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Zhu H, Wang M, Xiong X, Du Y, Li D, Wang Z, Ge W, Zhu Y. Plasma metabolomic profiling reveals factors associated with dose-adjusted trough concentration of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1045843. [PMID: 36386159 PMCID: PMC9659571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1045843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter- and intrapatient variability of tacrolimus exposure is a vital prognostic risk factor for the clinical outcome of liver transplantation. New factors or biomarkers characterizing tacrolimus disposition is essential for optimal dose prediction in recipients of liver transplant. The aim of the study was to identify potential plasma metabolites associated with the dose-adjusted trough concentration of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients by using a global metabolomic approach. A total of 693 plasma samples were collected from 137 liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus and regular therapeutic drug monitoring. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Univariate and multivariate analyses with a mixed linear model were conducted, and the results showed that the dose-adjusted tacrolimus trough concentration was associated with 31 endogenous metabolites, including medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines such as stearoylcarnitine (β = 0.222, p = 0.001), microbiota-derived uremic retention solutes such as indolelactic acid (β = 0.194, p = 0.007), bile acids such as taurohyodeoxycholic acid (β = -0.056, p = 0.002), and steroid hormones such as testosterone (β = 0.099, p = 0.001). A multiple linear mixed model including 11 metabolites and clinical information was established with a suitable predictive performance (correlation coefficient based on fixed effects = 0.64 and correlation coefficient based on fixed and random effects = 0.78). These data demonstrated that microbiota-derived uremic retention solutes, bile acids, steroid hormones, and medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines were the main metabolites associated with the dose-adjusted trough concentration of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaijun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofu Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yao Du
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Danying Li
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Weihong Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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Martinez MN, Wu F, Sinko B, Brayden DJ, Grass M, Kesisoglou F, Stewart A, Sugano K. A Critical Overview of the Biological Effects of Excipients (Part II): Scientific Considerations and Tools for Oral Product Development. AAPS J 2022; 24:61. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Schumacher-Klinger A, Fanous J, Merzbach S, Weinmüller M, Reichart F, Räder AFB, Gitlin-Domagalska A, Gilon C, Kessler H, Hoffman A. Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of Cyclic RGD Hexa-peptides by the Lipophilic Prodrug Charge Masking Approach: Redirection of Peptide Intestinal Permeability from a Paracellular to Transcellular Pathway. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3468-3477. [PMID: 29976060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic peptides constitute most of the active peptides. They mostly permeate via tight junctions (paracellular pathway) in the intestine. This permeability mechanism restricts the magnitude of their oral absorption and bioavailability. We hypothesized that concealing the hydrophilic residues of the peptide using the lipophilic prodrug charge masking approach (LPCM) can improve the bioavailability of hydrophilic peptides. To test this hypothesis, a cyclic N-methylated hexapeptide containing Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and its prodrug derivatives, masking the Arg and Asp charged side chains, were synthesized. The library was evaluated for intestinal permeability in vitro using the Caco-2 model. Further investigation of metabolic stability ex vivo models in rat plasma, brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs), and isolated CYP3A4 microsomes and pharmacokinetic studies was performed on a selected peptide and its prodrug (peptide 12). The parent drug analogues were found to have a low permeability rate in vitro, corresponding to atenolol, a marker for paracellular permeability. Moreover, palmitoyl carnitine increased the Papp of peptide 12 by 4-fold, indicating paracellular permeability. The Papp of the prodrug derivatives was much higher than that of their parent peptides. For instance, the Papp of the prodrug 12P was 20-fold higher than the Papp of peptide 12 in the apical to basolateral (AB) direction. Whereas the permeability in the opposite direction (BA of the Caco-2 model) was significantly faster than the Papp AB, indicating the involvement of an efflux system. These results were corroborated when verapamil, a P-gp inhibitor, was added to the Caco-2 model and increased the Papp AB of prodrug 12P by 3-fold. The prodrug 12P was stable in the BBMVs environment, yet degraded quickly (less than 5 min) in the plasma into the parent peptide 12. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed an increase in the bioavailability of peptide 12 > 70-fold (from 0.58 ± 0.11% to 43.8 ± 14.9%) after applying the LPCM method to peptide 12 and converting it to the prodrug 12P. To conclude, the LPCM approach converted the absorption mechanism of the polar peptides from a paracellular to transcellular pathway that tremendously affects their oral bioavailability. The LPCM method provides a solution for the poor bioavailability of RGD cyclohexapeptides and paves the way for other active hydrophilic and charged peptides with poor oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Schumacher-Klinger
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120 , Israel
| | - Joseph Fanous
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120 , Israel
| | - Shira Merzbach
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120 , Israel
| | - Michael Weinmüller
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Florian Reichart
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Andreas F B Räder
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Agata Gitlin-Domagalska
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram Campus, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram Campus, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120 , Israel
