements within the SAS, which was more intense in severe than in mild injuries. In the chronic stage, SAS lumen increased notably, mostly from cord atrophy, despite dural sac constriction. Myelograms complemented observations made on SAS lumen permeability. Post-traumatic arachnoiditis occurred mainly in animals with severe injury. In conclusion, early extramedullary SAS changes described here might be expected to produce alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and cord blood perfusion, thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of SCI and becoming novel targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio J Reyes-Alva
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Guizar-Sahagun G, Grijalva I, Madrazo I, Franco-Bourland R, Salgado-Ceballos H, Ibarra A, Larriva-Sahd J. Neuroprotection of completely lacerated spinal cord of adult rats by homotopic and heterotopic transplantation. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2012; 7:61-70. [PMID: 21551773 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-1994-7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of transplants placed in the lesion zone after a complete spinal cord (SC) laceration, two independent series of experiments were carried out. In the first, allogeneic or xenogeneic fetal SC was transplanted into the gaps of the damaged lower thoracic SC of adult rats. In the transplanted rats the incidence of life-threatening complications was reduced, and the survival rate was increased compared with the control group (lesion, without implant). Histological examination showed less damage to the neighboring SC parenchyma in the transplanted rats. The measurement of this neuroprotective effect was made in a second series of experiments. Using the same model of SC injury, allogeneic fetal SC, autologous peripheral nerve and/or adipose tissue were implanted. Rats with implants of Gelfoam and damaged rats without implants were the controls. The implanted rats of all groups, including the Gelfoam group, showed a better survival rate than the nonimplanted rats. Significantly less damage to the neighboring SC parenchyma was measured in implanted rats with any of the live tissues tested compared with non-implanted rats, although no significant differences were observed between the Gelfoam group and the nonimplanted rats. Histological evidence of tissue implant survival was observed in all corresponding groups. It is concluded that the transplanted tissues tested here have a neuroprotective effect, possibly by acting as a buffer to neurotoxic substance(s) released by the stumps, and/or by exerting trophic effect(s) on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guizar-Sahagun
- Research Center of the Proyecto Camina A.C. Tlalpan 4430, C.P. 14050 Mexico City, Mexico Department of Clinical Research in Neurological Diseases, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Inslituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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Zajarías-Fainsod D, Carrillo-Ruiz J, Mestre H, Grijalva I, Madrazo I, Ibarra A. Autoreactivity against myelin basic protein in patients with chronic paraplegia. Eur Spine J 2011; 21:964-70. [PMID: 22057439 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-011-2060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown the existence of either cellular or humoral MBP-reactive elements up to 5 years after spinal cord injury (SCI), but not the presence of both after 10 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve SCI patients, with more than 10 years of evolution, and 18 healthy blood donors were studied. Lymphocyte proliferation (colorimetric-BrdU ELISA assay) and antibody titers against MBP (ELISA Human IgG MBP-specific assay) were assessed. RESULTS SCI patients presented a significant T-cell proliferation against MBP (lymphocyte proliferation index: 3.7 ± 1.5, mean ± SD) compared to control individuals (0.7 ± 0.3; P < 0.001). Humoral response analysis yielded a significant difference (P < 0.0001) between the antibody titers of controls and SCI patients. A significant correlation between cellular and humoral responses was observed. Finally, patients with an ASIA B presented the highest immune responses. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates, for the first time, the existence of both cellular and humoral responses against MBP in the chronic stages (>10 years) of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zajarías-Fainsod
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan, Edo. de México, Mexico
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Guízar-Sahagún G, Grijalva I, Hernández-Godínez B, Franco-Bourland RE, Cruz-Antonio L, Martínez-Cruz A, Ibáñez-Contreras A, Madrazo I. New approach for graded compression spinal cord injuries in Rhesus macaque: method feasibility and preliminary observations. J Med Primatol 2011; 40:401-13. [PMID: 21732951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current models of spinal cord injury (SCI) have been ineffective for translational research. Primate blunt SCI, which more closely resembles human injury, could be a promising model to fill this gap. METHODS Graded compression SCI was produced by inflating at T9 an epidural balloon as a function of spinal canal dimensions in a non-uniform group of monkeys. RESULTS Sham injury and cord compression by canal invasion of 50-75% produced minimal morpho-functional alterations, if at all. Canal invasion of 90-100% resulted in proportional functional deficits. Unexpectedly, these animals showed spontaneous gradual recovery over a 12-week period achieving quadruped walking, although with persistent absence of foot grasping reflex. Histopathology revealed predominance of central cord damage that correlated with functional status. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results suggest that this model could potentially be a useful addition to translational work, but requires further validation by including animals with permanent injuries and expansion of replicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Guízar-Sahagún
