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Saller KM, Pernusch DC, Schwarzinger C. MALINTO: A New MALDI Interpretation Tool for Enhanced Peak Assignment and Semiquantitative Studies of Complex Synthetic Polymers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:293-303. [PMID: 36599090 PMCID: PMC9896554 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The newly developed MALDI interpretation tool ("MALINTO") allows for the accelerated characterization of complex synthetic polymers via MALDI mass spectrometry. While existing software provides solutions for simple polymers like poly(ethylene glycol), polystyrene, etc., they are limited in their application on polycondensates synthesized from two different kinds of monomers (e.g., diacid and diol in polyesters). In addition to such A2 + B2 polycondensates, MALINTO covers branched and even multicyclic polymer systems. Since the MALINTO software works based on input data of monomers/repeating units, end groups, and adducts, it can be applied on polymers whose components are previously known or elucidated. Using these input data, a list with theoretically possible polymer compositions and resulting m/z values is calculated, which is further compared to experimental mass spectrometry data. For optional semiquantitative studies, peak areas are allocated according to their assigned polymer composition to evaluate both comonomer and terminating group ratios. Several tools are implemented to avoid mistakes, for example, during peak assignment. In the present publication, the functions of MALINTO are described in detail and its broad applicability on different linear polymers as well as branched and multicyclic polycondensates is demonstrated. Fellow researchers will benefit from the accelerated peak assignment using the freely available MALINTO software and might be encouraged to explore the potential of MALDI mass spectrometry for (semi)quantitative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara M. Saller
- Institute
for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040Linz, Austria
| | - Daniel C. Pernusch
- Institute
for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040Linz, Austria
| | - Clemens Schwarzinger
- Institute
for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040Linz, Austria
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2
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de Jonker M, Leonards PEG, Lamoree MH, Brandsma SH. A Rapid Screening Method for the Detection of Additives in Electronics and Plastic Consumer Products Using AP-MALDI-qTOF-MS. TOXICS 2023; 11:108. [PMID: 36850984 PMCID: PMC9960555 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel method was developed and optimized for the fast-screening analysis of additives in electronics and plastic consumer products using atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (AP-MALDI) coupled with a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (qTOF) mass spectrometer (MS). To simplify sample preparation and increase sample throughput, an innovative 48 well graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) doped AP-MALDI target plate was developed. The GNP incorporated in the target plate fulfilled the role of the MALDI matrix and, therefore, sample extracts could be directly transferred to the AP-MALDI 48 well target plate and analyzed without a subsequent matrix addition. The homogeneously dispersed and immobilized GNP target plates also provided increased signal intensity and reproducibility. Furthermore, analytical standards of various plastic additives and plastic products with known concentrations of additives were studied to assess the AP-MALDI ionization mechanisms and method capability. The analysis time was 15 s per measurement using an automated sequence. The GNP-doped target plates exhibited high desorption/ionization of low molecular weight molecules (<1000 Da) and can be used in both positive and negative ionization modes. The AP-MALDI-qTOF-MS method was applied to screen for additives in various electronics and plastic consumer products. Suspect screening was performed using a database containing 1366 compounds. A total of 56 additives including antioxidants, flame retardants, plasticizers, UV-stabilizers, and UV-filters were identified (confidence level 4). Identification of certain plastic additives in plastic children's toys may indicate that they are recycled from waste electronic and electronic equipment (WEEE).
