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Ren Q, Chen J, Wesseling S, Bouwmeester H, Rietjens IMCM. Physiologically based Kinetic Modeling-Facilitated Quantitative In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation to Predict the Effects of Aloe-Emodin in Rats and Humans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38980703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin, a natural hydroxyanthraquinone, exerts both adverse and protective effects. This study aimed at investigating these potential effects of aloe-emodin in humans upon the use of food supplements and herbal medicines using a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling-facilitated quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) approach. For this, PBK models in rats and humans were established for aloe-emodin including its active metabolite rhein and used to convert in vitro data on hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation, and Nrf2 induction to corresponding in vivo dose-response curves, from which points of departure (PODs) were derived by BMD analysis. The derived PODs were subsequently compared to the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) resulting from the use of food supplements or herbal medicines. It is concluded that the dose levels of aloe-emodin from food supplements or herbal medicines are unlikely to induce toxicity, ROS generation, or Nrf2 activation in liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Ren
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
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2
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Li C, Du M, Meng L, Adu-Frimpong M, Gong C, Zheng S, Shi W, Wang Q, Toreniyazov E, Ji H, Cao X, Yu J, Xu X. Preparation, characterisation, and pharmacodynamic study of myricetin pH-sensitive liposomes. J Microencapsul 2024; 41:269-283. [PMID: 38618699 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2024.2337461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Myricetin (MYR) was incorporated into pH-sensitive liposomes in order to improve its bioavailability and anti-hyperuricemic activity. METHODS The MYR pH-sensitive liposomes (MYR liposomes) were prepared using thin film dispersion method, and assessed by particle size (PS), polydispersed index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, and in vitro release rate. Pharmacokinetics and anti-hyperuricemic activities were also evaluated. RESULTS The PS, PDI, ZP, encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading of MYR liposomes were 184.34 ± 1.05 nm, 0.215 ± 0.005, -38.46 ± 0.30 mV, 83.42 ± 1.07%w/w, and 6.20 ± 0.31%w/w, respectively. The release rate of MYR liposomes was higher than free MYR, wherein the cumulative value responded to pH. Besides, the Cmax of MYR liposomes was 4.92 ± 0.20 μg/mL. The level of uric acid in the M-L-H group (200 mg/kg) was reduced by 54.74%w/v in comparison with the model group. CONCLUSION MYR liposomes exhibited pH sensitivity and could potentially enhance the oral bioavailability and anti-hyperuricemic efficacy of MYR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Mengzhe Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Lingzhi Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Michael Adu-Frimpong
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKT-UTAS), Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Caizhi Gong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Sile Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Shi
- Central laboratory, Gaochun Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province211300, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Elmurat Toreniyazov
- Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies of Karakalpakstan, Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan
| | - Hao Ji
- Jiangsu Tian Sheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
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3
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Jin X, Xia X, Li J, Adu-Frimpong M, Wang X, Wang Q, Wu H, Yu Q, Ji H, Toreniyazov E, Cao X, Yu J, Xu X. Preparation, characterization, pharmacokinetics and ulcerative colitis treatment of hyperoside-loaded mixed micelles. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1370-1388. [PMID: 37957475 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
At present, ulcerative colitis (UC) has become a global disease due to its high incidence. Hyperoside (HYP) is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound with many pharmacological effects. This study aimed to develop HYP-loaded mixed micelles (HYP-M) to improve oral bioavailability of HYP and to evaluate its therapeutic effect on UC. The prepared HYP-M exhibited stable physical and chemical properties, smaller particle size (PS) (21.48 ± 1.37 nm), good polydispersity index (PDI = 0.178 ± 0.013), negative Zeta potential (ZP) (- 20.00 ± 0.48 mV) and high entrapment rate (EE) (89.59 ± 2.03%). In vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetic results showed that HYP-M significantly increased the releasing rate of HYP, wherein its oral bioavailability was 4.15 times higher than that of free HYP. In addition, HYP-M was more effective in the treatment of UC than free HYP. In conclusion, HYP-M could serve as a novel approach to improve bioavailability and increase anti-UC activity of HYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoli Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Michael Adu-Frimpong
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKT-UTAS), Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaxiao Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingtong Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Jiangsu Tian Sheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, China
| | - Elmurat Toreniyazov
- Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies of Karakalpakstan, Nukus, Uzbekistan