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Grijalva I, García-Pérez A, Díaz J, Aguilar S, Mino D, Santiago-Rodríguez E, Guizar-Sahagún G, Castañeda-Hernández G, Maldonado-Julián H, Madrazo I. High doses of 4-aminopyridine improve functionality in chronic complete spinal cord injury patients with MRI evidence of cord continuity. Arch Med Res 2011; 41:567-75. [PMID: 21167397 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many patients with complete spinal cord injury (SCI) exhibit demyelinated and poorly myelinated nerve fibers traversing the lesion site. Conventional doses of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 30 mg/day) have shown to provide no or minor functional improvement in these patients. We undertook this study to test the functional effect of high doses of 4-AP on patients with chronic complete SCI with cord continuity at the site of injury demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS Fourteen patients were included in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial followed by an open label long-term follow-up. Initially, patients received 4-AP or placebo orally, with 4-AP being increased gradually (5 mg/week) to reach 30 mg/day. For long-term treatment, 4-AP was increased 10 mg periodically according to negative electroencephalogram and blood test abnormalities and minor adverse reactions. Pre-treatment, 12 and 24 weeks of the controlled trial, and 6 and 12 months of open trial evaluations, or with the highest doses reached were obtained. RESULTS Three of 12 patients were able to walk with the assistance of orthopedic devices, 1/12 became incomplete (AIS B), 7/12 improved their somatosensory evoked potentials, 5/12 had sensation and control of bladder and anal sphincters, and 4/9 male patients had psychogenic erection. CONCLUSIONS Positive changes were seen mainly in patients with cyst (4/5) or atrophy (3/5) of the injury site. Two patients withdrew from the study: one had seizures and one had intolerant adverse reactions. We conclude that high doses of 4-AP in the studied population produced several functional benefits not observed using lower doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Grijalva
- Medical Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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21
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Madrazo I, Zamorano C, Magallón E, Valenzuela T, Ibarra A, Salgado-Ceballos H, Grijalva I, Franco-Bourland RE, Guízar-Sahagún G. Stereolithography in spine pathology: a 2-case report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 72:272-5; discussion 275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2008.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Reyes-Alva HJ, Franco-Bourland RE, Martínez-Cruz A, Grijalva I, Fuchs B, Madrazo I, Guízar-Sahagún G. Thalidomide fails to be therapeutic following contusive spinal cord injury in rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2009; 69:494-503. [PMID: 20048765 DOI: 10.55782/ane-2009-1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical damage to the spinal cord (SC) generates self-destructive processes that contribute to post-traumatic neurodegeneration. Because thalidomide apparently counteracts these effects its use clinically has been proposed enthusiastically. Nonetheless, we tested its action as a neuroprotectant in a clinically relevant model of SC injury in rats. We administered thalidomide intraperitoneally to rats subjected to thoracic SC contusion as single or repeated doses within the first 24 h after injury. Edema, neutrophil infiltration, and cord tissue preservation/destruction were assessed in the SC 24 h after injury and motor function for 7 weeks. Rats treated with thalidomide showed significant increase in SC water compared with naive rats, but not vehicle-treated rats; their neutrophil infiltration and amount of spared/destroyed cord tissue was not different from vehicle-treated rats; and in no case was motor performance improved after thalidomide. In conclusion, thalidomide failed here to be therapeutic, discouraging its use clinically for SC trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio J Reyes-Alva
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Medical Center Century XXI, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
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Vertiz-Hernandez A, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Martinez-Cruz A, Cruz-Antonio L, Grijalva I, Guizar-Sahagun G. L-arginine reverses alterations in drug disposition induced by spinal cord injury by increasing hepatic blood flow. J Neurotrauma 2008; 24:1855-62. [PMID: 18159997 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High hepatic extraction drugs--such as phenacetin, methylprednisolone, and cyclosporine--exhibit an increased bioavailability after acute spinal cord injury (SCI) due to an impaired clearance. For these drugs, metabolic clearance depends on hepatic blood flow. Thus, it is possible that pharmacokinetic alterations can be reversed by increasing liver perfusion. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of L-arginine, a nitric oxide precursor, on the pharmacokinetics of a prototype drug with high hepatic extraction, and on hepatic microvascular blood flow (MVBF) after acute SCI. Pharmacokinetics of i.v. phenacetin was studied in rats 24 h after a severe T-5 spinal cord contusion; animals being pretreated with L-arginine 100 mg/kg i.v. or vehicle. MVBF was assessed under similar experimental conditions using laser Doppler flowmetry. SCI significantly altered phenacetin pharmacokinetics. Clearance was significantly reduced, resulting in a prolonged half-life and an increase in bioavailability, while volume of distribution was decreased. Pharmacokinetic alterations were reversed when injured rats were pretreated with L -arginine. It was also observed that L-arginine significantly increased hepatic MVBF in injured rats, notwithstanding it exhibited a limited effect on sham-injured animals. Our data hence suggest that L-arginine is able to reverse SCI-induced alterations in phenacetin pharmacokinetics due to an impaired hepatic MVBF, likely by increased nitric oxide synthesis leading to vasodilation. Further studies are warranted to examine the potential usefulness of nitric oxide supplementation in a clinical setting.