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3
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Engel KM, Prabutzki P, Leopold J, Nimptsch A, Lemmnitzer K, Vos DRN, Hopf C, Schiller J. A new update of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in lipid research. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101145. [PMID: 34995672 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is an indispensable tool in modern lipid research since it is fast, sensitive, tolerates sample impurities and provides spectra without major analyte fragmentation. We will discuss some methodological aspects, the related ion-forming processes and the MALDI MS characteristics of the different lipid classes (with the focus on glycerophospholipids) and the progress, which was achieved during the last ten years. Particular attention will be given to quantitative aspects of MALDI MS since this is widely considered as the most serious drawback of the method. Although the detailed role of the matrix is not yet completely understood, it will be explicitly shown that the careful choice of the matrix is crucial (besides the careful evaluation of the positive and negative ion mass spectra) in order to be able to detect all lipid classes of interest. Two developments will be highlighted: spatially resolved Imaging MS is nowadays well established and the distribution of lipids in tissues merits increasing interest because lipids are readily detectable and represent ubiquitous compounds. It will also be shown that a combination of MALDI MS with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) enables a fast spatially resolved screening of an entire TLC plate which makes the method competitive with LC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Engel
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Patricia Prabutzki
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Jenny Leopold
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Ariane Nimptsch
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Katharina Lemmnitzer
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - D R Naomi Vos
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany.
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Wang Z, Zhang Q, Shen H, Yang P, Zhou X. Optimized MALDI-TOF MS Strategy for Characterizing Polymers. Front Chem 2021; 9:698297. [PMID: 34249867 PMCID: PMC8264446 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.698297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) plays an essential role in the analysis of polymers. To acquire a more reliable strategy for polymer profiling, we characterized four representative polymers including polyethylene glycol 6000, polyvinylpyrrolidone K12, polymer polyol KPOP-5040, and polyether polyol DL-4000. The preparation methods of these four polymer samples have been optimized from six aspects, including matrix, cationization reagent, solvent, mixing ratio of cationization reagent to polymer, mixing ratio of matrix to polymer, and laser intensity. After investigating the effects of seven commonly used matrices on the ionization efficiency of four polymers, trans-2-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenylidene] malononitrile (DCTB) was found to be the only matrix suitable for the analysis of all the four polymers. Our experimental results suggested that different polymers showed a certain preference for different cationization reagents. For example, the polymer polyol KPOP-5040 was suitable for sodium iodide as the cationization reagent, while polyvinylpyrrolidone K12 was more suitable for silver trifluoroacetate (AgTFA). For the choice of solvent, tetrahydrofuran is a reagent with rapid evaporation and a wide range of dissolution which can achieve the best results for the analysis of four polymers. The optimized method was successfully applied to the identification of DSPE-PEG-NH2 with different polymerized degrees. This MALDI-TOF strategy potentially provided the supplementary function through the polymer's application in biomedical and visible probing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxin Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical School and Laboratory Medicine of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanqing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Huali Shen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical School and Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical School and Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwen Zhou
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Kot D, Arndt JH, Macko T, Brüll R. Extraction of stabilizers from polymers: Separation of oligomeric hindered amine light stabilizers and phenolic antioxidants from polyolefins using liquid chromatography and high-temperature solid-phase extraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2408-2417. [PMID: 33866665 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of different stabilizers from a polymer matrix and the subsequent separation of said stabilizers is one of the most important as well as challenging undertakings in polymer chemistry. A multitude of stabilizers exists, each of which may be hard to extract, be difficult if not impossible to separate from other stabilizers or necessitate very selected and time-consuming intermediate stages for separation. Certain polymer matrices even pose additional challenges, such as polyolefins being only soluble at elevated temperatures. One of the most well-established approaches for the extraction of stabilizers is Soxhlet extraction. However, even this highly successful approach shows only limited success with regard to the extraction of the ever more relevant oligomeric stabilizers or the extraction of multiple stabilizers in a one-shot approach. Moreover, performing Soxhlet extractions often necessitates ≥24 h. For these reasons, alternative approaches for the extraction of stabilizers from polymers are highly sought after. An approach with enormous potential is solid-phase extraction, which allows the selective retention and enrichment of stabilizers. Herein, the very first application of high-temperature solid-phase extraction for the extraction of stabilizers from polyolefin matrices is described; as with other extraction techniques, the identification and quantification of the stabilizers is then allowed. At temperatures of 140-160°C, it was possible to adsorb common polyolefin stabilizers selectively on a silica solid phase from their polyolefin matrix. To predict high-temperature solid-phase extraction test conditions, first LC tests are necessary, offering an elegant approach for the separation of polyolefins from oligomeric stabilizers, which was not achievable until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kot
