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Anisha GS. Biopharmaceutical applications of α-galactosidases. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:257-267. [PMID: 35436353 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidases are exoglycosidases that are active on galactose-containing side chains in oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. α-Galactosidases are gaining increased interest in human medicine, especially in the enzyme replacement therapy for Fabry's disease. α-Galactosidases with regioselectivity toward α-1,3-linked galactose find application in xenotransplantation and blood group transformation. The use of α-galactosidases as a therapeutic agent in alleviating the postprandial symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome is much acclaimed. The excellent therapeutic applications of α-galactosidases have led to an upwelling of worldwide research interventions to identify novel α-galactosidases with improved catalytic efficiency. In addition to these therapeutic applications, α-galactosidases also have interesting applications in the industrial sectors like food, feed, probiotics, sugar, and paper pulp. The current review focuses on the diverse therapeutic applications of α-galactosidases and their prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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2
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Samiec M, Wiater J, Wartalski K, Skrzyszowska M, Trzcińska M, Lipiński D, Jura J, Smorąg Z, Słomski R, Duda M. The Relative Abundances of Human Leukocyte Antigen-E, α-Galactosidase A and α-Gal Antigenic Determinants Are Biased by Trichostatin A-Dependent Epigenetic Transformation of Triple-Transgenic Pig-Derived Dermal Fibroblast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810296. [PMID: 36142211 PMCID: PMC9499218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to establish the mitotically stable adult cutaneous fibroblast cell (ACFC) lines stemming from hFUT2×hGLA×HLA-E triple-transgenic pigs followed by trichostatin A (TSA)-assisted epigenetically modulating the reprogrammability of the transgenes permanently incorporated into the host genome and subsequent comprehensive analysis of molecular signatures related to proteomically profiling the generated ACFC lines. The results of Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses have proved that the profiles of relative abundance (RA) noticed for both recombinant human α-galactosidase A (rhα-Gal A) and human leukocyte antigen-E (HLA-E) underwent significant upregulations in tri-transgenic (3×TG) ACFCs subjected to TSA-mediated epigenetic transformation as compared to not only their TSA-unexposed counterparts but also TSA-treated and untreated non-transgenic (nTG) cells. The RT-qPCR-based analysis of porcine tri-genetically engineered ACFCs revealed stable expression of mRNA fractions transcribed from hFUT2, hGLA and HLA-E transgenes as compared to a lack of such transcriptional activities in non-transgenic ACFC variants. Furthermore, although TSA-based epigenomic modulation has given rise to a remarkable increase in the expression levels of Galα1→3Gal (α-Gal) epitopes that have been determined by lectin blotting analysis, their semi-quantitative profiles have dwindled profoundly in both TSA-exposed and unexposed 3×TG ACFCs as compared to their nTG counterparts. In conclusion, thoroughly exploring proteomic signatures in such epigenetically modulated ex vivo models devised on hFUT2×hGLA×HLA-E triple-transgenic ACFCs that display augmented reprogrammability of translational activities of two mRNA transcripts coding for rhα-Gal A and HLA-E proteins might provide a completely novel and powerful research tool for the panel of further studies. The objective of these future studies should be to multiply the tri-transgenic pigs with the aid of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-based cloning for the purposes of both xenografting the porcine cutaneous bioprostheses and dermoplasty-mediated surgical treatments in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Samiec
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Jerzy Wiater
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Kamil Wartalski
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Skrzyszowska
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Monika Trzcińska
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Daniel Lipiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-647 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Jura
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Smorąg
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-647 Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 Street, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Duda
