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Salayev K, Rocca C, Kaiyrzhanov R, Guliyeva U, Guliyeva S, Mursalova A, Rahman F, Anwar N, Zafar F, Jan F, Rana N, Maqbool S, Efthymiou S, Houlden H. AP4B1-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia: Expansion of clinico-genetic phenotype and geographic range. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104620. [PMID: 36122674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases that present with weakness and stiffness in the lower limb muscles and lead to progressive neurological decline. Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in genes that encode subunits of the adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) lead to complex HSP. This study aimed to identify causative genetic variants in consanguineous families with HSP from Azerbaijan and Pakistan. METHODS We performed a thorough clinical and neuroradiological characterization followed by exome sequencing in 7 patients from 3 unrelated families. Segregation analysis was subsequently performed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS We describe 7 patients (4 males, 2-31 years of age) with developmental delay and spasticity. Similar to the previously reported cases with AP4B1-associated HSP, cases in the present report besides spasticity in the lower limbs had additional features including microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, infantile hypotonia, and epilepsy. The imaging findings included thin corpus callosum, white matter loss, and ventriculomegaly. CONCLUSION In this study, we report 7 novel cases of HSP caused by bi-allelic variants in AP4B1 in Azerbaijani and Pakistani families. Our observations will help clinicians observe and compare common and unique clinical features of AP4B1-associated HSP patients, further improving our current understanding of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Salayev
- Azerbaijan Medical University, Department of Neurology, Baku, AZ, 1010, Azerbaijan
| | - Clarissa Rocca
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Ulviyya Guliyeva
- MediClub Hospital, 45, Uzeyir Hajibeyli Str., Baku, AZ, 1010, Azerbaijan
| | - Sughra Guliyeva
- MediClub Hospital, 45, Uzeyir Hajibeyli Str., Baku, AZ, 1010, Azerbaijan
| | - Aytan Mursalova
- Baku City Gerontologic Centre, Azadliq Ave., Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Fatima Rahman
- Development and Behavioral Pediatrics Department, Institute of Child Health and the Children Hospital, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Najwa Anwar
- Development and Behavioral Pediatrics Department, Institute of Child Health and the Children Hospital, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Zafar
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Farida Jan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nuzhat Rana
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Maqbool
- Development and Behavioral Pediatrics Department, Institute of Child Health and the Children Hospital, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK.
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2
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Gómez-González C, Pizarro-Sánchez C, Rodríguez-Antolín C, Pascual-Pascual I, Garcia-Romero M, Rodriguez-Jiménez C, de Sancho-Martín R, Del Pozo-Mate Á, Solís-López M, Prior-de Castro C, Torres RJ. Hereditary spastic paraplegia associated with a novel homozygous intronic noncanonical splice site variant in the AP4B1 gene. Ann Hum Genet 2021; 86:109-118. [PMID: 34927723 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the AP4B1 gene lead to a rare form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) known as SPG47. We report on a patient with a clinical suspicion of complicated HSP of the lower limbs with intellectual disability, as well as a novel homozygous noncanonical splice site variant in the AP4B1 gene, in which the effect on splicing was validated by RNA analysis. We sequenced 152 genes associated with HSP using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). We isolated total RNA from peripheral blood and generated cDNA using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A region of AP4B1 mRNA was amplified by PCR and the fragments obtained were purified from the agarose gel and sequenced. We found a homozygous variant of uncertain significance in the AP4B1 gene NM_006594.4: c.1511-6C>G in the proband. Two different AP4B1 mRNA fragments were obtained in the patient and his carrier parents. The shorter fragment was the predominant fragment in the patient and revealed a deletion with skipping of the AP4B1 exon 10. The patient's longer fragment corresponded to an insertion of the last five nucleotides of AP4B1 intron 9. We confirmed that this variant affects the normal splicing of RNA, sustaining the molecular diagnosis of SPG47 in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Gómez-González
- Department of Molecular Genetics, INGEMM, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Rodríguez-Antolín
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, INGEMM, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Biomarkers and Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mar Garcia-Romero
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Mario Solís-López
- Department of Bioinformatics, INGEMM, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rosa J Torres
- Biochemistry Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute (FIBHULP), IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain
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3
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Shin J, Nile A, Oh JW. Role of adaptin protein complexes in intracellular trafficking and their impact on diseases. Bioengineered 2021; 12:8259-8278. [PMID: 34565296 PMCID: PMC8806629 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1982846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptin proteins (APs) play a crucial role in intracellular cell trafficking. The 'classical' role of APs is carried out by AP1‒3, which bind to clathrin, cargo, and accessory proteins. Accordingly, AP1-3 are crucial for both vesicle formation and sorting. All APs consist of four subunits that are indispensable for their functions. In fact, based on studies using cells, model organism knockdown/knock-out, and human variants, each subunit plays crucial roles and contributes to the specificity of each AP. These studies also revealed that the sorting and intracellular trafficking function of AP can exert varying effects on pathology by controlling features such as cell development, signal transduction related to the apoptosis and proliferation pathways in cancer cells, organelle integrity, receptor presentation, and viral infection. Although the roles and functions of AP1‒3 are relatively well studied, the functions of the less abundant and more recently identified APs, AP4 and AP5, are still to be investigated. Further studies on these APs may enable a better understanding and targeting of specific diseases.APs known or suggested locations and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Animal Resources Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Arti Nile