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Grijalva I, Guízar-Sahagún G, Rodríguez-Pacheco D, Francisco-Argüelles C, Castañeda-Hernández G, Palma-Aguirre JA. Gastric emptying effect by 4-aminopyridine in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Arch Med Res 2007; 38:392-7. [PMID: 17416285 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) given to patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) has shown beneficial effects in some somatic and autonomic functions, although patients often develop dyspeptic symptoms. 4-AP is a potassium-channel blocker capable of altering gastro-pyloric functions as demonstrated experimentally. Our objective was to examine the influence of 4-AP treatment on gastric emptying in patients with chronic SCI. METHODS Gastric emptying was measured by the acetaminophen absorption test in 18 patients (9 with cervical and 9 with thoracic injury), and 9 healthy volunteers. Patients received increasing oral doses, 5 mg day(-1) of oral 4-AP (5-30 mg day(-1)), for 12 weeks. Patients were studied before and at the end of the last week of 4-AP treatment, whereas healthy volunteers (without 4-AP treatment) were studied only once. Whole blood samples of 2.5 mL were drawn at 0 (before 1 g of oral acetaminophen) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min postdose. Acetaminophen concentration in plasma was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS Treatment with 4-AP significantly delayed stomach emptying in patients with chronic SCI, considering the significant decreasing of acetaminophen absorption (t paired test, p <0.05). This effect did not correlate either to the level or ASIA score of the injury (linear regression correlation analysis, r(2) = 0.003 and 0.015, respectively). No significant differences were observed by comparing data of patients before 4-AP treatment with healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS 4-AP intake in patients with chronic spinal cord injury significantly slowed gastric emptying regardless of level and ASIA score of the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Grijalva
- Medical Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Madrazo I, Zamorano C, Magallón E, Valenzuela T, Grijalva I, Salgado-Ceballos H, Guízar-Sahagún G. Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2) for Cervical Fusion: Is There a Role in Cervical Trauma? Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2006. [DOI: 10.1310/2ru5-7tp7-1g9l-vefh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Neurotrimin (Ntm) is a member of the family of neural cell adhesion molecules. Its expression pattern suggests that Ntm promotes axonal fasciculation, guides nerve fibers to specific targets and stabilizes synapses as it accumulates coincident with synaptogenesis. Strong labeling of Ntm was observed in motor and sensory areas of the postnatal rat cortex. It is not known whether Ntm is present in adult human spinal cord (SC). In the present study, a monoclonal antibody specific for Ntm (1B1), is applied to the first study of the expression of Ntm in normal and injured adult human SC. OBJECTIVE (1) To investigate the expression pattern of Ntm in adult normal human SC, and (2) to observe the changes of Ntm expression after SC injury and compare the differences between normal and injured adult human SC. METHODS Human SC tissue was obtained from necropsies of patients with (n=5) and without (n=4) SC injury. The 1B1 Ntm monoclonal antibody was used for immunohistochemical staining on paraffin embedded sections with an ABC kit. RESULTS (1) In total, 12 slides were analyzed for each group from both cervical and thoracic levels. Motor neurons and Clarke's neurons and glial-like cells were mild to moderately positive in all uninjured SC specimens. (2) In injured SC, no staining was observed in the injury epicenter between two and three levels proximally and distally, but was detected five levels away. (3) In patients older than 67 years of age, Ntm-positive inclusions were present in the white matter of the SC with or without injury. (4) Some meningeal cells were strongly Ntm-positive, especially in the uninjured human SC. CONCLUSION Ntm is expressed by motor and Clarke's neurons and glial cells in uninjured human SC. The downregulation of Ntm in the injured SC suggests that its expression is regulated by afferent input.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Grijalva