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Jiang Z, Fu M, Zhu D, Wang X, Li N, Ren L, He J, Yang G. Genetically modified immunomodulatory cell-based biomaterials in tissue regeneration and engineering. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 66:53-73. [PMID: 35690567 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To date, the wide application of cell-based biomaterials in tissue engineering and regeneration is remarkably hampered by immune rejection. Reducing the immunogenicity of cell-based biomaterials has become the latest direction in biomaterial research. Recently, genetically modified cell-based biomaterials with immunomodulatory genes have become a feasible solution to the immunogenicity problem. In this review, recent advances and future challenges of genetically modified immunomodulatory cell-based biomaterials are elaborated, including fabrication approaches, mechanisms of common immunomodulatory genes, application and, more importantly, current preclinical and clinical advances. The fabrication approaches can be categorized into commonly used (e.g., virus transfection) and newly developed approaches. The immunomodulatory mechanisms of representative genes involve complicated cell signaling pathways and metabolic activities. Wide application in curing multiple end-term diseases and replacing lifelong immunosuppressive therapy in multiple cell and organ transplantation models is demonstrated. Most significantly, practices of genetically modified organ transplantation have been conducted on brain-dead human decedent and even on living patients after a series of experiments on nonhuman primates. Nevertheless, uncertain biosecurity, nonspecific effects and overlooked personalization of current genetically modified immunomodulatory cell-based biomaterials are shortcomings that remain to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Jiang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Mengdie Fu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Danji Zhu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Na Li
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lingfei Ren
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jin He
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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Wiater J, Samiec M, Wartalski K, Smorąg Z, Jura J, Słomski R, Skrzyszowska M, Romek M. Characterization of Mono- and Bi-Transgenic Pig-Derived Epidermal Keratinocytes Expressing Human FUT2 and GLA Genes-In Vitro Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9683. [PMID: 34575846 PMCID: PMC8469251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pig-to-human xenotransplantation seems to be the response to the contemporary shortage of tissue/organ donors. Unfortunately, the phylogenetic distance between pig and human implies hyperacute xenograft rejection. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that combining expression of human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (hFUT2) and α-galactosidase A (hGLA) genes would allow for removal of this obstacle in porcine transgenic epidermal keratinocytes (PEKs). We sought to determine not only the expression profiles of recombinant human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (rhα1,2-FT) and α-galactosidase A (rhα-Gal A) proteins, but also the relative abundance (RA) of Galα1→3Gal epitopes in the PEKs stemming from not only hFUT2 or hGLA single-transgenic and hFUT2×hGLA double-transgenic pigs. Our confocal microscopy and Western blotting analyses revealed that both rhα1,2-FT and rhα-Gal A enzymes were overabundantly expressed in respective transgenic PEK lines. Moreover, the semiquantitative levels of Galα1→3Gal epitope that were assessed by lectin fluorescence and lectin blotting were found to be significantly diminished in each variant of genetically modified PEK line as compared to those observed in the control nontransgenic PEKs. Notably, the bi-transgenic PEKs were characterized by significantly lessened (but still detectable) RAs of Galα1→3Gal epitopes as compared to those identified for both types of mono-transgenic PEK lines. Additionally, our current investigation showed that the coexpression of two protective transgenes gave rise to enhanced abrogation of Galα→3Gal epitopes in hFUT2×hGLA double-transgenic PEKs. To summarize, detailed estimation of semiquantitative profiles for human α-1,2-FT and α-Gal A proteins followed by identification of the extent of abrogating the abundance of Galα1→3Gal epitopes in the ex vivo expanded PEKs stemming from mono- and bi-transgenic pigs were found to be a sine qua non condition for efficiently ex situ protecting stable lines of skin-derived somatic cells inevitable in further studies. The latter is due to be focused on determining epigenomic reprogrammability of single- or double-transgenic cell nuclei inherited from adult cutaneous keratinocytes in porcine nuclear-transferred oocytes and corresponding cloned embryos. To our knowledge, this concept was shown to represent a completely new approach designed to generate and multiply genetically transformed pigs by somatic cell cloning for the needs of reconstructive medicine and dermoplasty-mediated tissue engineering of human integumentary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Wiater
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (J.W.); (K.W.)
| | - Marcin Samiec
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Kamil Wartalski
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (J.W.); (K.W.)