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Sato H, Nakamura S, Fouquet TNJ, Ohmura T, Kotani M, Naito Y. Simple Pretreatment for the Analysis of Additives and Polymers by Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using a Through-Hole Alumina Membrane as a Functional Substrate. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:298-307. [PMID: 32031406 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of additives and polymers was performed by desorption ionization using through-hole alumina membrane (DIUTHAME) as a functional substrate for both sample pretreatment and surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) mass spectrometry. Using the unique absorbing/filtering capabilities of DIUTHAME and investigating the solubility of analytes/bulk materials in some solvents, three pretreatment techniques were demonstrated with (1) the selective removal of hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based components from a "PEO-monostearate" sample, (2) the on-chip filtration of solubilized decabromodiphenylether (DBDE) from a solution of polystyrene that had been preliminarily precipitated, and (3) the on-chip extraction of antioxidants (Irganox 1010, Irgafos 168, and dimyristyl 3,3'-thiodipropionate) from a suspension of polypropylene powder or from the powder itself. The extracted analytes were further mass-analyzed using a spiral high-resolution time-of-flight analyzer to assess their elemental composition or molecular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Sayaka Nakamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Thierry N J Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohmura
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. , 314-5 Shimokanzo , Iwata , Shizuoka 438-0193 , Japan
| | - Masahiro Kotani
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. , 314-5 Shimokanzo , Iwata , Shizuoka 438-0193 , Japan
| | - Yasuhide Naito
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries , 1955-1 Kurematsu-cho, Nishi-ku , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka 431-1202 , Japan
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7
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Pírez-Schirmer M, Brena BM, González-Sapienza G. Oriented Functionalization of Magnetic Beads with in Vivo Biotinylated Nanobodies for Rapid MALDI-TOF MS Ultrasensitive Quantitation of Microcystins in Biological Samples. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9925-9931. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Ling L, Li Y, Wang S, Guo L, Xiao C, Chen X, Guo X. DBDA as a Novel Matrix for the Analyses of Small Molecules and Quantification of Fatty Acids by Negative Ion MALDI-TOF MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:704-710. [PMID: 29349714 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix interference ions in low mass range has always been a concern when using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to analyze small molecules (<500 Da). In this work, a novel matrix, N1,N4-dibenzylidenebenzene-1,4-diamine (DBDA) was synthesized for the analyses of small molecules by negative ion MALDI-TOF MS. Notably, only neat ions ([M-H]-) of fatty acids without matrix interference appeared in the mass spectra and the limit of detection (LOD) reached 0.3 fmol. DBDA also has great performance towards other small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotide. Furthermore, with this novel matrix, the free fatty acids in serum were quantitatively analyzed based on the correlation curves with correlation coefficient of 0.99. In addition, UV-Vis experiments and molecular orbital calculations were performed to explore mechanism about DBDA used as matrix in the negative ion mode. The present work shows that the DBDA matrix is a highly sensitive matrix with few interference ions for analysis of small molecules. Meanwhile, DBDA is able to precisely quantify the fatty acids in real biological samples. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Liming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Chunsheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xinhua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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9
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Kreisberger G, Buchberger WW. Rapid determination of oligomeric hindered amine light stabilizers in polymeric materials. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2366-2373. [PMID: 28401664 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hindered amine light stabilizers are essential for the stabilization of synthetic polymers, particularly for materials used for outdoor applications. Although up to now a considerable number of studies dealing with the analytics of this class of stabilizers had been published, especially the determination of oligomeric hindered amine light stabilizers is still an analytical challenge. In the current work, a fast and simple liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of oligomeric hindered amine light stabilizers is presented. A key aspect of this method is their completely different retention behavior depending on the pH, enabling a single peak elution approach by a pH gradient run. This allows a quantitation with simple UV detection independent of the actual oligomeric composition. Calibration curves within the concentration range relevant for the analysis of real polymer samples (LOQ = 70 mg/L) were constructed with R2 values above 0.99. Spiked extracts from polyolefin samples showed recovery rates between 97.3 and 102.9% for five different commercial hindered amine light stabilizers. Relative standard deviations were between 2.0 and 3.9%. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the employed approach can be easily adapted for mass spectrometry detection.
