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BenDavid E, Ramezanian S, Lu Y, Rousseau J, Schroeder A, Lavertu M, Tremblay JP. Emerging Perspectives on Prime Editor Delivery to the Brain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:763. [PMID: 38931430 PMCID: PMC11206523 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Prime editing shows potential as a precision genome editing technology, as well as the potential to advance the development of next-generation nanomedicine for addressing neurological disorders. However, turning in prime editors (PEs), which are macromolecular complexes composed of CRISPR/Cas9 nickase fused with a reverse transcriptase and a prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA), to the brain remains a considerable challenge due to physiological obstacles, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This review article offers an up-to-date overview and perspective on the latest technologies and strategies for the precision delivery of PEs to the brain and passage through blood barriers. Furthermore, it delves into the scientific significance and possible therapeutic applications of prime editing in conditions related to neurological diseases. It is targeted at clinicians and clinical researchers working on advancing precision nanomedicine for neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli BenDavid
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada;
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Laboratory of Nanopharmacology and Pharmaceutical Nanoscience, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Sina Ramezanian
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yaoyao Lu
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Joël Rousseau
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Avi Schroeder
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| | - Marc Lavertu
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada;
| | - Jacques P. Tremblay
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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2
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Ballestín A, Armocida D, Ribecco V, Seano G. Peritumoral brain zone in glioblastoma: biological, clinical and mechanical features. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1347877. [PMID: 38487525 PMCID: PMC10937439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1347877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive and invasive tumor that affects the central nervous system (CNS). With a five-year survival rate of only 6.9% and a median survival time of eight months, it has the lowest survival rate among CNS tumors. Its treatment consists of surgical resection, subsequent fractionated radiotherapy and concomitant and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide. Despite the implementation of clinical interventions, recurrence is a common occurrence, with over 80% of cases arising at the edge of the resection cavity a few months after treatment. The high recurrence rate and location of glioblastoma indicate the need for a better understanding of the peritumor brain zone (PBZ). In this review, we first describe the main radiological, cellular, molecular and biomechanical tissue features of PBZ; and subsequently, we discuss its current clinical management, potential local therapeutic approaches and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ballestín
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, UMR3347 CNRS/U1021 INSERM, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
| | - Daniele Armocida
- Human Neurosciences Department, Neurosurgery Division, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentino Ribecco
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, UMR3347 CNRS/U1021 INSERM, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
| | - Giorgio Seano
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, UMR3347 CNRS/U1021 INSERM, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
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Gleason JM, Klass SH, Huang P, Ozawa T, Santos RA, Fogarty MM, Raleigh DR, Berger MS, Francis MB. Intrinsically Disordered Protein Micelles as Vehicles for Convection-Enhanced Drug Delivery to Glioblastoma Multiforme. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3695-3702. [PMID: 35857070 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipid and micelle-based nanocarriers have been explored for anticancer drug delivery to improve accumulation and uptake in tumor tissue. As an experimental opportunity in this area, our lab has developed a protein-based micelle nanocarrier consisting of a hydrophilic intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) domain bound to a hydrophobic tail, termed IDP-2Yx2A. This construct can be used to encapsulate hydrophobic chemotherapeutics that would otherwise be too insoluble in water to be administered. In this study, we evaluate the in vivo efficacy of IDP-2Yx2A by delivering a highly potent but water-insoluble cancer drug, SN38, into glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors via convection-enhanced delivery (CED). The protein carriers alone are shown to elicit minimal toxicity effects in mice; furthermore, they can encapsulate and deliver concentrations of SN38 that would otherwise be lethal without the carriers. CED administration of these drug-loaded micelles into mice bearing U251-MG GBM xenografts resulted in slowed tumor growth and significant increases in median survival times compared to nonencapsulated SN38 and PBS controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Gleason
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sarah H Klass
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Raquel A Santos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Miko M Fogarty
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94518, United States
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Matthew B Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Babaker MA, Aljoud FA, Alkhilaiwi F, Algarni A, Ahmed A, Khan MI, Saadeldin IM, Alzahrani FA. The Therapeutic Potential of Milk Extracellular Vesicles on Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126812. [PMID: 35743255 PMCID: PMC9224713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains one of the leading prevalent cancers in the world and is the fourth most common cause of death from cancer. Unfortunately, the currently utilized chemotherapies fail in selectively targeting cancer cells and cause harm to healthy cells, which results in profound side effects. Researchers are focused on developing anti-cancer targeted medications, which is essential to making them safer, more effective, and more selective and to maximizing their therapeutic benefits. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) from camels and cows have attracted much attention as a natural substitute product that effectively suppresses a wide range of tumor cells. This review sheds light on the biogenesis, methods of isolation, characterization, and molecular composition of milk EVs as well as the therapeutic potentials of milk EVs on colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A. Babaker
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadwa A. Aljoud
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Faris Alkhilaiwi
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.); (F.A.)