| | - Zdzisław Smorąg
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Jacek Jura
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 Street, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-647 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria Skrzyszowska
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice near Kraków, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Marek Romek
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Wiater J, Samiec M, Skrzyszowska M, Lipiński D. Trichostatin A-Assisted Epigenomic Modulation Affects the Expression Profiles of Not Only Recombinant Human α1,2-Fucosyltransferase and α-Galactosidase A Enzymes But Also Galα1→3Gal Epitopes in Porcine Bi-Transgenic Adult Cutaneous Fibroblast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1386. [PMID: 33573215 PMCID: PMC7866526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore whether trichostatin A-assisted epigenomic modulation (TSA-EM) can affect the expression of not only recombinant human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (rhα1,2-FT) and α-galactosidase A (rhα-Gal A) immune system enzymes but also Galα1→3Gal epitopes in ex vivo proliferating adult cutaneous fibroblast cells (ACFCs) derived from hFUT2×hGLA bi-transgenic pigs that had been produced for the needs of future xenotransplantation efforts. The ACFC lines were treated with 50 nM TSA for 24 h and then the expression profiles of rhα1,2-FT and rhα-Gal A enzymes were analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The expression profiles of the Galα1→3Gal epitope were determined by lectin blotting and lectin fluorescence. The ACFCs derived from non-transgenic (nTG) pigs were served as the negative (TSA-) and positive (TSA+) control groups. For both hFUT2×hGLA and nTG samples, the expression levels of α1,2-FT and α-Gal A proteins in TSA+ cells were more than twofold higher in comparison to TSA- cells. Moreover, a much lower expression of the Galα1→3Gal epitopes was shown in TSA- hFUT2×hGLA cells as compared to the TSA- nTG group. Interestingly, the levels of Galα1→3Gal expression in TSA-treated hFUT2×hGLA and nTG ACFCs were significantly higher than those noticed for their TSA-untreated counterparts. Summing up, ex vivo protection of effectively selected bi-transgenic ACFC lines, in which TSA-dependent epigenetic transformation triggered the enhancements in reprogrammability and subsequent expression of hFUT2 and hGLA transgenes and their corresponding transcripts, allows for cryopreservation of nuclear donor cells, nuclear-transferred female gametes, and resultant porcine cloned embryos. The latter can be used as a cryogenically conserved genetic resource of biological materials suitable for generation of bi-transgenic cloned offspring in pigs that is targeted at biomedical research in the field of cell/tissue xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Wiater
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Samiec
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland;
| | - Maria Skrzyszowska
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland;
| | - Daniel Lipiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-647 Poznań, Poland;
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Bhatia S, Singh A, Batra N, Singh J. Microbial production and biotechnological applications of α-galactosidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 150:1294-1313. [PMID: 31747573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase, (E.C. 3.2.1.22) is an exoglycosidase that target galactooligosaccharides such as raffinose, melibiose, stachyose and branched polysaccharides like galactomannans and galacto-glucomannans by catalysing the hydrolysis of α-1,6 linked terminal galactose residues. The enzyme has been isolated and characterized from microbial, plant and animal sources. This ubiquitous enzyme possesses physiological significance and immense industrial potential. Optimization of the growth conditions and efficient purification strategies can lead to a significant increase in the enzyme production. To boost commercial productivity, cloning of novel α-galactosidase genes and their heterologous expression in suitable host has gained popularity. Enzyme immobilization leads to its greater reutilization, superior thermostability, pH tolerance and increased activity. The enzyme is well explored in food industry in the removal of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in soymilk and sugar crystallization process. It also improves animal feed quality and biomass processing. Applications of the enzyme is in the area of biomedicine includes therapeutic advances in treatment of Fabry disease, blood group conversion and removal of α-gal type immunogenic epitopes in xenotransplantation. With considerable biotechnological applications, this enzyme has been vastly commercialized and holds greater future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhinashi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Yang C, Shang X, Cheng L, Yang L, Liu X, Bai C, Wei Z, Hua J, Li G. DNMT 1 maintains hypermethylation of CAG promoter specific region and prevents expression of exogenous gene in fat-1 transgenic sheep. