1
|
Itzenhäuser P, Wachter FM, Lehmann L, Rajkovic M, Benter T, Wißdorf W. Dynamics of the Aspiration of Charged Droplets into a LC-ESI-MS System. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024. [PMID: 39256185 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) enables coupling between liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Since it is a gentle ionization method, it is frequently used for the analysis of large biomolecules. In recent years, several experimental setups have demonstrated that the use of ESI results in the formation of charged droplets that are aspirated into the vacuum systems of mass spectrometers. This results in a variety of consequences, such as instrument contamination, which can impede the analytical performance. We investigate the signatures of aspirated charged droplets with a commercial LC-ESI-MS system at analytical conditions. Previous observations without LC coupling are reproduced and show that significant droplet aspiration is probably taking place at analytical LC-ESI-MS conditions. This common phenomenon likely decreases the instrument sensitivity. Analyte can be released by isolation and fragmentation of droplet fragments; thus, aspirated droplets can mask analyte even in the mass analyzer region. The complex morphology of droplet MS/MS mass spectra is highly reproducible at the same experimental conditions. This implies the existence of distinct molecular reaction pathways of the droplet fragments. To assess the effect of droplet aspiration on analytical applications, relevant method and ion source parameters, which are commonly varied during method optimization, were investigated. Further variations of the solvent composition revealed that the aspirated droplets and their fragmentation are particularly sensitive to the solvent composition and thus also to the LC solvent gradient in an analytical experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Itzenhäuser
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Max Wachter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Laura Lehmann
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michelle Rajkovic
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Walter Wißdorf
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chua ZQ, Prabhu GRD, Wang YW, Raju CM, Buchowiecki K, Ochirov O, Elpa DP, Urban PL. Moderate Signal Enhancement in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry by Focusing Electrospray Plume with a Dielectric Layer around the Mass Spectrometer's Orifice. Molecules 2024; 29:316. [PMID: 38257229 PMCID: PMC10821223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is among the commonly used atmospheric pressure ionization techniques in mass spectrometry (MS). One of the drawbacks of ESI is the formation of divergent plumes composed of polydisperse microdroplets, which lead to low transmission efficiency. Here, we propose a new method to potentially improve the transmission efficiency of ESI, which does not require additional electrical components and complex interface modification. A dielectric plate-made of ceramic-was used in place of a regular metallic sampling cone. Due to the charge accumulation on the dielectric surface, the dielectric layer around the MS orifice distorts the electric field, focusing the charged electrospray cloud towards the MS inlet. The concept was first verified using charge measurement on the dielectric material surface and computational simulation; then, online experiments were carried out to demonstrate the potential of this method in MS applications. In the online experiment, signal enhancements were observed for dielectric plates with different geometries, distances of the electrospray needle axis from the MS inlet, and various compounds. For example, in the case of acetaminophen (15 μM), the signal enhancement was up to 1.82 times (plate B) using the default distance of the electrospray needle axis from the MS inlet (d = 1.5 mm) and 12.18 times (plate C) using a longer distance (d = 7 mm).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi Qing Chua
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D. Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Yi-Wun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Chamarthi Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Krzysztof Buchowiecki
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Ochir Ochirov
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Decibel P. Elpa
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan (Y.-W.W.); (C.M.R.); (K.B.); (O.O.); (D.P.E.)