| | - Xia Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Shi F, Du M, Wang Q, Adu-Frimpong M, Li C, Zhang X, Ji H, Toreniyazov E, Cao X, Wang Q, Xu X. Isoliquiritigenin Containing PH Sensitive Micelles for Enhanced Anti-Colitis Activity. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:918-929. [PMID: 37777013 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is known to have a variety of pharmacological activities, but its poor water solubility limits its application. In order to improve the bioavailability of ISL and its anti-colitis activity, this study aims to develop an effective drug delivery system loaded with ISL. In this study, ISL pH-sensitive micelles (ISL-M) were prepared by thin film hydration method. The micellar size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), electrokinetic potential (ζ-potential), drug loading (DL), encapsulation rate (EE) and other physical parameters were characterized. The storage stability of ISL-M was tested, release in vitro and pharmacokinetic studies in rats were performed, and the anti-inflammatory effect of ISL-M on ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was evaluated. The results showed that PS, PDI, ZP, EE% and DL% of ISL-M were 151.15±1.04 nm, 0.092±0.014, -31.32±0.721 mV, 93.97±1.53 % and 8.42±0.34 %, respectively. Compared with unformulated ISL (F-ISL), the cumulative release rate of ISL-M in the three different media was significantly increased and showed a certain pH sensitivity. The area under drug curve (AUC0-t) and peak concentration (Cmax) of ISL-M group were 2.94 and 4.06 times higher than those of ISL group. In addition, ISL-M is expected to develop new methods for increasing the bioavailability and anti-inflammatory activity of ISL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, CN, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Zhenjiang, CN, PR China
| | - Mengzhe Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, CN, PR China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, CN, PR China
| | - Michael Adu-Frimpong
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKT-UTAS), Navrongo, UK 0215-5321, Ghana
| | - Chenlu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, CN, PR China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, CN, PR China
| | - Hao Ji
- Jiangsu Tian Sheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | | | - Xia Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, CN, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Zhenjiang, CN, PR China.
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, CN, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Zhenjiang, CN, PR China.
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, CN, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Zhenjiang, CN, PR China.
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5
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Cao X, Deng T, Zhu Q, Wang J, Shi W, Liu Q, Yu Q, Deng W, Yu J, Wang Q, Xiao G, Xu X. Photothermal Therapy Mediated Hybrid Membrane Derived Nano-formulation for Enhanced Cancer Therapy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:146. [PMID: 37380936 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin is applied as an antitumor drug in many tumor therapies. However, its pharmacology performances are limited due to its low solubility. Herein, we fused erythrocyte and macrophage to form a hybrid membrane (EMHM) and encapsulated emodin to form hybrid membrane-coated nanoparticles. We employed glycyrrhizin to increase the solubility of emodin first and prepared the hybrid membrane nanoparticle-coated emodin and glycyrrhizin (EG@EMHM NPs) which exhibited an average particle size of 170 ± 20 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 98.13 ± 0.67%. The half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of EG@EMHM NPs were 1.166 μg/mL, which is half of the free emodin. Based on the photosensitivity of emodin, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) results disclosed that ROS levels of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) section were higher than the normal section (P < 0.05). Compared to the normal section, PDT-mediated EG@EMHM NPs could induce an early stage of apoptosis of B16. The western blot and flow cytometry results verified that PDT-mediated EG@EMHM NPs can significantly improve the solubility of emodin and perform a remarkably antitumor effect on melanoma via BAX and BCL-2 pathway. The application of the combined chemical and PDT therapy could provide an improving target therapy for cutaneous melanoma and also may offer an idea for other insoluble components sources of traditional Chinese medicine. Schematic of EG@EMHM NPs formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal function development of new food resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research center, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwen Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal function development of new food resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research center, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal function development of new food resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research center, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwan Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal function development of new food resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research center, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qintong Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal function development of new food resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research center, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal function development of new food resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research center, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal function development of new food resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research center, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Medicinal function development of new food resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research center, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gao Xiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Medicinal function development of new food resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research center, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Zou L, Li Q, Hou Y, Chen M, Xu X, Wu H, Sun Z, Ma G. Self-assembled glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives for functional applications: a review. Food Funct 2022; 13:12487-12509. [PMID: 36413139 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02472a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a famous natural product, has been