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171442. [PMID: 28158319 PMCID: PMC5291418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylation is an important issue in gene expression regulation and also in the fields of genetics and reproduction. In this study, we created fat-1 transgenic sheep, investigated the fine-mapping and the modulatory mechanisms of promoter methylation. Sheep fetal fibroblasts were transfected by pCAG-fat1-IRES-EGFP. Monoclonal cell line was screened as nuclear donor and carried out nuclear transfer (441 transgenic cloned embryos, 52 synchronism recipient sheep). Six offsprings were obtained. Expressions of exogenous genes fat-1 and EGFP were detectable in 10 examined tissues and upregulated omega-3 fatty acid content. Interestingly, more or less EGFP negative cells were detectable in the positive transgenic fetal skin cells. EGFP negative and positive cells were sorted by flow cytometry, and their methylation status in the whole promoter region (1701 nt) were investigated by bisulphate sequencing. The fine-mapping of methylation in CAG promoter were proposed. The results suggested that exogenous gene expression was determined by the methylation status from 721–1346 nt and modulated by methylation levels at 101, 108 and 115 nt sites in CAG promoter. To clarify the regulatory mechanism of methylation, examination of four DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) demonstrated that hypermethylation of CAG promoter is mainly maintained by DNMT 1 in EGFP negative cells. Furthermore, investigation of the cell surface antigen CD34, CD45 and CD166 indicated that EGFP positive and negative cells belong to different types. The present study systematically clarified methylation status of CAG promoter in transgenic sheep and regulatory mechanism, which will provide research strategies for gene expression regulation in transgenic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Yang
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunling Bai
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhuying Wei
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- * E-mail:
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Sokol J, Lippert T, Borlongan CV, Stuppia L. Translating amniotic fluid-derived stem cells for transplantation in stroke. Chin Neurosurg J 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41016-016-0055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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9
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Improving the Secretory Expression of an -Galactosidase from Aspergillus niger in Pichia pastoris. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161529. [PMID: 27548309 PMCID: PMC4993465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Galactosidases are broadly used in feed, food, chemical, pulp, and pharmaceutical industries. However, there lacks a satisfactory microbial cell factory that is able to produce α-galactosidases efficiently and cost-effectively to date, which prevents these important enzymes from greater application. In this study, the secretory expression of an Aspergillus niger α-galactosidase (AGA) in Pichia pastoris was systematically investigated. Through codon optimization, signal peptide replacement, comparative selection of host strain, and saturation mutagenesis of the P1’ residue of Kex2 protease cleavage site for efficient signal peptide removal, a mutant P. pastoris KM71H (Muts) strain of AGA-I with the specific P1’ site substitution (Glu to Ile) demonstrated remarkable extracellular α-galactosidase activity of 1299 U/ml upon a 72 h methanol induction in 2.0 L fermenter. The engineered yeast strain AGA-I demonstrated approximately 12-fold higher extracellular activity compared to the initial P. pastoris strain. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the highest yield and productivity of a secreted α-galactosidase in P. pastoris, thus holding great potential for industrial application.
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Carvajal HG, Suárez-Meade P, Borlongan CV. Amnion-derived stem cell transplantation: A novel treatment for neurological disorders. Brain Circ 2016; 2:1-7. [PMID: 30276271 PMCID: PMC6126246 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.178537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we evaluated the literature reporting the use of amniotic stem cells (ASCs) in regenerative medicine for the treatment of neurological disorders. There is an increasing amount of evidence that indicates the exacerbation of the primary injury by inflammation in neurological disorders characterized by rampant inflammation, thereby increasing damage to the central nervous system (CNS). To address this, we focus on the amnion cells' anti-inflammatory properties, which make their transplantation a promising treatment for these disorders. In addition, we offered insights into new applications of the ASC in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio G Carvajal
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Florida, USA
| | - Paola Suárez-Meade
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Florida, USA
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Florida, USA
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Purification and characterisation of intracellular alpha-galactosidases from Acinetobacter sp. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:925-932. [PMID: 28324395 PMCID: PMC4624142 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Two alpha-galactosidases (Ag-I & Ag-II) were purified from Acinetobacter sp. Both the enzymes were monomeric with pH optima
of 7.0 and molecular weight of 65 kDa for Ag-I and 37 kDa for Ag-II. The temperature optima for Ag-I was between 50 and 60 °C and that of Ag-II was 40 °C. Both the enzymes were strongly inhibited by metal ions Ag2+ and Hg+, pCMB and SDS (1 %). The enzymes were found to be active on both natural and synthetic substrates. Artificial substrate, pNPGal, has shown more affinity to enzyme than natural substrate raffinose. The half-life (t1/2) of Ag-I varied from 1.85 h at 90 °C to 7.6 h at 70 °C.