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Basuri P, Chakraborty A, Ahuja T, Mondal B, Kumar JS, Pradeep T. Spatial reorganization of analytes in charged aqueous microdroplets. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13321-13329. [PMID: 36507174 PMCID: PMC9682915 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04589c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinted charged aqueous droplets of micrometer dimensions containing spherical gold and silver nanoparticles, gold nanorods, proteins and simple molecules were visualized using dark-field and transmission electron microscopies. With such studies, we hoped to understand the unusual chemistry exhibited by microdroplets. These droplets with sizes in the range of 1-100 μm were formed using a home-built electrospray source with nitrogen as the nebulization gas. Several remarkable features such as mass/size-selective segregation and spatial localization of solutes in nanometer-thin regions of microdroplets were visualized, along with the formation of micro-nano vacuoles. Electrospray parameters such as distance between the spray tip and surface, voltage and nebulization gas pressure influenced particle distribution within the droplets. We relate these features to unusual phenomena such as the enhancement of rates of chemical reactions in microdroplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Basuri
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Tripti Ahuja
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Jenifer Shantha Kumar
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
- International Centre for Clean Water Chennai Tamil Nadu 600113 India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He J, Zhang H, Wang W, Ma Y, Yang M, He Y, Liu Z, Yu K, Jiang J. Probing autoxidation of oleic acid at air-water interface: A neglected and significant pathway for secondary organic aerosols formation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113232. [PMID: 35398317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids have been proposed to be a potential source of precursors for SOAs, but the autoxidation process was neglected in the oxidation studies. Here, the autoxidation of oleic acid was explored using microdroplet mass spectrometry. Bulk solution, concentration and solvent composition experiments provided direct evidences for that the autoxidation occurred at or near the air-water interface. The kinetic data showed an acceleration at this interface and was comparable to ozonation, indicating that autoxidation is an important pathway for SOAs formation. In addition, intermediates/products were captured and identified using tandem mass spectrometry, spin-trapping and quenched agents. The autoxidation mechanism was divided into addition intermediates (AIs) and Criegee intermediates (CIs) pathways mediated by hydroxyl radicals (OH). The CI chemistry which is ubiquitous in gas phase was observed at the air-water interface, and this leaded to the mass/volume loss of aerosols. Inversely, the AI chemistry caused the increase of mass, density and hygroscopicity of aerosols. AI chemistry was dominated compared to CI chemistry, but varied by concerning aerosol sizes, ultraviolet light (UV) and charge. Moreover, the MS approach of selectively probing the interfacial substances at the scale of sub-seconds opens new opportunities to study heterogeneous chemistry in atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China.
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Yingxue Ma
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Miao Yang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Yuwei He
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jin W, Xiao J, Ren H, Li C, Zheng Q, Tong Z. Three-dimensional simulation of impinging jet atomization of soft mist inhalers using the hybrid VOF-DPM model. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
6
|
Wu J, Zhang W, Ouyang Z. On-Demand Mass Spectrometry Analysis by Miniature Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6003-6007. [PMID: 33819018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) has become a powerful tool for the analysis of biomolecules by mass spectrometry (MS). The process of ESI is difficult to control, and side reactions such as electrochemical reactions can occur during the ESI process because of the high voltages applied. Herein, a novel on-demand MS analysis method was developed based on discontinuous ion injection-induced ESI on a miniature MS system. Highly efficient ionization was enabled under low voltages (<300 V) using a discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface. On-demand ionization showed comparable sensitivity with regular nanoESI for the analyses of a series of compounds. It was found to be softer than regular ESI or nanoESI methods for ionization of proteins such as myoglobin and cytochrome C. As the ionization finished as soon as the interface was closed, the sample consumption was observed to reduce significantly for MS analysis, allowing single-cell analysis with multiple MS and MS/MS measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee JK, Han HS, Chaikasetsin S, Marron DP, Waymouth RM, Prinz FB, Zare RN. Condensing water vapor to droplets generates hydrogen peroxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30934-30941. [PMID: 33229543 PMCID: PMC7733789 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020158117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It was previously shown [J. K. Lee et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 116, 19294-19298 (2019)] that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is spontaneously produced in micrometer-sized water droplets (microdroplets), which are generated by atomizing