attracting more attention recently because of its remarkable biological activity, natural sweetness, and good biocompatibility. In the past few years, a considerable amount of literature has grown up around the theme of GA-based chemical modification to broaden its functional applications. Promising structures including gels, micelles, nanoparticles, liposomes, and so forth have been constantly reported. On the one hand, the assembly mechanisms of various materials based on GA derivatives have been elucidated via modern analytical techniques. On the other hand, their potential application prospects in edible additives, intelligent drug delivery, and other fields have been investigated fully due to availability, biocompatibility, and controllable degradability. Inspired by these findings, a systematic summary and classification of the materials formed by GA derivatives seems necessary and meaningful. This review sums up the new functional applications of GA derivatives for the first time and provides better prospects for their application and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qinglong Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Meiying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xudong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhaocui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Shen X, Rong W, Adu-Frimpong M, He Q, Li X, Shi F, Ji H, Toreniyazov E, Xia X, Zhang J, Wang Q, Yu J, Xu X. Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of pinocembrin-loaded TPGS modified liposomes with enhanced bioavailability and antihyperglycemic activity. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:623-634. [PMID: 36420780 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2151616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prepare polyethylene glycol succinate-vitamin E modified pinocembrin (PCB)-loaded liposomes (PCBT-liposomes) and evaluate PCBT-liposomal pharmacokinetics and antihyperglycemic activity. SIGNIFICANCE The novel PCBT-liposomes demonstrated a promising application prospect as a nano drug carrier for future research. METHODS Thin film dispersion was used to prepare PCBT-liposomes. We measured a series of characterization, followed by in vitro cumulative release, in vivo pharmacokinetic study, and antihyperglycemic activity evaluation. RESULTS PCBT-liposomes displayed spherical and bilayered nanoparticles with mean particle size (roughly 92 nm), negative zeta potential (about -26.650 mV), high drug encapsulation efficiency (87.32 ± 1.34%) and good storage (at 4 or 25 °C) stability during 48 h after hydration. The cumulative release rate of PCBT-liposomes was markedly higher than free PCB in four different pH media. In vivo investigation showed that PCBT-liposomes could obviously improve oral bioavailability of PCB by 1.96 times, whereas the Cmax, MRT0-t, and T1/2 of PCBT-liposomes were roughly 1.700 ± 0.139 µg·mL-1, 12.695 ± 1.647 h, and 14.244 h, respectively. In terms of biochemical analysis, aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations in serum of diabetic mice were respectively decreased 28.28%, 17.23%, 17.77%, and 8.08% after PCBT-liposomal treatment. CONCLUSION These results show PCBT-liposomal preparation as an excellent nano-carrier which has the potential to improve water solubility, bioavailability, and antihyperglycemic activity of PCB, amid broadening the application of PCB in the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wanjing Rong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Michael Adu-Frimpong
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKT-UTAS), Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Qing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Jiangsu Tian Sheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Xiaoli Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Ji SL, Zhang CY, Yin XQ, Wang J, Wang JP, Xu X. Baicalein Loaded Crown Ether-mPEG-PLGA Micelle Drug Delivery System for Increased Breast Cancer Treatment: Preparation, Characterization, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Evaluations. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability of the flavone baicalein (BIC), a nano-micelle of delivery system was developed. Preparation of BIC-loaded crown ether-mPEG-PLGA micelle (BCPP-M) was performed via thin-film hydration method. Characterization of micellar excipients
was accomplished with 1H NMR, while evaluation of the optimal BCPP-M formulation was appropriately carried out through zeta potential (ZP), size of particles (PS), efficiency of encapsulation (EE) and capacity of drug loading (DL). We evaluated BIC release In-Vitro and profile
of In-Vivo pharmacokinetics. Evaluation of the anti-breast cancer property of BCPP-M using MCP-7 cells cytotoxicity and mice model was performed. Particles of BCPP-M were homogenously and spherically shaped with smaller average PS, coupled with higher EE and DL, good stability and polydispersity
index (PDI). The accumulative release of BCPP-M was obviously higher than free-BIC. Significantly, oral biological availability of BCPP-M was improved comparable to free BIC. Besides, half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of BCPP-M in MCP-7 cells was lower than free-BIC. Animal experiments
also showed targeting, long circulation and antitumor potential of BCPP-M. Successful incorporation of BIC into long-acting and targeting micellar system could have enhanced solubility in aqueous media, oral In-Vivo availability and antitumor property of BIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Li Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Chongchuan District, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Chongchuan District, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Chongchuan District, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Chongchuan District, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Peng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Chongchuan District, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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9