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Algarni
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 73221, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Asif Ahmed
- MirZyme Therapeutics, Innovation Birmingham Campus, Faraday Wharf, Birmingham B7 4BB, UK;
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Centre of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines (CAIPM), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Islam M. Saadeldin
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.M.S.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Faisal A. Alzahrani
- MirZyme Therapeutics, Innovation Birmingham Campus, Faraday Wharf, Birmingham B7 4BB, UK;
- Centre of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines (CAIPM), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Embryonic Stem Cells Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (I.M.S.); (F.A.A.)
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Zhou YS, Wang W, Chen N, Wang LC, Huang JB. Research progress of anti-glioma chemotherapeutic drugs (Review). Oncol Rep 2022; 47:101. [PMID: 35362540 PMCID: PMC8990335 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary intracranial malignancy in the central nervous system. At present, the most important treatment option is surgical resection of the tumor combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The principle of operation is to remove the tumor to the maximal extent on the basis of preserving brain function. However, prominent invasive and infiltrative proliferation of glioma tumor cells into the surrounding normal tissues frequently reduces the efficacy of treatment. This in turn worsens the prognosis, because the tumor cannot be completely removed, which can readily relapse. Chemotherapeutic agents when applied individually have demonstrated limited efficacy for the treatment of glioma. However, multiple different chemotherapeutic agents can be used in combination with other treatment modalities to improve the efficacy while circumventing systemic toxicity and drug resistance. Therefore, it is pivotal to unravel the inhibitory mechanism mediated by the different chemotherapeutic drugs on glioma cells in preclinical studies. The aim of the present review is to provide a summary for understanding the effects of different chemotherapeutic drugs in glioma, in addition to providing a reference for the preclinical research into novel chemotherapeutic agents for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shu Zhou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute for Translation Medicine on Molecular Function and Artificial Intelligence Imaging, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Cui Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Bai Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
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Shaw TK, Paul P. Recent approaches and success of liposome-based nanodrug carriers for the treatment of brain tumor. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:815-829. [PMID: 34961462 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666211213102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are nothing but a collection of neoplasms originated either from areas within the brain or from systemic metastasized tumors of other organs that have spread to the brain. It is a leading cause of death worldwide. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), and some other factors may limit the entry of many potential therapeutics into the brain tissues in tumor area at the therapeutic concentration required for satisfying effectiveness. Liposomes are taking an active role in delivering many drugs through the BBB into the tumor due to their nanosize and their physiological compatibility. Further, this colloidal carrier can encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs due to its unique structure. The surface of the liposomes can be modified with various ligands that are very specific to the numerous receptors overexpressed onto the BBB as well as onto the diseased tumor surface site (i.e., BBTB) to deliver selective drugs into the tumor site. Moreover, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect can be an added advantage for nanosize liposomes to concentrate into the tumor microenvironment through relatively leaky vasculature of solid tumor in the brain where no restriction of penetration applies compared to normal BBB. Here in this review, we have tried to compilethe recent advancement along with the associated challenges of liposomes containing different anticancer chemotherapeutics across the BBB/BBTB for the treatment of gliomas that will be very helpful for the readers for better understanding of different trends of brain tumor targeted liposomes-based drug delivery and for pursuing fruitful research on the similar research domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Shaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal. India
| | - Paramita Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, West Bengal. India
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High-quality milk exosomes as oral drug delivery system. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121126. [PMID: 34544033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many drugs must be administered intravenously instead of oral administration due to their poor oral bioavailability. The cost of repeated infusion treatment for 6 weeks every year is as high as tens of billions of dollars worldwide. Exosomes are nano-sized (30-150 nm) extracellular vesicles secreted by mammalian cells due to environmental stimulation or self-activation. Milk contains abundant exosomes originated from multiple cellular sources. It has been proved that milk exosomes (MEs) could survive with the strongly acidic conditions in the stomach and degradative conditions in the gut. Furthermore, they can cross biological barriers to reach targeted tissues. The ability of MEs to cross the gastrointestinal barrier makes them as a promising drug delivery tool for oral delivery. This review is devoted to the purification of MEs, their biocompatibility and immunogenicity, and prospects for their use as natural drug carriers for oral administration.