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Danielsen EM, Hansen GH. Intestinal surfactant permeation enhancers and their interaction with enterocyte cell membranes in a mucosal explant system. Tissue Barriers 2018; 5:e1361900. [PMID: 28837408 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1361900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) are agents aimed to improve oral delivery of therapeutic drugs with poor bioavailability. The main permeability barrier for oral delivery is the intestinal epithelium, and PEs act to increase the paracellular and/or transcellular passage of drugs. Transcellular passage can be achieved by cell membrane permeabilization and/or by endocytic uptake and subsequent transcytosis. One broad class of PEs is surfactants which act by inserting into the cell membrane, thereby perturbing its integrity, but little is known about how the dynamics of the membrane are affected. In the present work, the interaction of the surfactants lauroyl-L-carnitine, 1-decanoyl-rac-glycerol, and nonaethylene glycol monododecyl ether with the intestinal epithelium was studied in organ cultured pig jejunal mucosal explants. As expected, at 2 mM, these agents rapidly permeabilized the enterocytes for the fluorescent polar tracer lucifer yellow, but surprisingly, they all also blocked both constitutive -and receptor-mediated pathways of endocytosis from the brush border, indicating a complete arrest of apical membrane trafficking. At the ultrastructural level, the PEs caused longitudinal fusion of brush border microvilli. Such a membrane fusogenic activity could also explain the observed formation of vesicle-like structures and large vacuoles along the lateral cell membranes of the enterocytes induced by the PEs. We conclude that the surfactant action of the PEs selected in this study not only permeabilized the enterocytes, but profoundly changed the dynamic properties of their constituent cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Michael Danielsen
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gert H Hansen
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Gradauer K, Iida M, Watari A, Kataoka M, Yamashita S, Kondoh M, Buckley ST. Dodecylmaltoside Modulates Bicellular Tight Junction Contacts To Promote Enhanced Permeability. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4734-4740. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Gradauer
- Global
Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - M. Iida
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - A. Watari
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M. Kataoka
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - S. Yamashita
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - M. Kondoh
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - S. T. Buckley
- Global
Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
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Chougule MB, Patel AR, Patlolla R, Jackson T, Singh M. Epithelial transport of noscapine across cell monolayer and influence of absorption enhancers on in vitro permeation and bioavailability: implications for intestinal absorption. J Drug Target 2014; 22:498-508. [PMID: 24731057 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.894046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the permeation of Noscapine (Nos) across the Caco-2 and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell monolayers and to evaluate the influence of absorption enhancers on in vitro and in vivo absorption of Nos. The bidirectional transport of Nos was studied in Caco-2 and MDCK cell monolayers at pH 5.0-7.8. The effect of 0.5% w/v chitosan (CH) or Captisol (CP) on Nos permeability was investigated at pH 5.0 and 5.8. The effect of 1-5% w/v of CP on oral bioavailability of Nos (150 mg/kg) was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats. The effective permeability coefficients (Peff) of Nos across Caco-2 and MDCK cell monolayers was found to be in the order of pH 5.0 > 5.8 > 6.8 > 7.8. The efflux ratios of Peff < 2 demonstrated that active efflux does not limit the absorption of Nos. The use of CH or CP have shown significant (***, p < 0.001) enhancement in Peff of Nos across cell monolayer compared with the control group. The CP (1-5% w/v) based Nos formulations resulted in significant (***, p < 0.001) increase in the bioavailability of Nos compared with Nos solution. The use of CP represents viable approach for enhancing the oral bioavailability of Nos and reducing the required dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir B Chougule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo , Hilo, HI , USA and
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Iida A, Ouchi S, Oda T, Aketagawa J, Ito Y, Takizawa Y, Tomita M, Hayashi M. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Changes of Absorptive and Secretory Transporting System of (1 → 3) β-D-glucan Based on Efflux Transporter in Indomethacin-induced Rat. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 40:29-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-014-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Effect of Rhamnolipids on Permeability Across Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. Pharm Res 2013; 31:887-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Tomita M, Doi N, Kimura A, Hayashi M. Increases in Bioavailability of Poorly Absorbed Drug by Acylcarnitine. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3511-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Doi N, Tomita M, Hayashi M. Absorption enhancement effect of acylcarnitines through changes in tight junction protein in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 26:162-70. [PMID: 21206134 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rg-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of lauroylcarnitine and palmitoylcarnitine on major tight junction proteins such as claudins in Caco-2 cell monolayers and also examined the involvement of cholesterol in the effects induced by both acylcarnitines on these proteins. We investigated the effects of lauroylcarnitine and palmitoylcarnitine on the barrier function of tight junctions by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 40,000 (FD-40) flux. A decrease in the TEER value and an increase in FD-40 flux were observed after incubating Caco-2 cell monolayers with lauroylcarnitine and palmitoylcarnitine for 1 h, suggesting the loss of the barrier function of tight junctions. In addition, lauroylcarnitine and palmitoylcarnitine decreased the protein levels of claudin 1, 4, and 5 but not those of claudin 2, 3, 6, or 7. In addition, palmitoylcarnitine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin increased cholesterol release from the plasma membrane. It is suggested that the effects of palmitoylcarnitine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin on claudin 4 and 5 may be associated with cholesterol leakage from the plasma membrane into the apical side. These results indicate that the protein levels of claudin 4 and 5 are decreased by treatment with palmitoylcarnitine and lauroylcarnitine, and that this change is involved in the absorption-enhancing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Doi
- Department of Drug Absorption and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Japan
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