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Guízar-Sahagún G, Grijalva I, Salgado-Ceballos H, Espitia A, Orozco S, Ibarra A, Martínez A, Franco-Bourland RE, Madrazo I. Spontaneous and induced aberrant sprouting at the site of injury is irrelevant to motor function outcome in rats with spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2004; 1013:143-51. [PMID: 15193522 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of effective regeneration following spinal cord (SC) injury, sprouting from undamaged axons has been regarded as an underlying factor for functional improvement after incomplete SC injury. The influence of spontaneous and induced axonal sprouting at the injury site on motor function was tested using rats subjected to moderate SC contusion at T9 level, using megadoses of methylprednisolone (MP) and intralesion implantation of cells from sciatic nerve (PNI). Groups using MP and PNI combined, implant vehicle, and injury with no treatment were also included. Amount of sprouting at the injury sites was significantly different depending on treatment. It was abundant in PNI-treated rats, moderate in rats treated with vehicle or nontreated, and limited in rats given MP with or without PNI (chi2, p=0.0084). This sprouting showed an aberrant course and was located in proliferating tissue at the site of injury, characterized by the presence of ependymal cells, macrophages, and myelinating and nonmyelinating Schwann cells. Functional scores and amount of spared white matter were not significantly different among groups. Correlation of the amount of sprouting vs. functional outcome or vs. amount of spared tissue was not significant, while correlation of functional outcome vs. amount of spared tissue was significant (p<0.0001). In conclusion, PNI increase aberrant sprouting at the injury site, while MP limits such sprouting, in either case without impact on motor function outcome. Missing guiding channels for sprouting axons could explain the absence of any functional improvement.
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Salgado-Ceballos H, Grijalva I, Guizar-Sahagun G, Espitia AL, Martínez A, Feria-Velasco A. Predegenerated peripheral nerve graft with and without methylprednisolone administration after traumatic spinal cord injury in adult rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/nrc.10083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ibarra A, Correa D, Willms K, Merchant MT, Guizar-Sahagún G, Grijalva I, Madrazo I. Effects of cyclosporin-A on immune response, tissue protection and motor function of rats subjected to spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2003; 979:165-78. [PMID: 12850583 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to test the effect of cyclosporin-A (CsA) on some immunological, morphological and functional aspects developed after spinal cord injury. The specific cellular immune response against spinal cord constituents, the amount of spared tissue and myelination at the site of injury, and the motor function outcome were assessed in a first series of experiments. Rats were subjected to spinal cord compression and treated with cyclosporin-A before lesion and during the entire study. A specific lymphocyte response against spinal cord antigens was found in untreated spinal cord injured rats but not in cyclosporine-A treated injured rats. A significantly better myelination index was also found in injured cyclosporin-A-treated rats, as compared to untreated animals. The amount of spared spinal cord tissue at the epicenter was not significantly different comparing CsA-treated with vehicle-treated rats. Looking for a potential therapeutic use of CsA, in a second series of experiments, rats were subjected to spinal cord contusion and treated with cyclosporin-A from 1 to 72 h after lesion. Motor recovery and red nuclei neurons survival, were evaluated, and found to be significantly better in spinal cord injured rats treated with cyclosporin-A than in injured-untreated rats. This work confirms the existence of an autoimmune cellular reaction after injury that can be inhibited by cyclosporin-A treatment. Furthermore, cyclosporin-A promotes neuroprotection by diminishing both demyelination and neuronal cell death, resulting in a better motor outcome after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ibarra
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, DF, México, Mexico.