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Gao HW, Li SB, Sun WQ, Yun ZM, Zhang X, Song JW, Zhang SK, Leng L, Ji SP, Tan YX, Gong F. Quantification of α-Gal Antigen Removal in the Porcine Dermal Tissue by α-Galactosidase. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:1197-204. [PMID: 26140655 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-Gal (Galα1,3-Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) epitope, the major xenoantigen, is the first barrier in a porcine-to-man tissue and organ xenotransplantation. The elimination or reduction of the α-Gal epitopes is therefore an important step for a successful xenotransplantation. The present study is to evaluate the α-Gal elimination in the porcine skin with α-galactosidase treatment, and to assess two methods (immunohistochemistry and inhibition ELISA) that may be used in quality control for quantifying the extent of the α-Gal elimination. Enzymatic cleavage in a single-step process is extremely efficient and affordable at eliminating the α-Gal epitope even in a tissue as dense as the porcine dermis. The cost of enzymatic cleavage is found to be less than US$7 for a 10 × 10 cm piece of porcine skin (0.5 mm thick) or about US$140 for 100 g of 3-dimensional soft tissues. After enzymatic cleavage, the α-Gal-positive immunostaining was essentially undetectable in enzyme-treated porcine skin. The inhibition rate constant of the monoclonal anti-Gal antibody M86 binding to α-Gal-bovine serum albumin in ELISA was reduced from 15.0 ± 4.3 (n = 10) to 6.1 ± 2.6 (n = 7) after enzyme treatment, in comparison to 4.4 ± 1.8 (n = 9) background inhibition of decellularized human skin (the ultimate negative control), which demonstrates ∼ 84% elimination of α-Gal epitopes in treated porcine skin. To examine the suitability of two detection methods for the routine quality control application, comparative studies were made with control and enzyme-treated porcine skin, porcine skin from the α-Gal knockout animal, as well as decellularized human skin. The data show that the traditional immunohistochemistry and, to a less extent, the inhibition ELISA with further modifications can be used as quality control tools in the production and selection of biocompatible bioprosthetic devices. The biological evaluation of enzyme-treated porcine skin is ongoing with a small animal model and a nonhuman primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Gao
- 1 Department of Blood Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine , Beijing, China
| | - Su-Bo Li
- 1 Department of Blood Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine , Beijing, China
| | - Wendell Q Sun
- 2 School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Min Yun
- 1 Department of Blood Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine , Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- 1 Department of Blood Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine , Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- 1 Department of Blood Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine , Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Kun Zhang
- 1 Department of Blood Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine , Beijing, China
| | - Ling Leng
- 1 Department of Blood Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine , Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Ping Ji
- 1 Department of Blood Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine , Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Xia Tan
- 1 Department of Blood Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine , Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gong
- 1 Department of Blood Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine , Beijing, China
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13
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Elias M, Hoover J, Nguyen H, Reyes S, Lawton C, Borlongan CV. Stroke therapy: the potential of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2015; 10:321-326. [PMID: 26401122 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.15.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Elias
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jaclyn Hoover
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, FL 33612, USA
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, FL 33612, USA
| | - Stephanny Reyes
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, FL 33612, USA
| | - Christopher Lawton
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, FL 33612, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, FL 33612, USA ; Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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14
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Boksa M, Zeyland J, Słomski R, Lipiński D. Immune modulation in xenotransplantation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 63:181-92. [PMID: 25354539 PMCID: PMC4429136 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of animals as donors of tissues and organs for xenotransplantations may help in meeting the increasing demand for organs for human transplantations. Clinical studies indicate that the domestic pig best satisfies the criteria of organ suitability for xenotransplantation. However, the considerable phylogenetic distance between humans and the pig causes tremendous immunological problems after transplantation, thus genetic modifications need to be introduced to the porcine genome, with the aim of reducing xenotransplant immunogenicity. Advances in genetic engineering have facilitated the incorporation of human genes regulating the complement into the porcine genome, knockout of the gene encoding the formation of the Gal antigen (α1,3-galactosyltransferase) or modification of surface proteins in donor cells. The next step is two-fold. Firstly, to inhibit processes of cell-mediated xenograft rejection, involving natural killer cells and macrophages. Secondly, to inhibit rejection caused by the incompatibility of proteins participating in the regulation of the coagulation system, which leads to a disruption of the equilibrium in pro- and anti-coagulant activity. Only a simultaneous incorporation of several gene constructs will make it possible to produce multitransgenic animals whose organs, when transplanted to human recipients, would be resistant to hyperacute and delayed xenograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Boksa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznań, Poland,
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15
