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Kumar Behera J, Kumar S, Sharma R, Jain A, Kumar Garg N, Khopade A, Sawant KK, Singh R, Nirbhavane P. Novel Discoveries and Clinical Advancements for Treating Onychomycosis: A Mechanistic Insight. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 205:115174. [PMID: 38161056 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Onychomycosis continues to be the most challenging disease condition for pharmaceutical scientists to develop an effective drug delivery system. Treatment challenges lie in incomplete cure and high relapse rate. Present compilation provides cumulative information on pathophysiology, diagnostic techniques, and conventional treatment strategies to manage onychomycosis. Novel technologies developed for successful delivery of antifungal molecules are also discussed in brief. Multidirectional information offered by this article also unlocks the panoramic view of leading patented technologies and clinical trials. The obtained clinical landscape recommends the use of advanced technology driven approaches, as a promising way-out for treatment of onychomycosis. Collectively, present review warrants the application of novel technologies for the successful management of onychomycosis. This review will assist readers to envision a better understanding about the technologies available for combating onychomycosis. We also trust that these contributions address and certainly will encourage the design and development of nanocarriers-based delivery vehicles for effective management of onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh Kumar Behera
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, 247341, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Samarth Kumar
- Formulation Research & Development-Non-Orals Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, 390020, Gujarat, India; Department of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajeev Sharma
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, 474005, M.P., India
| | - Ashay Jain
- Formulation Research & Development-Non-Orals Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, 390020, Gujarat, India.
| | - Neeraj Kumar Garg
- Formulation Research & Development-Non-Orals Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, 390020, Gujarat, India
| | - Ajay Khopade
- Formulation Research & Development-Non-Orals Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, 390020, Gujarat, India
| | - Krutika K Sawant
- Department of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Ranjit Singh
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, 247341, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradip Nirbhavane
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University of Haryana, Gurgaon, 122413, India.
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Hassan SU, Khalid I, Hussain L, Imam MT, Shahid I. Topical Delivery of Terbinafine HCL Using Nanogels: A New Approach to Superficial Fungal Infection Treatment. Gels 2023; 9:841. [PMID: 37998931 PMCID: PMC10670406 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated pH-responsive Terbinafine HCL (TBH)-loaded nanogels as a new approach to treating superficial fungal infections. Acrylic acid (AA) is a synthetic monomer that was crosslinked with a natural polymer (gelatin) using a free radical polymerization technique to fabricate gelatin-g-poly-(acrylic acid) nanogels. Ammonium persulphate (APS) and N, N'-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) were used as the initiator and crosslinker, respectively. Developed gelatin-g-poly-(acrylic acid) nanogels were evaluated for the swelling study (pH 1.2, 5, 7.4), DEE, particle size, FTIR, thermal stability (TGA, DSC), XRD, SEM, DEE, and in vitro drug release study to obtain optimized nanogels. Optimized nanogels were incorporated into 1% HPMC gel and then evaluated in comparison with Lamisil cream 1% for TBH stratum corneum retention, skin irritation, and in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity studies. Optimized nanogels (AAG 7) demonstrated a 255 nm particle size, 82.37% DEE, pH-dependent swelling, 92.15% of drug release (pH) 7.4 within 12 h, and a larger zone of inhibition compared to Lamisil cream. HPMC-loaded nanogels significantly improved the TBH skin retention percentage, as revealed by an ex vivo skin retention study, indicating the usefulness of nanogels for topical use. In vivo studies conducted on animal models infected with a fungal infection have further confirmed the effectiveness of nanogels compared with the Lamisil cream. Hence, Gelatin-g-poly-(acrylic acid) nanogels carrying poorly soluble TBH can be a promising approach for treating superficial fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams ul Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Ikrima Khalid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Liaqat Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Mohammad T. Imam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Imran Shahid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
