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Shen Y, Yu Y, Zhang X, Hu B, Wang N. Progress of nanomaterials in the treatment of thrombus. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1154-1172. [PMID: 38006448 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Thrombus has long been the major contributor of death and disability because it can cause adverse effects to varying degrees on the body, resulting in vascular blockage, embolism, heart valve deformation, widespread bleeding, etc. However, clinically, conventional thrombolytic drug treatments have hemorrhagic complication risks and easy to miss the best time of treatment window. Thus, it is an urgent need to investigate newly alternative treatment strategies that can reduce adverse effects and improve treatment effectiveness. Drugs based on nanomaterials act as a new biomedical strategy and promising tools, and have already been investigated for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in thrombus therapy. Recent studies have some encouraging progress. In the present review, we primarily concern with the latest developments in the areas of nanomedicines targeting thrombosis therapy. We present the thrombus' formation, characteristics, and biomarkers for diagnosis, overview recent emerging nanomedicine strategies for thrombus therapy, and focus on the future design directions, challenges, and prospects in the nanomedicine application in thrombus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetong Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110167, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China.
- Department of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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2
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Li L, Ma SR, Yu ZL. Targeting the lipid metabolic reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages: A novel insight into cancer immunotherapy. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:415-428. [PMID: 37776422 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages, as the major immunocytes in solid tumors, show divided loyalty and remarkable plasticity in tumorigenesis. Once the M2-to-M1 repolarization is achieved, they could be switched from the supporters for tumor development into the guardians for host immunity. Meanwhile, Lipid metabolic reprogramming is demonstrated to be one of the most important hallmarks of tumor-associated macrophages, which plays a decisive role in regulating their phenotypes and functions to promote tumorigenesis and immunotherapy resistance. Therefore, targeting the lipid metabolism of TAMs may provide a new direction for anti-tumor strategies. CONCLUSION In this review, we first summarized the origins, classifications and general lipid metabolic process of TAMs. Then we discussed the currently available drugs and interventions that target lipid metabolic disorders of TAMs, including those targeting lipid uptake, efflux, lipolysis, FAO and lipid peroxidation. Besides, based on the recent research status, we summarized the present challenges for this cancer immunotherapy, including the precise drug delivery system, the lipid metabolic heterogeneity, and the intricate lipid metabolic interactions in the TME, and we also proposed corresponding possible solutions. Collectively, we hope this review will give researchers a better understanding of the lipid metabolism of TAMs and lead to the development of corresponding anti-tumor therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Rui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Zi-Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Wang X, Li Y, Pu X, Liu G, Qin H, Wan W, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Yang J. Macrophage-related therapeutic strategies: Regulation of phenotypic switching and construction of drug delivery systems. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107022. [PMID: 38043691 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, as highly phenotypic plastic immune cells, play diverse roles in different pathological conditions. Changing and controlling the phenotypes of macrophages is considered a novel potential therapeutic intervention. Meanwhile, specific transmembrane proteins anchoring on the surface of the macrophage membrane are relatively conserved, supporting its functional properties, such as inflammatory chemotaxis and tumor targeting. Thus, a series of drug delivery systems related to specific macrophage membrane proteins are commonly used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes macrophages-based strategies for chronic diseases, discusses the regulation of macrophage phenotypes and their polarization processes, and presents how to design and apply the site-specific targeted drug delivery systems in vivo based on the macrophages and their derived membrane receptors. It aims to provide a better understanding of macrophages in immunoregulation and proposes macrophages-based targeted therapeutic approaches for chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xueyu Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Guiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Honglin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Weimin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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4
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Yu L, Liu S, Jia S, Xu F. Emerging frontiers in drug delivery with special focus on novel techniques for targeted therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115049. [PMID: 37364480 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The management and treatment of disease are achieved via the use of pharmacologically active substances or drugs. Drugs do not, however, have an intrinsic ability to be effective; rather, how well they work depends on how they are administered or supplied. Treatment of a variety of biological illnesses, such as autoimmune disorders, cancer, and bacterial infections, requires effective drug delivery. Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, duration of therapeutic impact, pharmacokinetics, excretion, and toxicity can all be impacted by drug administration. Improved chemistry and materials are required for the delivery of therapeutic concentration of novel treatments to the specified targets within the body, as well as for the necessary duration of time. This requirement is accompanied by the development of new therapeutics. Formulating a medication as a DDS is a promising strategy for directly addressing numerous typical barriers to adherence, such as frequent dosage, such as frequent dosage, side effects, and a delayed beginning of the action. In the current review, we give a compendium of drug delivery and controlled release and subsequently highlight some of the newest developments in the realm, with a particular emphasis on cutting-edge methods for targeted therapy. In each instance, we outline the obstacles to efficient drug administration as well as the chemical and material developments that are allowing the sector to overcome these obstacles and have a positive clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Shengmao Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Digestive Diseases center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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Mu D, Wen D, Li Y, Zhong L, Zhao J, Zhou S. Renal Clearable Magnetic Nanoreporter for Colorimetric Urinalysis of Tumor. