1
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Kali G, Haddadzadegan S, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Cyclodextrins and derivatives in drug delivery: New developments, relevant clinical trials, and advanced products. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121500. [PMID: 37985088 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CD) and derivatives are functional excipients that can improve the bioavailability of numerous drugs. Because of their drug solubility improving properties they are used in many pharmaceutical products. Furthermore, the stability of small molecular drugs can be improved by the incorporation in CDs and an unpleasant taste and smell can be masked. In addition to well-established CD derivatives including hydroxypropyl-β-CD, hydroxypropyl-γ-CD, methylated- β-CD and sulfobutylated- β-CD, there are promising new derivatives in development. In particular, CD-based polyrotaxanes exhibiting cellular uptake enhancing properties, CD-polymer conjugates providing sustained drug release, enhanced cellular uptake, and mucoadhesive properties, and thiolated CDs showing mucoadhesive, in situ gelling, as well as permeation and cellular uptake enhancing properties will likely result in innovative new drug delivery systems. Relevant clinical trials showed various new applications of CDs such as the formation of CD-based nanoparticles, stabilizing properties for protein drugs or the development of ready-to-use injection systems. Advanced products are making use of various benefical properties of CDs at the same time. Within this review we provide an overview on these recent developments and take an outlook on how this class of excipients will further shape the landscape of drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Kali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Soheil Haddadzadegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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2
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Ding Y, Zhang Z, Ding C, Xu S, Xu Z. The Use of Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes to Increase the Solubility and Pharmacokinetic Profile of Albendazole. Molecules 2023; 28:7295. [PMID: 37959715 PMCID: PMC10648351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Albendazole is the preferred deworming drug and has strong insecticidal effects on human and animal helminth parasites, showing remarkable activity against hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer cells. However, it is classified as being in class II in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System due to its poor water solubility (0.2 mg/L) and high permeability, which make the clinical application of albendazole impractical. Through complexation with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, as the best result so far, albendazole's water solubility was increased by 150,000 times, and albendazole could be 90% released during the first 10 min. In an in vivo pharmacokinetic study, the Cmax and Tmax of the active metabolized sulfoxide were changed from 2.81 µg/mL at 3 h to 10.2 µg/mL at 6 h and the AUC0-48 was increased from 50.72 h⁎μg/mL to 119.95 h⁎μg/mL, indicating that the inclusion complex obtained can be used as a new oral therapeutic anti-anthelmintic and anti-tumor agent formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Ding
- College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, China
- Dorothy and George Hennings College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Kean University, 1000 Morris Ave, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Charles Ding
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shufeng Xu
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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3
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Cabrera-Quiñones NC, López-Méndez LJ, Ramos E, Rojas-Aguirre Y, Guadarrama P. Mono-Dendronized β-Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Multitasking Containers for Curcumin. Impacting Its Solubility, Loading, and Tautomeric Form. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1529-1538. [PMID: 35142519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, three mono-dendronized β-cyclodextrin (βCD) derivatives (βCD-1G, βCD-2G, and βCD-3G) were used as multitasking containers of curcumin (CUR) to influence its aqueous solubility and tautomerism, both of which are related to its biological activity. We evaluated the relevant physicochemical properties of these containers associated with their potential hosting capacity. All mono-dendronized derivatives exhibited enhanced solubility in different solvents, including water, in comparison with native βCD. Gas-phase geometry optimizations by density functional theory (DFT) confirmed that none of the dendrons blocked the passage of CUR into the βCD cavity, and depending on the generation, different preorganization scenarios were promoted before complexation. Phase solubility diagrams showed that all the dendronized containers have superior performance for solubilizing CUR compared to native βCD. We proved that coprecipitation is most efficient than lyophilization for forming inclusion complexes (ICs) with dendronized containers. Even though βCD-3G with the largest 3G dendron exhibited the highest CUR loading, the complexation of CUR with βCD-2G provided the supramolecular system that contains CUR preferentially in its diketo tautomer, which is known for its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neyra Citlali Cabrera-Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Materiales Supramoleculares (SupraMatLab), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis José López-Méndez