bulk water using nebulization without the application of an external electric field. Here we report that H2O2 is spontaneously produced in water microdroplets formed by dropwise condensation of water vapor on low-temperature substrates. Because peroxide formation is induced by a strong electric field formed at the water-air interface of microdroplets, no catalysts or external electrical bias, as well as precursor chemicals, are necessary. Time-course observations of the H2O2 production in condensate microdroplets showed that H2O2 was generated from microdroplets with sizes typically less than ∼10 µm. The spontaneous production of H2O2 was commonly observed on various different substrates, including silicon, plastic, glass, and metal. Studies with substrates with different surface conditions showed that the nucleation and the growth processes of condensate water microdroplets govern H2O2 generation. We also found that the H2O2 production yield strongly depends on environmental conditions, including relative humidity and substrate temperature. These results show that the production of H2O2 occurs in water microdroplets formed by not only atomizing bulk water but also condensing water vapor, suggesting that spontaneous water oxidation to form H2O2 from water microdroplets is a general phenomenon. These findings provide innovative opportunities for green chemistry at heterogeneous interfaces, self-cleaning of surfaces, and safe and effective disinfection. They also may have important implications for prebiotic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hyun Soo Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Daniel P Marron
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Fritz B Prinz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yin Z, Huang J, Miao H, Hu O, Li H. High-Pressure Electrospray Ionization Yields Supercharged Protein Complexes from Native Solutions While Preserving Noncovalent Interactions. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12312-12321. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ou Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huilin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Aqueous microdroplets (<1.3 µm in diameter on average) containing 15 mM d-ribose, 15 mM phosphoric acid, and 5 mM of a nucleobase (uracil, adenine, cytosine, or hypoxanthine) are electrosprayed from a capillary at +5 kV into a mass spectrometer at room temperature and 1 atm pressure with 3 mM divalent magnesium ion (Mg2+) as a catalyst. Mass spectra show the formation of ribonucleosides that comprise a four-letter alphabet of RNA with a yield of 2.5% of uridine (U), 2.5% of adenosine (A), 0.7% of cytidine (C), and 1.7% of inosine (I) during the flight time of ∼50 µs. In the case of uridine, no catalyst is required. An aqueous solution containing guanine cannot be generated under the same conditions given the extreme insolubility of guanine in water. However, inosine can base pair with cytidine and thus substitute for guanosine. Thus, a full set of ribonucleosides to generate the purine-pyrimidine base pairs A-U and I-C are spontaneously generated in aqueous microdroplets under similar mild conditions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abiotic production of sugar phosphates and uridine ribonucleoside in aqueous microdroplets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12396-12400. [PMID: 29078402 PMCID: PMC5703324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714896114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is essential for life. Phosphorylated molecules play diverse functions in cells, including metabolic (e.g., sugar phosphates), structural (e.g., phospholipids), and instructional (e.g., RNA and DNA). In nature, the phosphorylation of sugars via condensation is thermodynamically and kinetically unfavorable in bulk solution. Thus, a key question arising within prebiotic chemistry concerning the origin of life is, “How was phosphorus incorporated into the biological world?” Here, we show that sugar phosphates and a ribonucleoside form spontaneously in microdroplets, without enzymes or an external energy source. Sugar phosphorylation in microdroplets has a lower entropic cost than in bulk solution. Therefore, thermodynamic obstacles of prebiotic condensation reactions can be circumvented in microdroplets. Phosphorylation is an essential chemical reaction for life. This reaction generates fundamental cell components, including building blocks for RNA and DNA, phospholipids for cell walls, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy storage. However, phosphorylation reactions are thermodynamically unfavorable in solution. Consequently, a long-standing question in prebiotic chemistry is how abiotic phosphorylation occurs in biological compounds. We find that the phosphorylation of various sugars to form sugar-1-phosphates can proceed spontaneously in aqueous microdroplets containing a simple mixture of sugars and phosphoric acid. The yield for d-ribose-1-phosphate reached over 6% at room temperature, giving a ΔG value of −1.1 kcal/mol, much lower than the +5.4 kcal/mol for the reaction in bulk solution. The temperature dependence of the product yield for the phosphorylation in microdroplets revealed a negative enthalpy change (ΔH = −0.9 kcal/mol) and a negligible change of entropy (ΔS = 0.0007 kcal/mol·K). Thus, the spontaneous phosphorylation reaction in microdroplets occurred by overcoming the entropic hurdle of the reaction encountered in bulk solution. Moreover, uridine, a pyrimidine ribonucleoside, is generated in aqueous microdroplets containing d-ribose, phosphoric acid, and uracil, which suggests the possibility that microdroplets could serve as a prebiotic synthetic pathway for ribonucleosides.