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5039-5050. [PMID: 37535675 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The convenience and availability are of great significance for the early screening of cancer. Herein, a magnetic nanoreporter with renal clearable capability and activatable catalytic activity was developed for colorimetric urinalysis of tumors. The magnetic nanoreporters were prepared by loading 3.2 nm Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and glucose oxidase (GOD) into macrophage cell-derived microvesicles (MVs) through electroporation, and these compositions serve as renal clearable catalytic reporters, synergistic catalysts, and targeted delivery carriers, respectively. The magnetic nanoreporters can convert the H2O2 in the mildly acidic tumor microenvironment into hydroxyl radicals through the synergistic catalysis of Fe3O4 NPs and GOD. Then the MVs can be disintegrated by the radicals, and ultrasmall Fe3O4 NPs will be released from the MVs at the tumor site, enabling rapid clearance of the Fe3O4 NPs into urine and a direct colorimetric urinalysis of the tumor within 4 h. The magnetic nanoreporters had good biocompatibility, and the released Fe3O4 NPs were rapidly excreted from the body, avoiding the potential toxicity. We envision that the magnetic nanoreporters can be used for convenient and rapid cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhong
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Jingya Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
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Liu H, Su YY, Jiang XC, Gao JQ. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: a novel multifunctional biomimetic drug delivery system. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:716-737. [PMID: 36417162 PMCID: PMC9684886 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been widely used for the treatment, prevention, and detection of diseases. Improving the targeted delivery ability of nanoparticles has emerged as a critical issue that must be addressed as soon as possible. The bionic cell membrane coating technology has become a novel concept for the design of nanoparticles. The diverse biological roles of cell membrane surface proteins endow nanoparticles with several functions, such as immune escape, long circulation time, and targeted delivery; therefore, these proteins are being extensively studied in the fields of drug delivery, detoxification, and cancer treatment. Furthermore, hybrid cell membrane-coated nanoparticles enhance the beneficial effects of monotypic cell membranes, resulting in multifunctional and efficient delivery carriers. This review focuses on the synthesis, development, and application of the cell membrane coating technology and discusses the function and mechanism of monotypic/hybrid cell membrane-modified nanoparticles in detail. Moreover, it summarizes the applications of cell membranes from different sources and discusses the challenges that may be faced during the clinical application of bionic carriers, including their production, mechanism, and quality control. We hope this review will attract more scholars toward bionic cell membrane carriers and provide certain ideas and directions for solving the existing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yan Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Chi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China.
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China.
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China.
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321299, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Jiang Y, Xu Y, Zheng C, Ye L, Jiang P, Malik S, Xu G, Zhou Q, Zhang M. Acetyltransferase from Akkermansia muciniphila blunts colorectal tumourigenesis by reprogramming tumour microenvironment. Gut 2023:gutjnl-2022-327853. [PMID: 36754607 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The protein post-translational modification (PTM) in host cells can be rewritten by bacterial enzymes and represents an unprecedented mechanism in the communication between intestinal flora and the host. Although Akkermansia muciniphila has been widely investigated as a probiotic and blunts colitis-associated tumourigenesis in mice, there is little understanding regarding whether A. muciniphila is involved in the PTM of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study investigates whether and how A. muciniphila engages in the PTM of host CRC. DESIGN The secreting extracellular vesicles from A. muciniphila and purified Amuc_2172 were used for different tumourigenesis mice models. Amuc_2172-induced immune activity of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The acetyltransferase activity and downstream target genes of Amuc_2172 were investigated. RESULTS Amuc_2172, a general control non-derepressible 5-related acetyltransferase of A. muciniphila, was accessible to colorectal cells by macropinocytosis and functioned as an acetyltransferase of Lys14 on histone H3 (H3K14ac). Elevated H3K14ac on Hspa1a loci promoted the transcription and secretion of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) in cancer cells. High level of HSP70 promoted the immune activity of CTLs in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, bioengineered nanoparticles provided a safe and reliable drug delivery strategy of Amuc_2172 for CRC treatment in an allograft mice model. CONCLUSION Amuc_2172 reprogrammed tumour microenvironment by inducing HSP70 secretion and promoting CTL-related immune response in the process of tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuejie Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sara Malik
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guifang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Ding Y, Wang L, Li H, Miao F, Zhang Z, Hu C, Yu W, Tang Q, Shao G. Application of lipid nanovesicle drug delivery system in cancer immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:214. [PMID: 35524277 PMCID: PMC9073823 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has gradually emerged as the most promising anticancer therapy. In addition to conventional anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, anti-CTLA-4 therapy, CAR-T therapy, etc., immunotherapy can also be induced by stimulating the maturation of immune cells or inhibiting negative immune cells, regulating the tumor immune microenvironment and cancer vaccines. Lipid nanovesicle drug delivery system includes liposomes, cell membrane vesicles, bacterial outer membrane vesicles, extracellular vesicles and hybrid vesicles. Lipid nanovesicles can be used as functional vesicles for cancer immunotherapy, and can also be used as drug carriers to deliver immunotherapy drugs to the tumor site for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review recent advances in five kinds of lipid nanovesicles in cancer immunotherapy and assess the clinical application prospects of various lipid nanovesicles, hoping to provide valuable information for clinical translation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Ding
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Luhong Wang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University (the Second Hospital of Nanjing), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengqin Miao
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Chunmei Hu
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University (the Second Hospital of Nanjing), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Weiping Yu
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Qiusha Tang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Guoliang Shao
- Department of Interventional Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China.
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