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Li Q, Li X, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Hathcock SF, Cai Y, Busa P, Pang S, Tan L, Kim BJ, Zhao C. Galacturonic acid-capsaicin prodrug for prolonged nociceptive-selective nerve blockade. J Control Release 2024; 371:324-337. [PMID: 38823584 PMCID: PMC11209757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
There is an urgent clinical need to develop nerve-blocking agents capable of inducing long duration sensory block without muscle weakness or paralysis to treat post-operative and chronic pain conditions. Here, we report a galacturonic acid-capsaicin (GalA-CAP) prodrug as an effective nociceptive-selective axon blocking agent. Capsaicin selectively acts on nociceptive signaling without motor nerve blockade or disruption of proprioception and touch sensation, and the galacturonic acid moiety enhance prodrug permeability across the restrictive peripheral nerve barriers (PNBs) via carrier-mediated transport by the facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs). In addition, following prodrug transport across PNBs, the inactive prodrug is converted to active capsaicin through linker hydrolysis, leading to sustained drug release. A single injection of GalA-CAP prodrug at the sciatic nerves of rats led to nociceptive-selective nerve blockade lasting for 234 ± 37 h, which is a sufficient duration to address the most intense period of postsurgical pain. Furthermore, the prodrug markedly mitigated capsaicin-associated side effects, leading to a notable decrease in systemic toxicity, benign local tissue reactions, and diminished burning and irritant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Xiaosi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yanqi Zhang
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Qiuyun Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sarah F Hathcock
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yuhao Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Prabhakar Busa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Stephany Pang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Libo Tan
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Brandon J Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; Center for Convergent Biosciences and Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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Mauricio D, Gratacòs M, Franch-Nadal J. Diabetic microvascular disease in non-classical beds: the hidden impact beyond the retina, the kidney, and the peripheral nerves. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:314. [PMID: 37968679 PMCID: PMC10652502 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-02056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes microangiopathy, a hallmark complication of diabetes, is characterised by structural and functional abnormalities within the intricate network of microvessels beyond well-known and documented target organs, i.e., the retina, kidney, and peripheral nerves. Indeed, an intact microvascular bed is crucial for preserving each organ's specific functions and achieving physiological balance to meet their respective metabolic demands. Therefore, diabetes-related microvascular dysfunction leads to widespread multiorgan consequences in still-overlooked non-traditional target organs such as the brain, the lung, the bone tissue, the skin, the arterial wall, the heart, or the musculoskeletal system. All these organs are vulnerable to the physiopathological mechanisms that cause microvascular damage in diabetes (i.e., hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction) and collectively contribute to abnormalities in the microvessels' structure and function, compromising blood flow and tissue perfusion. However, the microcirculatory networks differ between organs due to variations in haemodynamic, vascular architecture, and affected cells, resulting in a spectrum of clinical presentations. The aim of this review is to focus on the multifaceted nature of microvascular impairment in diabetes through available evidence of specific consequences in often overlooked organs. A better understanding of diabetes microangiopathy in non-target organs provides a broader perspective on the systemic nature of the disease, underscoring the importance of recognising the comprehensive range of complications beyond the classic target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dídac Mauricio
- DAP-Cat group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IR Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain.
| | - Mònica Gratacòs
- DAP-Cat group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Franch-Nadal
- DAP-Cat group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
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IWANAGA T, TAKAHASHI-IWANAGA H, NIO-KOBAYASHI J, EBARA S. Structure and barrier functions of the perineurium and its relationship with associated sensory corpuscles: A review. Biomed Res 2022; 43:145-159. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.43.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko IWANAGA
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
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Yiew NKH, Finck BN. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier at the crossroads of intermediary metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E33-E52. [PMID: 35635330 PMCID: PMC9273276 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00074.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate metabolism, a central nexus of carbon homeostasis, is an evolutionarily conserved process and aberrant pyruvate metabolism is associated with and contributes to numerous human metabolic disorders including diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. As a product of glycolysis, pyruvate is primarily generated in the cytosol before being transported into the mitochondrion for further metabolism. Pyruvate entry into the mitochondrial matrix is a critical step for efficient generation of reducing equivalents and ATP and for the biosynthesis of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids from pyruvate. However, for many years, the identity of the carrier protein(s) that transported pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix remained a mystery. In 2012, the molecular-genetic identification of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), a heterodimeric complex composed of protein subunits MPC1 and MPC2, enabled studies that shed light on the many metabolic and physiological processes regulated by pyruvate metabolism. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating pyruvate transport and the processes affected by pyruvate metabolism may enable novel therapeutics to modulate mitochondrial pyruvate flux to treat a variety of disorders. Herein, we review our current knowledge of the MPC, discuss recent advances in the understanding of mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism in various tissue and cell types, and address some of the outstanding questions relevant to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K H Yiew
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian N Finck
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Beirowski B. Emerging evidence for compromised axonal bioenergetics and axoglial metabolic coupling as drivers of neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105751. [PMID: 35569720 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired bioenergetic capacity of the nervous system is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDD). Since neuronal synapses are believed to be the major energy consumers in the nervous system, synaptic derangements resulting from energy deficits have been suggested to play a central role for the development of many of these disorders. However, long axons constitute the largest compartment of the neuronal network, require large amounts of energy, are metabolically and structurally highly vulnerable, and undergo early injurious stresses in many NDD. These stresses likely impose additional energy demands for continuous adaptations and repair processes, and may eventually overwhelm axonal maintenance mechanisms. Indeed, pathological axon degeneration (pAxD) is now recognized as an etiological focus in a wide array of NDD associated with bioenergetic abnormalities. In this paper I first discuss the recognition that a simple experimental model for pAxD is regulated by an auto-destruction program that exhausts distressed axons energetically. Provision of the energy substrate pyruvate robustly counteracts this axonal breakdown. Importantly, energy decline in axons is not only a consequence but also an initiator of this program. This opens the intriguing possibility that axon dysfunction and pAxD can be suppressed by preemptively energizing distressed axons. Second, I focus on the emerging concept that axons communicate energetically with their flanking glia. This axoglial metabolic coupling can help offset the axonal energy decline that activates the pAxD program but also jeopardize axon integrity as a result of perturbed glial metabolism. Third, I present compelling evidence that abnormal axonal energetics and compromised axoglial metabolic coupling accompany the activation of the pAxD auto-destruction pathway in models of glaucoma, a widespread neurodegenerative condition with pathogenic overlap to other common NDD. In conclusion, I propose a novel conceptual framework suggesting that therapeutic interventions focused on bioenergetic support of the nervous system should also address axons and their metabolic interactions with glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Beirowski
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences (CBLS), University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Polydefkis M, Sumner CJ. Peripheral Neuropathy: No Longer the Land of Therapeutic Nihilism. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2153-2155. [PMID: 34993888 PMCID: PMC8803997 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polydefkis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Charlotte J Sumner
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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