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Grijalva I, Guízar-Sahagún G, Castañeda-Hernández G, Mino D, Maldonado-Julián H, Vidal-Cantú G, Ibarra A, Serra O, Salgado-Ceballos H, Arenas-Hernández R. Efficacy and safety of 4-aminopyridine in patients with long-term spinal cord injury: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23:823-34. [PMID: 12885095 DOI: 10.1592/phco.23.7.823.32731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the efficacy and safety of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), and to document sensorimotor changes after discontinuation of the drug in patients with long-term spinal cord injury. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING Clinical research unit. PATIENTS Twenty-seven patients with long-term spinal cord injury. INTERVENTION Patients were randomized to receive either oral 4-AP 5 mg/day, which was increased by 5 mg/week to a maximum dosage of 30 mg/day, or placebo for 12 weeks. They switched to the opposite treatment for the next 12 weeks. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Twenty-five patients finished the study. The results from the first 12 weeks were used to test efficacy. Positive gains in motor function, sensation, and independence occurred more frequently in patients receiving 4-AP (69%) than those receiving placebo (46%). Significant functional improvement was also noted in those treated with 4-AP (chi2, p=0.042). When each evaluation scale was considered separately, significant improvement was seen only in motor function (4-AP 92% vs placebo 46%, Fisher exact test, p=0.03). Persistent effects of the drug were assessed at week 24 in the group that initially received 4-AP. A persistent, significant 4-AP effect was observed in evaluations of sensation and independence (67% and 83% of patients, respectively; Wilcoxon signed rank test, p=0.032 and 0.042, respectively). Fourteen (56%) patients had 26 adverse reactions. One moderate adverse reaction--posterior tibial artery vasospasm--and 25 mild adverse reactions, such as dry mouth, dizziness, nausea, gastritis, oral and peripheral paresthesia, resolved adequately. Six (24%) patients experienced transitory alterations of enzyme levels (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and creatine kinase) and thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSION Patients who received 4-AP showed significant improvement in motor function, and a persistent effect on sensation and independent function occurred. The drug is safe; however, after starting 4-AP therapy, patients must be carefully monitored for the possible occurrence of peripheral vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Grijalva
- Research Medical Unit for Neurological Diseases, Specialties Hospital, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México.
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Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) transplantation is a promising strategy for axonal regeneration in the nervous system. Identifying the grafted SCs is an important aspect of this approach. The current study sought to establish a simple, reliable, fluorescent labeling method for SCs with a lipophilic molecule, 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE). Human SCs were incubated with varying concentrations of CFSE for different time periods. Based on the viability of labeled SCs and its plating efficiency, 1 min incubation with 5 microM CFSE at 37 degrees C was selected as the optimal labeling condition. Flow cytometric analysis and fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that the fluorescence of labeled SCs would fade over 4 weeks. Immunostaining for the phenotypic expression of SC markers, including S100, GFAP, P75, and MHC-I/II at 1 and 4 weeks after incubation with CFSE showed no difference between labeled and non-labeled SCs. Mixed cultures of labeled human SCs and rat SCs for 48 h were performed in triplicate and demonstrated that no leakage of dye from labeled SCs in cell culture occurred across species. A total of 14 injections of 2x10(5) labeled SCs were performed within the spinal cord at T8 and/or L1 level in 9 nude rats. The animals were euthanized at 1 (6 injections) and 4 weeks (8 injections). Grafted labeled SCs survived for at least 4 weeks, and could be easily recognized in the nude rat spinal cord without leakage of dye to surrounding cells. The SCs migrated in white and gray matter 3-6 mm away from the injection and in the central canal for up to 12 mm. These results suggest that CFSE can be used as a fluorescent tracer of human SCs for both in vitro and in vivo studies, for a period of at least 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Li
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Díaz-Ruiz A, Ibarra A, Pérez-Severiano F, Guízar-Sahagún G, Grijalva I, Ríos C. Constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase activities after spinal cord contusion in rats. Neurosci Lett 2002; 319:129-32. [PMID: 11834310 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the secondary damage after spinal cord (SC) injury. NO is produced by the activity of two classes of enzymes: calcium-dependent constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and calcium-independent inducible NOS. To determine the time course of both NOS activities after SC injury, 50 Wistar rats were submitted to severe SC contusion. NOS activities were assayed at the site of SC injury at several times after lesion. Results showed a significant increase of 138 and 96% in the constitutive NOS activity at 4 and 8 h after the lesion, respectively, as compared to sham-operated rats. iNOS activity was increased 72 h after lesion by 103% (P<0.05). In conclusion, both isoforms of NOS increase their activity at different time periods after SC injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Díaz-Ruiz
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City DF, Mexico
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with the larval form of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, can lead to the development of cysts in the brain. Surgical removal of cysts has been the accepted treatment for neurocysticercosis characterized by giant cysts when there is associated intracranial hypertension. METHODS We describe 33 patients whom we treated medically for malignant forms of neurocysticercosis. All patients had evidence of intracranial hypertension and subarachnoid cysts at least 50 mm in diameter. All patients received 15 mg of albendazole per kilogram of body weight per day for four weeks. Ten patients were also treated with 100 mg of praziquantel per kilogram per day for four weeks. Seventeen patients received a second course of albendazole, three received a third course, and one received a fourth course. During the first cycle of treatment, all patients also received dexamethasone. Five patients had previously undergone neurosurgery for giant cysts. RESULTS After a median of 59 months of follow-up (range, 7 to 102), the condition of all 33 patients had improved, and the cysts had disappeared or become calcified. Of the 22 patients with a history of seizures, only 11 continued to receive antiseizure medications. The median quality-of-life score on the Karnofsky scale improved from 40 to 100. Fifteen patients received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt because of hydrocephalus. Four patients had persistent sequelae (bilateral partial optic atrophy, stroke, or diplopia) of the cysts. CONCLUSIONS Intensive medical treatment can be effective in patients with neurocysticercosis characterized by giant cysts. Neurosurgery may be required only when there is an imminent risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Proaño
- Medical Research Unit for Neurologic Diseases, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City.