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Chakraborty S, Sanshita, Singh I. Therapeutic treatment strategies for the management of onychomycosis: a patent perspective. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:613-630. [PMID: 37800854 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2268278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Onychomycosis, a multifactorial fungal infection of the nails, shows a global prevalence of about 5.5% and is responsible for 50% of all nail infections. To develop effective management strategies, it is necessary to understand the etiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors of onychomycosis. Oral route of drug delivery is one of the routes utilized to deliver anti-fungal agents, but, has its own limitations like longer duration of treatment, increased adverse effects, and potential for drug interaction. The ungual route has received greater attention due to its localized, non- invasive action and improved patient compliance. AREAS COVERED This review comprehensively discusses conventional onychomycosis therapies and patented novel drug delivery systems for the management of onychomycosis including chemical permeation enhancers, non-particulate drug delivery systems, penetration enhancing devices etc., Databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Patents were searched by using the keywords onychomycosis and trans-ungual drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION Enormous research has been conducted and is still ongoing to find the best possible novel drug delivery system for onychomycosis management. Approaches like incorporation of herbal constituents in nano-formulations, inkjet printing, laser devices, iontophoretic techniques, etc. can be employed to make safe and effective drug delivery systems which are regulatory compliant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanshita
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Krawczyk-Santos AP, Marreto RN, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Taveira SF. Poly(pseudo)rotaxanes formed by mixed micelles and α-cyclodextrin enhance terbinafine nail permeation to deeper layers. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100118. [PMID: 35602759 PMCID: PMC9117884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to develop water-based formulations for onychomycosis topical treatment using micelles of small pegylated surfactants associated with α-cyclodextrin (αCD) to deliver terbinafine to the nail. Kolliphor® RH40 (RH40) and Gelucire® 48/16 (GEL) single and mixed micelles (RH40:GEL 1:1) were prepared. αCD was added to the surfactants dispersions to form poly(pseudo)rotaxanes (PPR). Formulations were characterized in terms of drug solubilization (3 to 34-fold increase), particle size (9–11 nm) and Z-potential (+0.3 − +1.96 mV), blood compatibility (non-hemolytic), rheological behavior (solid-like viscoelastic properties after 5–10% αCD addition), drug release and interaction with the nail plate. GEL micelles and surfactant-10% αCD PPRs notably hydrated the nail plate. The high viscosity of PPR led to a slower drug release, except for RH40:GEL +10% αCD that surprisingly released terbinafine faster. The RH40:GEL +10% αCD formulation delivered twice more amount of terbinafine to deeper regions of nail plate compared to other formulations. The results evidenced the potential of PPR formed by small pegylated surfactants as a water-based formulation for nail drug delivery. RH40, GEL and their mixed micelles increased 3-fold and 34-fold TB solubility in water and citrate buffer, respectively. Addition of αCD (5–10%) led to PPR formation and viscoelastic supramolecular gels without decrease in TB solubilization. PPR formulations with 10% αCD enhanced nail plate hydration, increasing its porosity. Compared to mixed micelles, PRP showed slower release rate but promoted TB accumulation in deeper regions of hooves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paula Krawczyk-Santos
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, 74, 605-170 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Neves Marreto
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, 74, 605-170 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+DFarma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+DFarma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Stephânia Fleury Taveira
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, 74, 605-170 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Corresponding authors.
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Itraconazole and Difluorinated-Curcumin Containing Chitosan Nanoparticle Loaded Hydrogel for Amelioration of Onychomycosis. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040206. [PMID: 36412734 PMCID: PMC9680304 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a nail infection caused by a fungus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, that is responsible for major nail infections. The best method suited for treating such infections generally includes a topical remedy. However, conventional oral or topical formulations are associated with various limitations. Therefore, a more efficient and compatible formulation is developed in this study. The primary objective of the current study is to formulate and evaluate chitosan nanoparticle-based hydrogel for ameliorating onychomycosis. The sole purpose of this research was to increase the permeation of the lipophilic drug itraconazole and difluorinated curcumin, and its synergistic antifungal activity was also evaluated for the first time. Both in vitro and ex vivo drug release evaluations confirmed the sustained release of both drugs from the hydrogel, which is a prerequisite for treating onychomycosis. The results overall highlighted the promising activity of a synergistic approach that could be implemented for the treatment of onychomycosis. The hydrogel-based formulation serves as an effective method of delivery of drugs across the layers of the skin, resulting from its hydrating characteristics.