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Xia X, Zhang J, Adu-Frimpong M, Li X, Shen X, He Q, Rong W, Ji H, Toreniyazov E, Xu X, Yu J, Wang Q. Hyperoside-loaded TPGs/mPEG-PDLLA self-assembled polymeric micelles: preparation, characterization and in vitro/ in vivo evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:829-841. [PMID: 36073188 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2122506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoside (Hyp) self-assembled polymeric micelles (Hyp-PMs) were purposely developed to enhance aqueous solubility, in vivo availability and anti-oxidative effect of Hyp. In preparing Hyp-PMs, we employed the thin film dispersion method with the micelles consisting of TPGs and mPEG2000-PDLLA3000. The particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of Hyp-PMs were 67.42 ± 1.44 nm, 0.229 ± 0.015 and -18.67 ± 0.576 mV, respectively, coupled with high encapsulation efficiency (EE)of 90.63 ± 1.45% and drug loading (DL) of 6.97 ± 1.56%. Furthermore, the value of critical micelle concentration (CMC) was quite low, which indicated good stability and improved self-assembly ability of Hyp-PMs. Also, trend of in vitro Hyp release from Hyp-PMs demonstrated enhanced solubility of Hyp. Similarly, in comparison with free Hyp, oral bioavailability of Hyp-PMs was improved (about 8 folds) whilst half-life of Hyp-PMs was extended (about 3 folds). In vitro anti-oxidative effect showed obvious strong scavenging DPPH capability of Hyp-PMs, which may be attributed to its smaller size and better solubility. Altogether, Hyp-PMs may serve as a possible strategy to potentially enhance aqueous solubility, bioavailability and anti-oxidative effect of Hyp, which may play a key role in Hyp application in the pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Adu-Frimpong
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKT-UTAS), Navrongo, UK-0215-5321, Ghana
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanjing Rong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ji
- Jiangsu Tian Sheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, China
| | - Elmurat Toreniyazov
- Ashkent State Agricultural University (Nukus Branch), Avdanberdi str, 742009 Nukus, Uzbekistan
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
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10
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Enhancement of the Bioavailability and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Glycyrrhetinic Acid via Novel Soluplus®—A Glycyrrhetinic Acid Solid Dispersion. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091797. [PMID: 36145545 PMCID: PMC9504515 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is an anti-inflammatory drug with potential for development. However, the poor solubility of GA in water leads to extremely low bioavailability, which limits its clinical applications. Solid dispersions have become some of the most effective strategies for improving the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Soluplus®, a non-cytotoxic amphiphilic solubilizer, significantly improves the solubility of BCS II drugs and improves the bioavailability of insoluble drugs. l-arginine (L-Arg) can be used as a small molecular weight excipient to assist in improving the solubility of insoluble drugs. In this study, we developed a new formulation for oral administration by reacting GA and L-Arg to form salts by co-solvent evaporation and then adding the polymer-solvent Soluplus® with an amphiphilic chemical structure to prepare a solid dispersion GA-SD. The chemical and physical properties of GA-SD were characterized by DLS, TEM, XRD, FT-IR and TG. The anti-inflammatory activity of GA-SD was verified by LPS stimulation of RAW 267.5 cells simulating a cellular inflammation model, TPA-induced ear edema model in mice, and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. The results showed that the amide bond and salt formation of GA-SD greatly improved GA solubility. GA-SD effectively improved the anti-inflammatory effect of free GA in vivo and in vitro, and GA-SD had no significant effect on liver and kidney function, no significant tissue toxicity, and good biosafety. In conclusion, GA-SD with L-Arg and Soluplus® is an effective method to improve the solubility and bioavailability of GA. As a safe and effective solid dispersion, it is a promising anti-inflammatory oral formulation and provides some references for other oral drug candidates with low bioavailability.
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11
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Novel luteolin@pro-phytomicelles: In vitro characterization and in vivo evaluation of protection against drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110095. [PMID: 35970426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel nanoformulation with the small molecule phytochemical dipotassium glycyrrhizinate as a nanomaterial was developed for the oral delivery of luteolin (Lut), a widely used phytochemical, but it suffered from poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. This novel nanoformulation, named Lut@pro-phytomicelles, can be fabricated with a simple process. Lut@pro-phytomicelles can instantly dissolve into aqueous mediums and formulate through self-assembly a clear phytomicelle solution with a Lut encapsulation efficiency of 99.16 ± 0.90%, a small micelle size of 30.32 ± 0.12 nm, and a narrow polydispersity index of 0.138 ± 0.024. The optimized formulation demonstrated that Lut had solubility in up to 50 mg/ml of water as a result of its encapsulation within DG phytomicelles. Lut@pro-phytomicelles exhibited excellent characteristics, including good storage stability, a fast in vitro release profile, improvement in in vitro antioxidant activity, and high safety potential. In the oral bioavailability evaluation, a shorter Tmax, increased Cmax, and improved AUC0-t were obtained with Lut@pro-phytomicelles when compared to bare Lut. The distribution evaluation further showed that Lut@pro-phytomicelles could effectively increase the concentrations of Lut in all the tested organs and gastrointestinal segments. In the protection efficacy evaluation, 100 mg/kg Lut@pro-phytomicelles demonstrated strong effects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. The mechanisms of inhibiting high-mobility group box 1 signaling and suppressing oxidative stress were involved in this strong treatment effect. These results showed that simple but novel Lut@pro-phytomicelles provided a new, promising nano-delivery system for Lut with a significantly improved in vivo profile.