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Castro-Pacheco A, Foyo-Niembro E, Pérez-Pérez V, García-Hernández J, Grijalva I. [Carotid-basilar artery communication in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)]. Rev Neurol 2001; 32:225-8. [PMID: 11310273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since 1966 when Levine and Payan observed that the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was unusually susceptible to cerebral infarction following occlusion of one or both common carotid arteries, the model has been used for the experimental study of cerebral ischemia. OBJECTIVE To assess the presence of anterior-posterior arterial communication in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). MATERIAL AND METHODS 26 animals were used and divided in the following groups: 1. Bilateral carotid ligation (n = 10); 2. Unilateral left carotid ligation (n = 5); 3. Unilateral carotid right carotid ligation (n = 5); and 4. Control group without carotid ligation (n = 6). RESULTS Postmortem intra-aortic dye injection demonstrated communication between anterior and posterior cerebral arteries in 30% of gerbils that previously were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. A number of vessels, between 8.95-11.35 microns in diameter, were linking the basilar artery with the posterior cerebral artery. In the remaining animals, the absence of communication was confirmed. CONCLUSION Communicating carotid-basilar in lower number of cases and anastomosis the smallest diameter to give the gerbil advantage on others species as model of experimental regional ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Castro-Pacheco
- Unidad de Investigación Médica de Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), México DF, México
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Diaz-Ruiz A, Rios C, Duarte I, Correa D, Guizar-Sahagun G, Grijalva I, Madrazo I, Ibarra A. Lipid peroxidation inhibition in spinal cord injury: cyclosporin-A vs methylprednisolone. Neuroreport 2000; 11:1765-7. [PMID: 10852240 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200006050-00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To compare the effectiveness of cyclosporin-A (CsA) with methylprednisolone (MP) or a combination of both upon inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LP) after spinal cord (SC) injury, rats were treated with either CsA, MP, CSA+MP or vehicle starting 1 h after SC contusion at T9 level. LP was assessed 24h after injury by the lipid fluorescent product formation method. The survival rate was also evaluated in other series of rats by the Kaplan-Meier curves. Lipid peroxidation was similarly inhibited in rats treated with CsA, MP, or CSA+MP (p>0.05). Animals receiving MP (alone or combined with CsA) showed the poorest surviving rate. LP was inhibited by CsA to the same extent as by MP but without the lethal effect of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Diaz-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, H.E.; CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS, México DF
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Ibarra A, Martinez S, Reyes J, Meza-Lucas A, Mandujano A, Grijalva I, Madrazo I, Correa D. Search for an IgG response against neural antigens in experimental spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2000; 96:3-5. [PMID: 10683404 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine if a specific response is induced after spinal cord injury, we performed a kinetic search for IgG antibodies against various spinal cord antigenic preparations in a rat contusion model. Even though spinal cord injured animals showed two reactive bands, these could be originated by the reaction of natural antibodies, since they were also observed before lesion. Thus, these antibodies would not be of relevance in the pathogenic events of spinal cord injury in this rat model. Our findings do not demonstrate the existence of a specific IgG response against spinal cord constituents after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ibarra
- Instituto Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (INDRE), SSA, México D.F., Mexico
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Diaz-Ruiz A, Rios C, Duarte I, Correa D, Guizar-Sahagun G, Grijalva I, Ibarra A. Cyclosporin-A inhibits lipid peroxidation after spinal cord injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 1999; 266:61-4. [PMID: 10336184 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Besides its immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory activity, cyclosporin-A (CsA) may protect damaged tissues from lipid peroxidation (LP) by free radicals. To determine the effect of CsA on LP spinal cord (SC) injury, Wistar rats were treated with either vehicle or CsA (2.5 mg/kg per 12 h i.p.) 1, 2, 6 or 12 h after SC trauma by T8-T9 spinal cord contusion, analyzing LP 24 h after injury at the lesion site by the lipid fluorescent products formation method. CsA significantly diminished LP to levels below control values after contusion (P < 0.05). The greater inhibition was observed when CsA was given during the first 6 h after injury, furthermore, animals showed a significant clinical improvement. Results show that CsA may be beneficial to injured tissue by inhibiting the levels of LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Diaz-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, H.E., C.M.N. Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico, Mexico
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Guízar-Sahagún G, Castañeda-Hernández G, García-López P, Franco-Bourland R, Grijalva I, Madrazo I. Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in systemic and metabolic alterations secondary to spinal cord injury. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 1998; 41:237-40. [PMID: 9836299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Guízar-Sahagún
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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Guízar-Sahagún G, García-López P, Espitia AL, Grijalva I, Franco-Bourland RE, Madrazo I. Transitory expression of NADPH diaphorase (NOS) in axonal swellings after spinal cord injury. Neuroreport 1998; 9:2899-902. [PMID: 9760142 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199808240-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the sites of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression after a spinal cord (SC) injury, NADPH-d diaphorase histochemistry was performed in the SC of adult rats sacrificed at different times from 1 h to 90 days after both SC contusion or transection. NOS could first be seen 12 h after injury in axonal swellings (AS) (club shaped structures at the tip of damage axons, associated with tissue destruction). NOS expression reached a maximum 3 days after injury, and gradually disappeared after 7 days. Finally, AS collapsed leaving behind microcysts. NOS expression and the consequent production of nitric oxide could be involved in the pathophysiology of the secondary damage, and/or could reflect a failed attempt for axonal regeneration.