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Antifungal Nail Lacquer for Enhanced Transungual Delivery of Econazole Nitrate. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102204. [PMID: 36297639 PMCID: PMC9607990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal disease of the nail, onychomycosis, which is also the most prevalent nail disturbance, demands effective topical treatment options considering the possible adverse effects of systemic antifungal therapy. The current work is focused on development of an adhesive and resistant, drug-delivering and permeation-enhancing polymeric film containing econazole nitrate (ECN) for topical antifungal treatment. The development of the lacquer formulation was guided by the Quality by Design approach to achieve the critical quality attributes needed to obtain the product of desired quality. Eudragit RSPO at 10% w/w was found to be the ideal adhesive polymer for the application and an optimal permeation-enhancing lacquer formulation was achieved by the optimization of other formulation excipients, such as plasticizer and the solvent system. Additionally, novel experimental enhancements introduced to the research included refined D50 drying time and drying rate tests for lacquer characterization as well as a multi-mechanism permeation-enhancing pre-treatment. Moreover, a practical implication was provided by a handwashing simulation designed to test the performance of the lacquer during actual use. In vitro drug release testing and ex vivo nail permeation testing demonstrated that the optimized nail lacquer performed better than control lacquer lacking the permeation enhancer by achieving a faster and sustained delivery of ECN. It can be concluded that this is a promising drug delivery system for topical antifungal treatment of onychomycotic nails, and the novel characterization techniques may be adapted for similar formulations in the future.
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Dehari D, Mehata AK, Priya V, Parbat D, Kumar D, Srivastava AK, Singh S, Agrawal AK. Luliconazole Nail Lacquer for the Treatment of Onychomycosis: Formulation, Characterization and In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:175. [PMID: 35750993 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is the most common fungal infection of the nail affecting the skin under the fingertips and the toes. Currently, available therapy for onychomycosis includes oral and topical therapies, either alone or in combination. Oral antifungal medication has been associated with poor drug bioavailability and potential gastrointestinal and systemic side effects. The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate the luliconazole nail lacquer (LCZ-NL) for the effective treatment of onychomycosis. In the current work, LCZ-NL was formulated in combination with penetration enhancers to overcome poor penetration. A 32 full factorial formulation design of experiment (DOE) was applied for optimization of batches with consideration of dependent (drying time, viscosity, and rate of drug diffusion) and independent (solvent ratio and film former ratio) variables. The optimized formulation was selected based on drying time, viscosity, and rate of drug diffusion. The optimized formulation was further evaluated for % non-volatile content assay, smoothness of flow, water resistance, drug content, scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in vitro drug release, ex vivo transungual permeation, antifungal efficacy, and stability study. The optimized LCZ-NL contained 70:30 solvent ratio and 1:1 film former ratio and was found to have ~ 1.79-fold higher rate of drug diffusion in comparison with LULY™. DSC and XRD studies confirmed that luliconazole retains its crystalline property in the prepared formulation. Antifungal study against Trichophyton spp. showed that LCZ-NL has comparatively higher growth inhibition than LULY™. Hence, developed LCZ-NL can be a promising topical drug delivery system for treating onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Dehari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Abhishesh Kumar Mehata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vishnu Priya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Dharmnath Parbat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anand Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India.,Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Hassan SU, Khalid I, Hussain L, Barkat K, Khan IU. Development and Evaluation of pH-Responsive Pluronic F 127 Co-Poly- (Acrylic Acid) Biodegradable Nanogels for Topical Delivery of Terbinafine HCL. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221095977. [PMID: 35558872 PMCID: PMC9087256 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221095977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Research aimed to develop and evaluate biodegradable, pH-responsive chemically
cross-linked Pluronic F127 co-poly- (acrylic acid) nanogels for dermal delivery
of Terbinafine HCL (TBH) to increase its permeability and as a new approach to
treat skin fungal infections. TBH-loaded nanogels were successfully synthesized
from acrylic acid (AA) and Pluronic F127 by free-radical copolymerization
technique using N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker and ammonium
persulphate (APS) as initiator. Prepared nanogels exhibited 93.51% drug
entrapment efficiency (DEE), 45 nm particle size, pH-dependent swelling and
release behavior. Nanogels were characterized using different physicochemical
techniques. The ex-vivo skin retention studies through rat skin
showed about 42.34% drug retention from nanogels while 1% Lamisil cream
(marketed product) showed about 26.56% drug retention. Moreover, skin irritation
studies showed that nanogels were not irritating. Nanogels showed improved
in-vitro antifungal activity against Candida
albicans compared to commercial product. In-vivo
studies on rats infected with Candida albicans confirmed
superiority of nanogels over 1% Lamisil for eradication of fungal infection.