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10
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Schnepf A, Yappert MC, Borchman D. Regional distribution of phospholipids in porcine vitreous humor. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:116-125. [PMID: 28552385 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This project explores the regional phospholipid distribution in porcine vitreous humor, retina, and lens. Matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry has been used previously to image lipids, proteins, and other metabolites in retinas and lenses. However, the regional composition of phospholipids in vitreous humors is not known. To address this issue, we have applied this mass spectral method to explore the regional phospholipid distribution in porcine vitreous humor both ex-situ and in-vitro. To establish the possible source(s) of phospholipids in the vitreous humor, compositional studies of the lens and retina were also pursued. Due to the overall low levels of phospholipids in vitreous humor, it was necessary to optimize the experimental approaches for ex-situ and in-vitro studies. The sensitivity observed in the spectra of methanol extracts from the lens and retina was higher than that for methanol:chloroform extracts, but the compositional trends were the same. A fourfold improvement in sensitivity was observed in the analysis of vitreous humor extracts obtained with the Bligh and Dyer protocol relative to the other two extraction methods. For ex-situ studies, the 'stamp method' with para-nitroaniline as the matrix was chosen. Throughout the vitreous humor, phosphatidylcholines were the most abundant phospholipids. In-vitro results showed higher relative levels of phospholipids compared to the 'stamp' method. However, more details in the regional phospholipid distribution were provided by the ex-situ approach. Both in-vitro and ex-situ results indicated higher levels of phospholipids in the posterior vitreous region, followed by the anterior and central regions. The posterior region contained more unsaturated species whereas more saturated phospholipids were detected in the anterior region. The observed trends suggest that the phospholipids detected in the posterior vitreous humor migrate from the retina and associated vasculature while those present in the anterior regions are likely to derive from the lens. Not all species found in the lens were observed in the vitreous humor. For example, whereas cholesterol was present in lens extracts, it was not detected in the vitreous humor. Overall, the higher relative abundance of unsaturated species in the posterior vitreous humor and also present in the retina suggests that these species may be able to disrupt the water-collagen-hyaluronan network and contribute to vitreous liquefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Schnepf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville KY, USA
| | | | - Douglas Borchman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville KY, USA
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11
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Yang Y, Hu C, Zhong H, Chen X, Chen R, Yam KL. Effects of Ultraviolet (UV) on Degradation of Irgafos 168 and Migration of Its Degradation Products from Polypropylene Films. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7866-7873. [PMID: 27661088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the degradation of Irgafos 168 and the migration of its two degradation products, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate, from polypropylene (PP) were investigated. A blown film machine was used to extrude PP films containing Irgafos 168, the films were stored in the dark for 45 days, two UV treatments and sunlight exposure were applied to the films, and GC-MS was used for degradation and migration studies. Extrusion, storage, UV treatments, and sunlight exposure significantly affected concentrations of Irgafos 168 and the degradation products. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol was the major degradation product produced by UV irradiation, but tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate was the major degradation product produced by extrusion, storage, and sunlight exposure. The degradation products have no or little health risk, because migration study and threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) analysis show that experimental maximum migration of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate are only 2 and 53% of the theoretical maximum migration amounts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Yang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Changying Hu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University , Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
| | - Huaining Zhong
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Rujia Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Kit L Yam
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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12