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Salgado-Ceballos H, Guizar-Sahagun G, Feria-Velasco A, Grijalva I, Espitia L, Ibarra A, Madrazo I. Spontaneous long-term remyelination after traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. Brain Res 1998; 782:126-35. [PMID: 9519256 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The capability of the central nervous system to remyelinate axons after a lesion has been well documented, even though it had been described as an abortive and incomplete process. At present there are no long-term morphometric studies to assess the spinal cord (S.C.) remyelinative capability. With the purpose to understand this phenomenon better, the S.C. of seven lesionless rats and the S.C. of 21 rats subjected to a severe weight-drop contusion injury were evaluated at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 months after injury. The axonal diameter and the myelination index (MI = axolemmal perimeter divided by myelinated fiber perimeter) were registered in the outer rim of the cord at T9 SC level using a transmission electron microscope and a digitizing computer system. The average myelinated fiber loss was 95.1%. One month after the SC, 64% of the surviving fibers were demyelinated while 12 months later, only 30% of the fibers had no myelin sheath. The MI in the control group was 0.72 +/- 0.07 (X +/- S.D.). In the experimental groups, the greatest demyelination was observed two months after the lesion (MI = 0.90 +/- 0.03), while the greatest myelination was observed 12 months after the injury (MI = 0.83 +/- 0.02). There was a statistical difference (p < 0.02) in MI between 2 and 12 months which means that remyelination had taken place. Remyelination was mainly achieved because of Schwann cells. The proportion of small fibers (diameter = 0.5 micron or less) considered as axon collaterals, increased from 18.45% at 1 month to 27.66% a year after the contusion. Results suggest that remyelination is not an abortive phenomenon but in fact a slow process occurring parallel to other tissue plastic phenomena, such as the emission of axon collaterals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Salgado-Ceballos
- Unit of Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, DF, México
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Madrazo L, Franco-Bourland R, Castrejón H, Cuevas C, Ostrosky-Slís F, Magallón E, Zamorano C, Grijalva I, Guizar-Sahagún G. Six to nine year follow-up of Parkinson's disease patients after unilateral autologous adrenal medullary and human fetal ventral mesencephalic brain grafting. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0303-8467(97)81780-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Grijalva I, Guizar-Sahagun G, Salgado-Ceballos H, Ibarra A, Franco-Bourland R, Espitia L, Madrazo I. Improvement of host-graft adhesion by enzymatic manipulation of the subacute spinal cord contusion area in the rat. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:3340-2. [PMID: 8962298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Grijalva
- Medical Research Unit, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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Ibarra A, Reyes J, Martínez S, Correa D, Guízar-Sahagún G, Grijalva I, Castañeda-Hernández G, Flores-Murrieta FJ, Franco-Bourland R, Madrazo I. Use of cyclosporin-A in experimental spinal cord injury: design of a dosing strategy to maintain therapeutic levels. J Neurotrauma 1996; 13:569-72. [PMID: 8915908 DOI: 10.1089/neu.1996.13.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporin-A (CsA) is frequently used as an immunosuppressive agent in experimental transplantations. CsA has been used in nervous tissue transplants in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, optimal results have not been obtained. This is likely due to the fact that SCI alters CsA pharmacokinetics and hence fixed dose regimens are not adequate. In this study, several CsA dosing regimens were evaluated in Long-Evans female rats subjected to a severe low thoracic (T8) SCI by the contusion method. Serum CsA concentrations were measured to determine which dosing regimen allowed CsA levels to be maintained within the therapeutic window. It was found that administration of 2.5 mg/kg/12 h intraperitoneally during the first 2 days after SCI (acute phase) followed by 5 mg/kg/12 h orally thereafter (subacute and chronic phases) yields CsA circulating levels within the therapeutic window, i.e., 0.120-0.275 microgram/mL. This dosing regimen represents a suitable alternative to fixed dosing to achieve an optimal CsA-induced immunosuppression in experimental models of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ibarra