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Liposomal IR-780 as a Highly Stable Nanotheranostic Agent for Improved Photothermal/Photodynamic Therapy of Brain Tumors by Convection-Enhanced Delivery. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153690. [PMID: 34359590 PMCID: PMC8345063 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To improve the use of hydrophobic photosensitizer IR-780 in photothermal/photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT), we entrap IR-780 within the lipid bilayer of liposomes (ILs). Compared to free IR-780, ILs showed well-preserved photothermal response by maintaining the photostability of IR-780 from repeated near infrared (NIR) laser exposure both in vitro and in vivo. Combined with fast endocytosis by human glioblastoma cells, ILs demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity and induced higher cell apoptosis rate toward human glioblastoma cells over free IR-780, due to PTT with overexpression of heat shock protein and PDT with generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. To overcome the blood–brain barrier, we used convection enhanced delivery (CED) for specific delivery of ILs to brain tumors in intracranial glioma xenograft. Upon three successive NIR laser irradiations, the liposomal IR-780 could significantly improve the anti-cancer efficacy in glioma treatment, leading to diminished intracranial tumor size and prolonged animal survival time. Abstract As a hydrophobic photosensitizer, IR-780 suffers from poor water solubility and low photostability under near infrared (NIR) light, which severely limits its use during successive NIR laser-assisted photothermal/photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT). To solve this problem, we fabricate cationic IR-780-loaded liposomes (ILs) by entrapping IR-780 within the lipid bilayer of liposomes. We demonstrate enhanced photostability of IR-780 in ILs with well-preserved photothermal response after three repeated NIR laser exposures, in contrast to the rapid decomposition of free IR-780. The cationic nature of ILs promotes fast endocytosis of liposomal IR-780 by U87MG human glioblastoma cells within 30 min. For PTT/PDT in vitro, ILs treatment plus NIR laser irradiation leads to overexpression of heat shock protein 70 and generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species by U87MG cells, resulting in enhanced cytotoxicity and higher cell apoptosis rate. Using intracranial glioma xenograft in nude mice and administration of ILs by convection enhanced delivery (CED) to overcome blood-brain barrier, liposomal IR-780 could be specifically delivered to the brain tumor, as demonstrated from fluorescence imaging. By providing a highly stable liposomal IR-780, ILs significantly improved anti-cancer efficacy in glioma treatment, as revealed from various diagnostic imaging tools and histological examination. Overall, CED of ILs plus successive laser-assisted PTT/PDT may be an alternative approach for treating brain tumor, which can retard glioma growth and prolong animal survival times from orthotopic brain tumor models.
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Convection-enhanced delivery for H3K27M diffuse midline glioma: how can we efficaciously modulate the blood-brain barrier? Ther Deliv 2021; 12:419-422. [PMID: 33949200 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2021-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphical abstract [Formula: see text].
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Convection Enhanced Delivery in the Setting of High-Grade Gliomas. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040561. [PMID: 33921157 PMCID: PMC8071501 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of effective treatments for high-grade glioma (HGG) is hampered by (1) the blood–brain barrier (BBB), (2) an infiltrative growth pattern, (3) rapid development of therapeutic resistance, and, in many cases, (4) dose-limiting toxicity due to systemic exposure. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has the potential to significantly limit systemic toxicity and increase therapeutic index by directly delivering homogenous drug concentrations to the site of disease. In this review, we present clinical experiences and preclinical developments of CED in the setting of high-grade gliomas.
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Bhat SS, Mukherjee D, Sukharamwala P, Dehuri R, Murali A, Teja BV. Thiolated polymer nanocarrier reinforced with glycyrrhetinic acid for targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil in hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:2252-2269. [PMID: 33432520 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigates the targeting efficacy of a novel thiolated polymer-based nanocomposite reinforced with glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and loaded with 5-fluorouracil in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The thiolated polymers were synthesized by EDAC-mediated conjugation reactions and lyophilization. The nanoparticles were prepared by solvent diffusion and high-pressure homogenization method. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) radiation, x-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. Pharmacological evaluation of the formulation was carried out on a rat model of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced HCC and MTT assay was carried out with HEP-G2 cell line. In silico studies were conducted to investigate the probable mechanistic pathway of the nanocomposite. FTIR and XRD analysis indicated the successful thiolation of the polymers and confirmed the formation of the nanocomposite without any incompatibilities. DLS, SEM/EDX and AFM characterization confirmed that the nanoparticles were within the nano-size range. MTT assay implied the cytotoxic nature of the nanocomposite against hepatic carcinoma cells. The in vivo study revealed that serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT and total bilirubin levels were significantly reduced, in comparison with disease control and the result was confirmed by histopathology studies. The results of the HPLC analysis of liver homogenate confirmed the liver targeting ability of the nanocomposite. In silico studies exhibited significant binding affinity of GA and thiolated Eudragit towards liver homolog receptor-1 (LRH-1) suggesting that the developed nanocomposite could be a potential material for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Dhrubojyoti Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Pinal Sukharamwala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rachita Dehuri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anita Murali
- Department of Pharmacology, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Banala Venkatesh Teja
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, Lucknow, India
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