Collapse
|
11
|
Miller CF, Kulyk DS, Kim JW, Badu-Tawiah AK. Re-configurable, multi-mode contained-electrospray ionization for protein folding and unfolding on the millisecond time scale. Analyst 2017; 142:2152-2160. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00362e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Contained-electrospray ionization enables online selection of protein charge states by a direct infusion of reactive vapors and liquids into charged micro-droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colbert F. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Dmytro S. Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Jongin W. Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng F, Wang D, Fang H, Wang H, Wang M, Huang K, Chen H, Feng S. Controlled Crystallization of Sodium Chloride Nanocrystals in Microdroplets Produced by Electrospray from an Ultra-Dilute Solution. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
The analytical performance and a suggested mechanism for zero volt paper spray using chromatography paper are presented. A spray is generated by the action of the pneumatic force of the mass spectrometer (MS) vacuum at the inlet. Positive and negative ion signals are observed, and comparisons are made with standard kV paper spray (PS) ionization and nanoelectrospray ionization (nESI). While the range of analytes to which zero volt PS is applicable is very similar to kV PS and nESI, differences in the mass spectra of mixtures are interpreted in terms of the more significant effects of analyte surface activity in the gentler zero volt experiment than in the other methods due to the significantly lower charge. The signal intensity of zero volt PS is also lower than in the other methods. A Monte Carlo simulation based on statistical fluctuation of positive and negative ions in solution has been implemented to explain the production of ions from initially uncharged droplets. Uncharged droplets first break up due to aerodynamics forces until they are in the 2-4 μm size range and then undergo Coulombic fission. A model involving statistical charge fluctuations in both phases predicts detection limits similar to those observed experimentally and explains the effects of binary mixture components on relative ionization efficiencies. The proposed mechanism may also play a role in ionization by other voltage-free methods.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zühlke M, Riebe D, Beitz T, Löhmannsröben HG, Zenichowski K, Diener M, Linscheid MW. An electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometer as detector for high- performance liquid chromatography. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:391-402. [PMID: 26307720 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The application of electrospray ionization (ESI) ion mobility (IM) spectrometry on the detection end of a high-performance liquid chromatograph has been a subject of study for some time. So far, this method has been limited to low flow rates or has required splitting of the liquid flow. This work presents a novel concept of an ESI source facilitating the stable operation of the spectrometer at flow rates between 10 μL mn(-1) and 1500 μL min(-1) without flow splitting, advancing the T-cylinder design developed by Kurnin and co-workers. Flow rates eight times faster than previously reported were achieved because of a more efficient dispersion of the liquid at increased electrospray voltages combined with nebulization by a sheath gas. Imaging revealed the spray operation to be in a rotationally symmetric multijet mode. The novel ESI-IM spectrometer tolerates high water contents (≤90%) and electrolyte concentrations up to 10mM, meeting another condition required of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detectors. Limits of detection of 50 nM for promazine in the positive mode and 1 μM for 1,3-dinitrobenzene in the negative mode were established. Three mixtures of reduced complexity (five surfactants, four neuroleptics, and two isomers) were separated in the millisecond regime in stand-alone operation of the spectrometer. Separations of two more complex mixtures (five neuroleptics and 13 pesticides) demonstrate the application of the spectrometer as an HPLC detector. The examples illustrate the advantages of the spectrometer over the established diode array detector, in terms of additional IM separation of substances not fully separated in the retention time domain as well as identification of substances based on their characteristic Ims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zühlke
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.. mzuehlke@uni- potsdam.de
| | - Daniel Riebe
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany..
| | - Toralf Beitz
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany..
| | - Hans-Gerd Löhmannsröben
- University of Potsdam, Physical Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.. - potsdam.de
| | - Karl Zenichowski
- KNAUER Wissenschaftliche Geräte GmbH, Hegauer Weg 38, 14163 Berlin, Germany..
| | - Marc Diener
- KNAUER Wissenschaftliche Geräte GmbH, Hegauer Weg 38, 14163 Berlin, Germany..
| | - Michael W Linscheid
- Humboldt University, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany..
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Savtchenko S, Ashgriz N, Jolliffe C, Cousins L, Gamble H. Effect of swirling desolvation gas flow in an atmospheric pressure ion source. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1549-1556. [PMID: 24916800 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A numerical study is performed to examine the effect of introducing a swirling desolvation gas flow on the flow transport characteristics in an electrospray and an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) system. An ion source having three coaxial tubes is considered: (1) an inner capillary tube to inject the liquid sample, (2) a center coaxial tube to provide a room temperature gas flow to nebulize the liquid, referred to as the nebulizing gas flow, and (3) an outer coaxial tube having a converging exit to supply a high temperature gas for droplet desolvation, referred to as the desolvation gas flow. The results show that a swirling desolvation gas flow reduces the dispersion of the nebulizing gas and suppresses turbulent diffusion. The effect of swirling desolvation flow on the trajectory of a range of droplet sizes emitted from a source is also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serguei Savtchenko