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Zeyland J, Woźniak A, Gawrońska B, Juzwa W, Jura J, Nowak A, Słomski R, Smorąg Z, Szalata M, Mazurek U, Lipiński D. Double transgenic pigs with combined expression of human α1,2-fucosyltransferase and α-galactosidase designed to avoid hyperacute xenograft rejection. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:411-22. [PMID: 24554032 PMCID: PMC4164832 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hyperacute rejection (HAR) depends on the response of xenoreactive antibodies principally against porcine α-Gal epitope. Methods eliminating HAR include GGTA1 inactivation, regulation of the complement system and modification of the oligosaccharide structure of surface proteins in donor's cells. Transgenic animals designed for the purpose of xenotransplantation with single modification do not display full reduction of the α-Gal epitope level, which means that a accumulation of several modifications in one transgenic individual is needed. The aim of the study was to create a molecular and cytogenetic profile of a double transgenic animal with α1,2-fucosyltransferase and α-galactosidase expression. As a result of interbreeding of an individual with α1,2-fucosyltransferase expression with an individual with α-galactosidase expression 12 living piglets were obtained. PCR revealed the pCMVFUT gene construct was present in four individuals and pGAL-GFPBsd in three, including one with a confirmed integration of both the gene constructs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the site of transgene integration, which corresponded to the mapping site of the transgenes which occurred in the parental generations. Karyotype analysis did not show any changes in the structure or the number of chromosomes (2n = 38, XX). As for the results pertaining to the single transgenic individuals, expression analysis demonstrated a high extent of α-Gal epitope level reduction on the surface of cells, whereas human serum cytotoxicity tests revealed the smallest decrease in longevity of cells in the obtained double transgenic individual (4.35 %). The tests suggest that the co-expression of both the transgenes leads to a considerable reduction of the α-Gal antigen level on the surface of cells and a decrease of xenotransplant immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznan, Poland,
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16
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Lin YS, Yang CC, Hsu CC, Hsu JT, Wu SC, Lin CJ, Cheng WTK. Establishment of a novel, eco-friendly transgenic pig model using porcine pancreatic amylase promoter-driven fungal cellulase transgenes. Transgenic Res 2014; 24:61-71. [PMID: 25063310 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Competition between humans and livestock for cereal and legume grains makes it challenging to provide economical feeds to livestock animals. Recent increases in corn and soybean prices have had a significant impact on the cost of feed for pig producers. The utilization of byproducts and alternative ingredients in pig diets has the potential to reduce feed costs. Moreover, unlike ruminants, pigs have limited ability to utilize diets with high fiber content because they lack endogenous enzymes capable of breaking down nonstarch polysaccharides into simple sugars. Here, we investigated the feasibility of a transgenic strategy in which expression of the fungal cellulase transgene was driven by the porcine pancreatic amylase promoter in pigs. A 2,488 bp 5'-flanking region of the porcine pancreatic amylase gene was cloned by the genomic walking technique, and its structural features were characterized. Using GFP as a reporter, we found that this region contained promoter activity and had the potential to control heterologous gene expression. Transgenic pigs were generated by pronuclear microinjection. Founders and offspring were identified by PCR and Southern blot analyses. Cellulase mRNA and protein showed tissue-specific expression in the pancreas of F1 generation pigs. Cellulolytic enzyme activity was also identified in the pancreas of transgenic pigs. These results demonstrated the establishment of a tissue-specific promoter of the porcine pancreatic amylase gene. Transgenic pigs expressing exogenous cellulase may represent a way to increase the intake of low-cost, fiber-rich feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Behnam Manesh S, Omani Samani R, Behnam Manesh S. Ethical issues of transplanting organs from transgenic animals into human beings. CELL JOURNAL 2014; 16:353-60. [PMID: 25383334 PMCID: PMC4204195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important applications of transgenic animals for medical purposes is to transplant their organs into human's body, an issue which has caused a lot of ethical and scientific discussions. we can divide the ethical arguments to two comprehensive groups; the first group which is known as deontological critiques (related to the action itself regardless of any results pointing the human or animal) and the second group, called the consequentialist critiques (which are directly pointing the consequences of the action). The latter arguments also can be divided to two subgroups. In the first one which named anthropocentrism, just humankind has inherent value in the moral society, and it studies the problem just from a human-based point of view while in second named, biocentrism all the living organism have this value and it deals specially with the problem from the animal-based viewpoint. In this descriptive-analytic study, ethical issues were retrieved from books, papers, international guidelines, thesis, declarations and instructions, and even some weekly journals using keywords related to transgenic animals, organ, and transplantation. According to the precautionary principle with the strong legal and ethical background, due to lack of accepted scientific certainties about the safety of the procedure, in this phase, transplanting animal's organs into human beings have the potential harm and danger for both human and animals, and application of this procedure is unethical until the safety to human will be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Behnam Manesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health at Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan
Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran,P.O.Box: 16635148Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health at Reproductive Epidemiology Research CenterRoyan Institute for Reproductive BiomedicineACECRTehranIran
| | - Reza Omani Samani
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health at Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan
Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran,Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Behnam Manesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health at Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan
Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Schneider MKJ, Seebach JD. Xenotransplantation literature update, September-October 2013. Xenotransplantation 2013; 20:481-6. [PMID: 24289471 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mårten K J Schneider
- Laboratory of Vascular Immunology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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