This confirms that TBH loaded in Pluronic F127 co-poly-(acrylic acid) nanogels
provided greater targetibility and cure rates of poorly soluble TBH in animal
model and hence nanogels could be a potential carrier for effective topical
delivery of TBH for skin fungal infection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams ul Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ikrima Khalid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Barkat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Pervaiz F, Mushtaq R, Noreen S. Formulation and optimization of terbinafine HCl loaded chitosan/xanthan gum nanoparticles containing gel: Ex-vivo permeation and in-vivo antifungal studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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In Silico Drug Screening Based Development of Novel Formulations for Onychomycosis Management. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040221. [PMID: 34842710 PMCID: PMC8628710 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a prominent fungal infection that causes discoloration, thickening, and mutilation leading to the separation of the nail from the nail bed. Treatment modalities for onychomycosis may include oral, topical, or combination therapy with antifungals and at times may require chemical or surgical intervention. The burden of side effects of antifungals is enormous, and therefore using molecular docking-based drug selection in context with the target keratin protein would ensure better disease management. Ciclopirox, Amorolfine HCl, Efinaconazole, Tioconazole, and Tavaborole were submitted for assessment, revealing that Amorolfine HCl is the best fit. Consequently, two formulations (Nail lacquer and nanoemulgel) were developed from Amorolfine HCl to validate the in silico screening outcomes. The formulations were further fortified with over-the-counter ingredients vis-a-vis with vitamin E in nail lacquer and undecylenic acid in nanoemulgel for their prominent roles in improving nail health. Both the formulations were systematically designed, optimized, and characterized. Amorolfine HCl containing nanoemulgel (NEG) was developed using undecylenic acid as an oil phase and thioglycolic acid as a penetration enhancer. The quality parameters evaluated were particle size, the zeta potential for nanoemulsion (NE) (78.04 ± 4.724 nm and −0.7mV, respectively), in vitro cumulative drug release (96.74% for NE and 88.54% for NEG), and transungual permeation (about 73.49% for NEG and 54.81% for NE). Nail lacquer was evaluated for the drying time, non-volatile content, and blush test. In vitro cumulative drug release of the developed nail lacquer and comparator marketed formulations were around 81.5% and 75%, respectively. Similarly, the transungual drug permeation was 6.32 μg/cm2 and 5.89 μg/cm2, respectively, in 24 h. The in silico guided preparation of both formulations containing Amorolfine HCl and over the counter ingredients is amenable for therapeutic use against onychomycosis and will be evaluated in the in vivo model.