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S-3G8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rahman MM, Mandal MK, Hiraoka K, Chen LC. High pressure nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry for analysis of aqueous solutions. Analyst 2014; 138:6316-22. [PMID: 23979728 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00699a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) with a very fine emitter and nanoliter solution flow rate is known to be suitable for aqueous solutions. However, under atmospheric pressure, its stability with aqueous solutions is not always guaranteed particularly in the negative ion mode where corona and arc discharge tend to occur more easily. Electrical discharge can be quenched to a certain extent by adding electron scavenging gases like SF6 or CO2 to the ion source. The onset potential that is required to induce the discharge also increases with an increase of gas pressure. Recently, we have reported on a series of high pressure electrospray ion sources that were stable in both positive and negative ion modes using air or N2 as the working gas. In this paper, we compare the performance of nanoelectrospray under atmospheric pressure and super-atmospheric pressure for the analysis of samples in aqueous solution. The comparative study was performed using the same ion source chamber that could be pressurized up to 6 bar. The pressure in the first pumping stage of the mass spectrometer was kept constant when the ion source pressure was changed by using an additional pump with variable pumping speed. High pressure nanoESI optimized at 2-3 bar demonstrated a 3-5 times improvement in ion signal intensity compared to atmospheric pressure nanoESI, and the signal stability was significantly improved particularly in the negative mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Matiur Rahman
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511 Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pauly M, Sroka M, Reiss J, Rinke G, Albarghash A, Vogelgesang R, Hahne H, Kuster B, Sesterhenn J, Kern K, Rauschenbach S. A hydrodynamically optimized nano-electrospray ionization source and vacuum interface. Analyst 2014; 139:1856-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
18
|
Gibson SC, Feigerle CS, Cook KD. Fluorometric Measurement and Modeling of Droplet Temperature Changes in an Electrospray Plume. Anal Chem 2013; 86:464-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402364g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 552 Buehler Hall, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Charles S. Feigerle
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 552 Buehler Hall, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Kelsey D. Cook
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 552 Buehler Hall, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
- National Science Foundation, 4201
Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ingram AJ, Wolk AB, Flender C, Zhang J, Johnson CJ, Hintermair U, Crabtree RH, Johnson MA, Zare RN. Modes of Activation of Organometallic Iridium Complexes for Catalytic Water and C–H Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2013; 53:423-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402390t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Ingram
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Arron B. Wolk
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Cornelia Flender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Jialing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Christopher J. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Enami S, Colussi AJ. Long-range specific ion-ion interactions in hydrogen-bonded liquid films. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:184706. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4803652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
21
|
Frankevich V, Nieckarz RJ, Sagulenko PN, Barylyuk K, Zenobi R, Levitsky LI, Agapov AY, Perlova TY, Gorshkov MV, Tarasova IA. Probing the mechanisms of ambient ionization by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1567-1572. [PMID: 22638974 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ionization mechanisms of several atmospheric pressure ion sources based on desorption and ionization of samples deposited on a surface were studied. Home-built desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), laserspray ionization (LSI), and atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-MALDI) sources were characterized using low-molecular-weight compounds, in particular fluorescent dyes. Detection of the desorbed and ionized species was performed by laser-induced fluorescence and ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The dependences of the signal intensities on various experimental parameters were studied. The data obtained reveals common features, such as formation of solvated species and clusters in the ionization processes, in all of the techniques considered.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aspirin/analysis
- Aspirin/chemistry
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Ions/analysis
- Ions/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Frankevich
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Wolfgang Pauli Str. 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Baker CA, Roper MG. Online coupling of digital microfluidic devices with mass spectrometry detection using an eductor with electrospray ionization. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2955-60. [PMID: 22384846 DOI: 10.1021/ac300100b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MS detection coupled with digital microfluidic (DMF) devices has most commonly been demonstrated in an offline manner using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization. In this work, an eductor is demonstrated which facilitated online coupling of DMF with electrospray ionization MS detection. The eductor consisted of a transfer capillary, a standard ESI needle, and a tapered gas nozzle. As a pulse of N(2) was applied to the nozzle, a pressure differential was induced at the outlet of the ESI needle that pulled droplets from the DMF, past the ESI needle, and into the flow of gas exiting the nozzle, allowing detection by MS. Operating position, ionization potential, and N(2) pressure were optimized, with the optimum ionization potential and N(2) pressure found to be 3206 V and 80 psi, respectively. Online MS detection was demonstrated from both open and closed DMF devices using 2.5 μL and 630 nL aqueous droplets, respectively. Relative quantitation by DMF-MS was demonstrated by mixing droplets of caffeine with droplets of theophylline on an open DMF device and comparing the peak area ratio obtained to an on-chip generated calibration curve. This eductor-based method for transferring droplets has the potential for rapid, versatile, and high-throughput microfluidic analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Girod M, Dagany X, Boutou V, Broyer M, Antoine R, Dugourd P, Mordehai A, Love C, Werlich M, Fjeldsted J, Stafford G. Profiling an electrospray plume by laser-induced fluorescence and Fraunhofer diffraction combined to mass spectrometry: influence of size and composition of droplets on charge-state distributions of electrosprayed proteins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9389-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23341j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|