- Laboratorio de Materiales Supramoleculares (SupraMatLab), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Estrella Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yareli Rojas-Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Materiales Supramoleculares (SupraMatLab), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Guadarrama
- Laboratorio de Materiales Supramoleculares (SupraMatLab), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Real DA, Bolaños K, Priotti J, Yutronic N, Kogan MJ, Sierpe R, Donoso-González O. Cyclodextrin-Modified Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery: Classification and Advances in Controlled Release and Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2131. [PMID: 34959412 PMCID: PMC8706493 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In drug delivery, one widely used way of overcoming the biopharmaceutical problems present in several active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as poor aqueous solubility, early instability, and low bioavailability, is the formation of inclusion compounds with cyclodextrins (CD). In recent years, the use of CD derivatives in combination with nanomaterials has shown to be a promising strategy for formulating new, optimized systems. The goals of this review are to give in-depth knowledge and critical appraisal of the main CD-modified or CD-based nanomaterials for drug delivery, such as lipid-based nanocarriers, natural and synthetic polymeric nanocarriers, nanosponges, graphene derivatives, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, plasmonic and magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots and other miscellaneous systems such as nanovalves, metal-organic frameworks, Janus nanoparticles, and nanofibers. Special attention is given to nanosystems that achieve controlled drug release and increase their bioavailability during in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Andrés Real
- Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología y Nanotoxicología, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (D.A.R.); (K.B.); (M.J.K.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - Karen Bolaños
- Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología y Nanotoxicología, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (D.A.R.); (K.B.); (M.J.K.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Josefina Priotti
- Área Técnica Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina;
| | - Nicolás Yutronic
- Laboratorio de Nanoquímica y Química Supramolecular, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Marcelo J. Kogan
- Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología y Nanotoxicología, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (D.A.R.); (K.B.); (M.J.K.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Sierpe
- Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología y Nanotoxicología, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (D.A.R.); (K.B.); (M.J.K.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Laboratorio de Nanoquímica y Química Supramolecular, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
- Laboratorio de Biosensores, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Orlando Donoso-González
- Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología y Nanotoxicología, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (D.A.R.); (K.B.); (M.J.K.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Laboratorio de Nanoquímica y Química Supramolecular, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
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Jamrógiewicz M, Józefowicz M. Preparation and Characterization of Indomethacin Supramolecular Systems with β-Cyclodextrin in Order to Estimate Photostability Improvement. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247436. [PMID: 34946517 PMCID: PMC8709320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins have found wide application in contemporary chemistry, pharmacy and medicine. Because of their unique properties, cyclodextrins are constantly used in research on solubility or stability improvement, as well as other physicochemical properties of medicinal substances. Indomethacin (IND) is a photolabile molecule that also attracts the interest of researchers due to its therapeutic potential and the need to overcome its problematic photosensitivity. Supramolecular complexes of indomethacin with β-cyclodextrin (CD) are already known, and they show greater stability compared to complexes with other types of cyclodextrins. So far, however, the sensitivity to light of physical mixtures and inclusion complexes in the solid phase has not been studied, and their various stoichiometries have not yet been investigated. Due to this fact, the aim of the present study is to obtain supramolecular systems (inclusion complexes and physical mixtures) of indomethacin with three different amounts of β-cyclodextrin. Assessment of the photochemical stability of indomethacin-β-cyclodextrin systems in the solid state is performed in order to find the best correlation between IND stability and the amount of CD. Comparative analysis of physicochemical degradation for stoichiometry systems [CD:IND] = [1:1], [0.5:1] and [0.1:1] is performed by using ultraviolet spectroscopy, transmission—FTIR, reflection—ATR-FTIR infrared spectroscopy and DSC calorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Jamrógiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-16-56
| | - Marek Józefowicz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Yu X, Zhu T, Xu S, Zhang X, Yi M, Xiong S, Liu S, Shen L, Wang Y. Second interfacial polymerization of thin‐film composite hollow fibers with