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Agrawal V, Patel R, Patel M, Thanki K, Mishra S. Design and evaluation of microemulsion-based efinaconazole formulations for targeted treatment of onychomycosis through transungual route: Ex vivo and nail clipping studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 201:111652. [PMID: 33740733 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The onychomycosis treatment remains a big challenge for onychologist due to the shorter nail residence time of topical formulations and the lack of availability of novel formulations in markets for new generation antifungal drugs. The objective of this work was to design, develop, optimize, and evaluate microemulsion formulations for effective delivery of efinaconazole through transungual route in onychomycosis treatment. Capmul® MCM (Glyceryl Caprylate/Caprate) as oil, Labrasol® (caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides) as a surfactant, and Transcutol® P (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether) as co-surfactant exhibited higher solubility of efinaconazole and surfactant-cosurfactant mixture (Smix) in a ratio of 1:1 rendered higher microemulsion region in the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The optimized microemulsion formulation containing 6%w/w oil phase, 22.5%w/w surfactant, 22.5%w/w co-surfactant, and 49%w/w demineralized water was converted into gel formulation using 1.0%w/w Carbopol® 934 P gelling agent and evaluated for stability of 6 months. The optimized microemulsion formulation globule size was less than 100 nm. The ex vivo permeation confirmed improved permeation of efinaconazole from microemulsion formulations (346.36±12.90μgcm-2) in comparison to reference formulation without observing any lag in drug permeation through the nail plate. The in vitro antifungal study data indicated increased antifungal efficacy relative to efinaconazole topical solution against Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Candida albicans species. Further, an in vitro cell cytotoxicity study exhibited no toxic effect for any excipients used in the formulation while applied on nail cells. Hence, the efinaconazole loaded microemulsion formulations could be considered as an effective therapy in the treatment of onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Agrawal
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Rashmin Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India.
| | - Mrunali Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Kaushik Thanki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Room 13-4-421B, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen ɸ, 2100, Denmark
| | - Sandip Mishra
- Amneal Pharmaceutical Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Šveikauskaitė I, Briedis V. Potential of Naftifine Application for Transungual Delivery. Molecules 2020; 25:E3043. [PMID: 32635240 PMCID: PMC7411873 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Naftifine is used to treat fungal skin infections as it inhibits dermatophytes, which are the cause of onychomycosis. However, naftifine's ability to permeate the human nail barrier has not been investigated, thus, the antimycotic potential is not clearly established. This work aims to evaluate the effect of penetration enhancing factors on the accumulation of naftifine hydrochloride through human nail clippings. Naftifine polymeric nail lacquers with Eudragit RL100 were developed as a suitable delivery system. Low penetration of naftifine into nail has been determined as less than 10% of applied drug dose accumulated in the nail layers. Incorporation of thioglycolic acid into formulations resulted in increased accumulation of antifungal agent in the nail layers by 100% compared with a control group. Salicylic acid did not effect naftifine accumulation in the human nail. The permeation of naftifine through the nail increased by threefold when the thioglycolic acid-containing formulation was applied and the nail was pretreated with a fractional CO2 laser. Structural changes of the nail barrier, induced by fractional CO2 laser, were visualized by microscopy. The results suggest, that naftifine nail penetration could be significantly increased when physical and chemical enhancing factors are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrė Šveikauskaitė
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
| | - Vitalis Briedis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania;
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Vikas A, Rashmin P, Mrunali P, Sandip M, Kaushik T. RP-HPLC method for quantitative estimation of Efinaconazole in topical microemulsion and microemulsion-based-gel formulations and in presence of its degradation products. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dhamoon RK, Goyal RK, Popli H, Gupta M. Luliconazole-Loaded Thermosensitive Hydrogel as Aqueous based Nail Lacquer for the Treatment of Onychomycosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2210303109666190520081552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Onychomycosis is a nail fungal infection which accounts for 50% of the nail
diseases and is characterized by disfigurement and discoloration of nails. The current therapy includes
oral and topical formulations both of which come with their own drawbacks. This has left a room for
developing patient- compliant novel strategies which can facilitate drug delivery deeper into the nails
effectively.