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Animal Resources Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Animal Resources Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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4
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Rudenskaya GE, Guseva DM, Mironovich OL, Kadnikova VA, Dadali EL, Komar'kov IF, Novoselova OG, Ryzhkova OP. [AP4-assocated hereditary spastic paraplegias]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:71-78. [PMID: 33728854 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the course of studies of spastic paraplegias in Russian patients to detect AP4-associated forms, estimate their proportion in the total SPG group and analyze clinical and molecular characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five families of Russian ethnicity: four with SPG47, one with SPG51 (4 girls and a boy aged 2.5-9 years) were studied. Clinical and genealogical methods, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and verification by familial Sanger sequencing were used. RESULTS In our total group, including 118 families with 21 different forms, SPG AP4-associated forms accounted for 4.2% owing mainly to SPG47 (3.4%, 5th place in SPG structure; 20% and 2nd place in AE subgroup.) In non-consanguineous, unrelated SPG47 families three patients had identical genotypes: homozygosity for an earlier reported mutation c.1160_1161 delCA (p.Thr387ArgfsTer30) in AP4B1 exon 6; the 4th patient was compound-heterozygous for the same mutation and novel c.1240C>T (p.Gln414Ter) in exon 7. Frequency of c.1160_1161 delCA may be caused by founder effect in Slavic populations though the idea needs additional studies. The SPG51 patient was compound heterozygous for novel AP4E1 mutations c.2604delA (p.Ser868fs) and c.3346A>G (p.Arg1116Gly). Parent's heterozygosity in all cases was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Phenotypes were typical: early development delay, muscle hypotony transforming into sever spasticity, mental deficiency, microceplaly (in all SPG47 cases), epilepsy (in 3 SPG47 and SPG51 cases), MRI changes, mainly hydrocephalus and/or hypoplasia of corpus callosum (in 3 SPG47 cases) and few extraneural signs. CONCLUSION AP4-associated SPG should be taken into consideration in patients with early-onset severe nervous diseases mimicking non-genetic organic CNS disorders and massive exome sequencing (WES or other variants) should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D M Guseva
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - V A Kadnikova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - E L Dadali
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - O P Ryzhkova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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Beheshtian M, Akhtarkhavari T, Mehvari S, Mohseni M, Fattahi Z, Abedini SS, Arzhangi S, Fadaee M, Jamali P, Najafipour R, Kalscheuer VM, Hu H, Ropers HH, Najmabadi H, Kahrizi K. Comprehensive genotype-phenotype correlation in AP-4 deficiency syndrome; Adding data from a large cohort of Iranian patients. Clin Genet 2020; 99:187-192. [PMID: 32895917 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in adaptor protein complex-4 (AP-4) genes have first been identified in 2009, causing a phenotype termed as AP-4 deficiency syndrome. Since then several patients with overlapping phenotypes, comprised of intellectual disability (ID) and spastic tetraplegia have been reported. To delineate the genotype-phenotype correlation of the AP-4 deficiency syndrome, we add the data from 30 affected individuals from 12 out of 640 Iranian families with ID in whom we detected disease-causing variants in AP-4 complex subunits, using next-generation sequencing. Furthermore, by comparing genotype-phenotype findings of those affected individuals with previously reported patients, we further refine the genotype-phenotype correlation in this syndrome. The most frequent reported clinical findings in the 101 cases consist of ID and/or global developmental delay (97%), speech disorders (92.1%), inability to walk (90.1%), spasticity (77.2%), and microcephaly (75.2%). Spastic tetraplegia has been reported in 72.3% of the investigated patients. The major brain imaging findings are abnormal corpus callosum morphology (63.4%) followed by ventriculomegaly (44.5%). Our result might suggest the AP-4 deficiency syndrome as a major differential diagnostic for unknown hereditary neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Beheshtian
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tara Akhtarkhavari
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mehvari
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohseni
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Fattahi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sedigheh Abedini
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Arzhangi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Fadaee
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payman Jamali
- Genetic Counseling Center, Shahroud Welfare Organization, Semnan, Iran
| | - Reza Najafipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Genetic Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hao Hu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hans-Hilger Ropers
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Human Genetics, University Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology and Genetics Center, Molecular division, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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