amine‐
cyclodextrin
s
for pervaporation dehydration. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan China
| | - Tengyang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ming Yi
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shutong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan China
| | - Liang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan China
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7
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A quality by design approach for optimization of Lecithin/Span® 80 based nanoemulsions loaded with hydrophobic drugs. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Preparation, Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro and In Vivo Activity Against Heligmosomoides polygyrus of Novel Oral Formulations of Albendazole and Mebendazole. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1819-1826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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9
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Zajíčková M, Nguyen LT, Skálová L, Raisová Stuchlíková L, Matoušková P. Anthelmintics in the future: current trends in the discovery and development of new drugs against gastrointestinal nematodes. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:430-437. [PMID: 31883953 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs), the most abundant and serious parasites of livestock, has become difficult because of the limited number of available drugs and fast development of drug resistance. Thus, considerable efforts have been devoted to developing new anthelmintics that are efficient against nematodes, especially resistant species. Here, we summarize the most recent results using various approaches: target-based or high-throughput screening (HTS) of compound libraries; the synthesis of new derivatives or new combinations of current anthelmintics; the repurposing of drugs currently approved for other indications; and lastly, the identification of active plant products. We also evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Zajíčková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Linh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Real D, Hoffmann S, Leonardi D, Salomon C, Goycoolea FM. Chitosan-based nanodelivery systems applied to the development of novel triclabendazole formulations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207625. [PMID: 30540811 PMCID: PMC6291145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclabendazole is a poorly-water soluble (0.24 μg/mL) compound classified into the Class II/IV of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. It is the drug of choice to treat fascioliasis, a neglected parasitic disease worldwide disseminated. Triclabendazole is registered as veterinary medicine and it is only available for human treatment as 250 mg tablets. Thus, the aim of this work was to develop novel drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology approaches. The chitosan-based nanocapsules and nanoemulsions of triclabendazole were fully characterized regarding their particle size distribution, polydispersity index and zeta potential, in-vitro release and stability in biological media. Cytotoxicity evaluation and cellular uptake studies using CaCo-2 cell line were also investigated. The results indicated an average hydrodynamic size around ~160 nm were found for unloaded nanoemulsions which were slightly increased up to ~190 nm for loaded one. In contrast, the average hydrodynamic size of the nanocapsules increased from ~160 nm up to ~400 nm when loaded with triclabendazole. The stability studies upon 30 days storage at 4, 25 and 37°C showed that average size of nanoemulsions was not modified with varying amounts of loaded TCBZ while an opposite result was seen in case of loaded nanocapsules. In addition, a slight reduction of zeta potential values over time was observed in both triclabendazole nanosystems. Release of TCBZ from nanoformulations over 6 h in simulated gastric fluid was 9 to 16-fold higher than with untreated TCBZ dispersion. In phosphate buffer saline solution there was no drug release for neither nanocapsules nor nanoemulsions. Cell viabilities studies indicated that at certain concentrations, drug encapsulation can lower its cytotoxic effects when compared to untreated drug. Confocal laser scanning microscopy study has shown that nanocapsules strongly interacted with Caco-2 cells in vitro which could increase the passage time of triclabendazole after oral administration. The results of this study constitute the first step towards the development of nanoformulations intended for the oral delivery of anti-parasitic drugs of enhanced bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Real
- Instituto de Química de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Rosario, Argentina
- Departamento Farmacia, Facultad de Cs. Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Stefan Hoffmann
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Darío Leonardi
- Instituto de Química de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Rosario, Argentina
- Departamento Farmacia, Facultad de Cs. Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudio Salomon
- Instituto de Química de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Rosario, Argentina
- Departamento Farmacia, Facultad de Cs. Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- * E-mail: (CS); (FMG)
| | - Francisco M. Goycoolea
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CS); (FMG)
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