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12
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Two different protein corona formation modes on Soluplus® nanomicelles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112744. [PMID: 35932562 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Soluplus® nanomicelles have been widely reported in biomedical field for their excellent drug loading capacity and solubility enhancement ability. However, when administrated in vivo, the protein corona will be formed on Soluplus® nanomicelles, significantly affecting their drug delivery performance. Up to now, few studies examined the protein corona formation process and its impact factors of Soluplus® nanomicelles. The multiple proteins in biofluids may form protein corona in different modes due to their diversified properties. In this study, Bovine serum albumin (BSA), Lysozyme (Lyso) and Bovine hemoglobin (BHb) were chosen as model proteins to investigate the protein corona formation process of Soluplus® nanomicelles. By analyzing the polarity of the protein amino acid residues distributing microenvironments, the results showed that there were two different protein corona formation modes, i.e., surface adsorption and insertion, which were determined by the hydrophilicity of proteins. The hydrophobic BHb followed the insertion mode while hydrophilic BSA and Lyso followed the surface adsorption mode. Ultimately, upon protein corona formation, the size and surface chemistry of nanomicelles was significantly affected. We believe this study will provide a new research paradigm to the design and application of Soluplus® nanomicelles.
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13
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Wei W, Zhou LJ, Wang S, Zhang Z, Huang JY, Zhang Z, Zhang XP, Zhang XJ, Li J, Zhang YW. Katsuwonus pelamis Peptide and its Complexes Protect Zebrafish and Mice From Hyperuricemia Through Promoting Kidney Excretion of Uric Acid and Inhibiting Liver Xanthine Oxidase Activity. Front Chem 2022; 10:924371. [PMID: 35836673 PMCID: PMC9273819 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.924371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Katsuwonus pelamis peptide and its complexes have the effect of lowering uric acid (UA)-levels. To identify the effect and possible mechanisms, different concentrations of Katsuwonus pelamis peptide and its complexes were administered to the zebrafish and mice hyperuricemia models, and the UA level was measured. Meanwhile, the hyperuricemic mice were treated orally at 0.83, 1.67, and 5.00 mg/g body weight for 7 days with Katsuwonus pelamis peptide and the complexes groups, separately. The levels of serum UA (SUA), urinary UA (UUA), serum creatinine (SCR), blood urine nitrogen (BUN), and xanthine oxidase (XOD) activities were detected in each group. The results showed that the Katsuwonus pelamis peptide (125 μg/ml) and its complexes (83.3 and 250 μg/ml) effectively reduced UA level in zebrafish with hyperuricemia (p < 0.05). The Katsuwonus pelamis peptide at high concentration (5.00 mg/g) decreased the SUA level, SCR level, BUN level, and hepatic XOD activity, and the complexes (1.67 and 5.00 mg/g) significantly reduced the SUA level and hepatic XOD activity (p < 0.05) in the hyperuricemic mice. In addition, in a hyperuricemic mouse model, the UUA level was increased after treatment with Katsuwonus pelamis peptide and its complexes at high concentrations (p < 0.05). The total therapeutic effects in the Katsuwonus pelamis peptide complex group were better than those in the Katsuwonus pelamis peptide group. Thus, Katsuwonus pelamis peptide and its complexes may possibly be used to prevent hyperuricemia via promoting urate secretion and inhibiting XOD activity production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li-Jian Zhou
- The People’s Hospital of Danyang, Danyang, China
| | - Shue Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Zhongshiduqing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Heze, China
| | - Jia-Ying Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Zhongshiduqing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Heze, China
| | | | | | - Jie Li
- Zhongshiduqing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Heze, China
| | - Ye-Wang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Ye-Wang Zhang,
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14
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Selyutina O, Babenko SV, Kruppa AI, Leshina T, Polyakov N. Photostabilization of ketoprofen by inclusion in glycyrrhizin micelles and gel nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02553a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ketoprofen (KP) is known to be the most photosensitive among the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and may induce phototoxic and photoallergic reactions. Phototoxic side effects of KP are associated with the...
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