Objective:
The main objective of the present work was to develop and evaluate in situ gelling thermosensitive
hydrogel as an aqueous nail lacquer for the treatment of onychomycosis. The idea was to
enhance permeation of Luliconazole into the nail while simultaneously solubilizing it in a hydrophilic
formulation.
Methods:
The sample of Luliconazole was authenticated using modern analytical techniques. The hydrogel-
nail lacquer was prepared using poloxamer Pluronic F127. The formulation was evaluated in
terms of drying time, viscosity, non- volatile content, pH, transition temperature, etc. In vitro study was
done to check the drug release while determining release kinetics. In vitro transungual permeation study
was done to check drug permeation through porcine hoof membrane. Stability studies were conducted
to ensure formulation stability.
Results:
The results confirmed a stable formulation with enhanced permeation through porcine hoof
membrane.
Conclusion:
The results support the potential use of in situ gelling thermo-sensitive hydrogels as a
novel transungual formulation in the treatment of onychomycosis with a slight improvement in water
resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder K. Dhamoon
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp vihar, Sector-3, M.B Road, New Delhi -110017, India
| | - Ramesh K. Goyal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp vihar, Sector-3, M.B Road, New Delhi -110017, India
| | - Harvinder Popli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp vihar, Sector-3, M.B Road, New Delhi -110017, India
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp vihar, Sector-3, M.B Road, New Delhi -110017, India
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Sil BC, Patel A, Crowther JM, Moore DJ, Hadgraft J, Hilton ST, Lane ME. A Preliminary Investigation of Additive Manufacture to Fabricate Human Nail Plate Surrogates for Pharmaceutical Testing. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11060250. [PMID: 31141993 PMCID: PMC6630397 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro permeation studies using nail clippings or nail plates are commonly used in the development of transungual formulations. However, there are ethical, safety and cost issues associated with sourcing such tissues. Herein, we describe a preliminary approach is described for the design and manufacture of a human nail model surrogate based on 3D printing. To evaluate these 3D printed constructs, nails were mounted in conventional glass Franz cells and a commercial antifungal lacquer formulation containing ciclopirox olamine was applied daily to the surrogate printed surfaces for a period of 14 days. On days 8 and 14, the surfaces of the 3D printed nails were washed with ethanol to remove excess formulation. Confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) was used to profile the drug in the 3D printed nail. At the end of the Franz cell studies, no drug was observed in the receptor phase. CRS studies confirmed penetration of the active into the model nails with reproducible depth profiles. Our ongoing work is focused on synthesising commercial and non-commercial printable resins that can replicate the physical and chemical characteristics of the human nail. This will allow further evaluation of actives for ungual therapy and advance the development of the surrogate nail tissue model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Sil
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
| | - Avnish Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | | | - David J Moore
- GSK Consumer Healthcare, Skin Health R&D, Weybridge KT13 0DE, UK.
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Stephen T Hilton
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Terbinafine hydrochloride nail lacquer for the management of onychomycosis: formulation, characterization and in vitro evaluation. Ther Deliv 2019; 9:99-119. [PMID: 29325509 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present investigation's intention was to develop an optimized nail lacquer (NL) for the management of onychomycosis. MATERIALS & METHODS The NL was optimized statistically adopting 32 full factorial design having different polymer ratios and solvent ratios. The formulations were assessed for drug permeation drying time and peak adhesive strength of the film. Characterization was done using techniques including attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The formulation that had 1:1 polymer ratio and 80:20 solvent ratio was chosen as the optimized formulation. In vitro permeation studies showed better penetration (∼3.25-fold) as well as retention (∼11-fold) of the optimized NL formulation in the animal hoof as compared with the commercial formulation. The findings of in vitro and ex vivo studies elucidated the potential of the optimized formulation. [Formula: see text].
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Kerai LV, Bardés J, Hilton S, Murdan S. Two strategies to enhance ungual drug permeation from UV-cured films: Incomplete polymerisation to increase drug release and incorporation of chemical enhancers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:217-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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