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Klampfl CW, Himmelsbach M. Advances in the determination of hindered amine light stabilizers - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 933:10-22. [PMID: 27496993 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Within this paper we discuss analytical strategies for the characterization and quantitation of hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) an important sub-group of polymer additives. For the determination of monomeric HALS a range of mature and reliable techniques exists, allowing their determination in polymer extracts. If qualitative or semi-quantitative information suffices, certain techniques are capable of sampling directly from the polymer surface with limited or no sample preparation. Different strategies for the determination of complex oligomeric HALS in extracts from polymer samples are discussed. Here, approaches providing only a sum parameter including all HALS oligomers have been distinguished from more sophisticated technologies allowing the determination of single oligomers, their degradation and by-products. Particularly, the latter issue is facing increased interest as it provides important information for polymers aging studies. A tabulated overview provides comprehensive information on different analytical techniques suitable for HALS determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
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13
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Wang H, Yuan J. Identification and quantification of unknown antioxidants in plastic materials by ultrasonic extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2016; 22:19-29. [PMID: 26863072 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been applied to the targeted analysis of commonly used additives (such as Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076, Irgafos 168, etc.) in plastic materials, but a fast and straightforward method for the non-targeted identification and quantification of unusual or potentially new antioxidant additives is still unavailable. In this study, a novel and simple method for the identification and quantification of unknown antioxidant additives in plastic food packaging using ultrasonic extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been developed. A method for the Irganox series analyzed here has not been reported previously. Unknown antioxidant additives have been identified by accurate m/z determination, MS(2) fragments and comparison with synthesized standards. The mass fragmentation patterns and structural assignments of these antioxidants have been studied. Parameters affecting the efficiency of the process, such as extraction solvents, extraction volume, extraction time and chromatographic conditions, have been studied and optimized. Ultrasonic extraction of plastic materials (40 mg) with dichloromethane (0.5 mL) at 25 °C was applied as optimal. Limits of detection of the target additives ranged from 0.5 ng g(-1) to 1.5 ng g(-1), and the detection was linear over the range studied (0.01-1.5 µg mg(-1), r(2)>0.99). The accuracy of the method has been tested by relative recovery experiments with spiked samples, with results ranging from 94.3% to 104.8%, and the precision (relative standard deviation) was within 11.0% (n=3). Finally, the method has been successfully applied to the determination of antioxidants in several real plastic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, PR China..
| | - Jiaojian Yuan
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, PR China..
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Moreta C, Tena MT. Determination of plastic additives in packaging by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1414:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Su QZ, Lin QB, Chen CF, Wu YM, Wu LB, Chen XQ, Wang ZW. Effect of antioxidants and light stabilisers on silver migration from nanosilver-polyethylene composite packaging films into food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1075258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Rankin K, Mabury SA. Matrix normalized MALDI-TOF quantification of a fluorotelomer-based acrylate polymer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6093-6101. [PMID: 25866313 DOI: 10.1021/es505931v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of fluorotelomer-based acrylate polymers (FTACPs) has been hypothesized to serve as a source of the environmental contaminants, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). Studies have relied on indirect measurement of presumed degradation products to evaluate the environmental fate of FTACPs; however, this approach leaves a degree of uncertainty. The present study describes the development of a quantitative matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry method as the first direct analysis method for FTACPs. The model FTACP used in this study was poly(8:2 FTAC-co-HDA), a copolymer of 8:2 fluorotelomer acrylate (8:2 FTAC) and hexadecyl acrylate (HDA). Instead of relying on an internal standard polymer, the intensities of 40 poly(8:2 FTAC-co-HDA) signals (911-4612 Da) were normalized to the signal intensity of a matrix-sodium cluster (659 Da). We termed this value the normalized polymer response (P(N)). By using the same dithranol solution for the sample preparation of poly(8:2 FTAC-co-HDA) standards, calibration curves with coefficient of determinations (R(2)) typically >0.98 were produced. When poly(8:2 FTAC-co-HDA) samples were prepared with the same dithranol solution as the poly(8:2 FTAC-co-HDA) standards, quantification to within 25% of the theoretical concentration was achieved. This approach minimized the sample-to-sample variability that typically plagues MALDI-TOF, and is the first method developed to directly quantify FTACPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan Rankin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
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17