- Proyecto CAMINA, A.C., México, D.F
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Ibarra A, Guízar-Sahagún G, Correa D, Kretschmer R, Grijalva I, Flores-Murrieta FJ, Castañeda-Hernández G, Odor A, López RM, Franco-Bourland R, Espitia AL, Salgado-Ceballos H, Madrazo I. Alteration of cyclosporin-A pharmacokinetics after experimental spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 1996; 13:267-72. [PMID: 8797176 DOI: 10.1089/neu.1996.13.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin-A (CsA) were studied in rats submitted to spinal cord (SC) injury. A single CsA 10 mg/kg dose was given either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or orally to rats submitted to experimental SC injury at the T8 level. Twenty four hours after lesion (acute stage of SC injury) i.p. CsA bioavailability was increased, while t1/2 was prolonged. However, oral bioavailability was reduced. Seven weeks after lesion (chronic stage of SC injury) CsA bioavailability, by either route, was not significantly different from control values. Results indicate that parenteral CsA bioavailability is increased during the acute stage of SC lesion, probably due to an impaired elimination. Oral bioavailability, however, is decreased, since there is also an important reduction in gastrointestinal CsA absorption that overrides the effect of impaired elimination. Alterations in CsA pharmacokinetics appear to revert during the chronic stage of SC injury. Changes in CsA bioavailability, depending on the route of administration and on time, must be considered to design an adequate immunosuppressive treatment in SC injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ibarra
- Proyecto CAMINA A.C., México, D.F., Mexico
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Guizar-Sahagun G, Rivera F, Babinski E, Berlanga E, Madrazo M, Franco-Bourland R, Grijalva I, González J, Contreras B, Madrazo I. Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal and chronically injured adult rat spinal cord in vivo. Neuroradiology 1994; 36:448-52. [PMID: 7991089 DOI: 10.1007/bf00593681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the capacity of MRI to show and characterise the spinal cord (SC) in vivo in normal and chronically injured adult rats. In the chronically injured animals the SC was studied by MRI and histological examination. MRI was performed at 1.5 T, using gradient-echo and spin-echo (SE) sequences, the latter with and without gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA). Several positions were tried for good alignment and to diminish interference by respiratory movements. Images of the SC were obtained in sagittal, coronal, and axial planes. Normal SC was observed as a continuous intensity in both sequences, although contrast resolution was better using SE; it was not possible to differentiate the grey and white matter. Low signal was seen in the damaged area in chronically injured rats, which corresponded to cysts, trabeculae, mononuclear infiltrate, and fibroglial wall on histological examination. Gd-DTPA failed to enhance the SC in normal or chronically injured rats. It did, however, cause enhancement of the lesion after acute SC injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guizar-Sahagun
- Centro de Investigación del Proyecto Camina, A. C. México City, México
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Guizar-Sahagun G, Grijalva I, Madrazo I, Franco-Bourland R, Salgado H, Ibarra A, Oliva E, Zepeda A. Development of post-traumatic cysts in the spinal cord of rats-subjected to severe spinal cord contusion. Surg Neurol 1994; 41:241-9. [PMID: 8146742 DOI: 10.1016/0090-3019(94)90131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To study the development of post-traumatic spinal cord (SC) cysts, and their fine anatomic characteristics, rats were subjected to severe SC contusion. Specimens were analyzed from day 1 to 1 year post-injury. Using conventional light, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy, three stages were typified, namely: necrosis, repair, and stability. The final cell composition and thickness of the cyst walls were not uniform. Astrocytes, fibroblasts, ependymal cells, and collagen fibers were the main constituents. Chronic inflammatory cells were also observed. The neuropathologic characterization of posttraumatic SC cysts could be useful in planning strategies for SC reconstruction at different times post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guizar-Sahagun
- Centro de Investigacion del Proyecto Camina, A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
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