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Liu J, Kennedy JH, Ronk M, Marghitoiu L, Lee H, Nashed-Samuel Y. Ambient analysis of leachable compounds from single-use bioreactors with desorption electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2285-2291. [PMID: 25279741 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Trace levels of bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate (BdtbPP) leaching from single-use bioreactors (SUBs) were recently found to be highly detrimental to mammalian cell growth. The traditional approach to detect the leachable requires time-consuming solvent extraction of SUBs. To assist the qualification of SUBs and/or their manufacturing raw materials in biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing, it is essential to develop a rapid and sensitive analytical approach for detecting this leachable and related compounds, which is described in this study. METHODS Native films from several commercially available SUBs were directly examined by desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) without sample preparation. As a comparison, the same SUBs were also analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ultraviolet (UV) following the solvent extraction. RESULTS With a suitable spray solvent selected in this study, DESI-TOFMS enabled rapid and sensitive detection of leachable compounds directly from SUBs. Accurate mass measurement from TOFMS allowed ready identification of BdtbPP, its parent analog compound, and other polymer components in the SUBs from their protonated surrogates. The relative abundances of BdtbPP in different SUBs measured by DESI-TOFMS exhibited good correlation with those from the traditional extraction-based approach with HPLC/UV. CONCLUSIONS A rapid and sensitive approach was developed for direct detection of BdtbPP and other leachables from SUBs using DESI-TOFMS. The results are in high accordance with those from conventional approaches, which indicates the usefulness of the proposed method as a qualification tool for SUBs in biopharmaceutical development and also its great potential in the analysis of extractables/leachables in a wide variety of materials, process components, devices and containers used in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Drug Product Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
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18
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Gabriel SJ, Schwarzinger C, Schwarzinger B, Panne U, Weidner SM. Matrix segregation as the major cause for sample inhomogeneity in MALDI dried droplet spots. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1356-1363. [PMID: 24781460 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The segregation in dried droplet MALDI sample spots was analyzed with regard to the matrix-to-sample ratio using optical microscopy, MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI MSI) and IR imaging spectroscopy. In this context, different polymer/matrix/solvent systems usually applied in the analysis of synthetic polymers were investigated. The use of typical matrix concentrations (10 mg mL⁻¹) in almost every case resulted in ring patterns, whereas higher concentrated matrix solutions always led to homogeneous sample spot layers. The data revealed that segregation is predominantly caused by matrix transport in the drying droplet, whereas polymer segregation seems to be only secondary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Gabriel
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Beißmann S, Reisinger M, Reimann A, Klampfl CW, Buchberger W. High-throughput quantification of stabilizers in polymeric materials by flow injection tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:939-947. [PMID: 24623699 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-throughput methods for identification and quantification of stabilizers in plastic materials are of significant importance in order to evaluate the suitability of materials of unknown origin for specific application areas, to clarify reasons for failure of materials, or for comparison of materials from different sources. METHODS In the present study, a highly sensitive and rapid flow injection method coupled to selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MS) for comprehensive analysis of 21 polymer stabilizers in polyolefins is demonstrated. A critical factor for this approach is the choice of ionization mode, as no separation was performed prior to MS detection. Differences between several ionization techniques regarding matrix effects are reported. RESULTS Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was found to be the most suitable ionization technique, with no significant matrix effects observed. The developed method has a linear dynamic range over two to three orders of magnitude with correlation coefficients better than 0.99 for all studied analytes. Following a multistep sample preparation protocol, the method allowed quantification down to minimum values of between 0.0001 and 0.04 wt% depending on the type of stabilizer. Results were compared to an established chromatographic approach and showed very good correlation (bias below 7.5%). CONCLUSIONS The applicability of the optimized method could be demonstrated for both the qualitative and quantitative determination of polymer stabilizers in polyolefins. Furthermore, the described approach yields a complete analysis in a much shorter time than can be achieved with commonly applied chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Beißmann
- Johannes-Kepler-University Linz, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
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20
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Crecelius AC, Vitz J, Schubert US. Mass spectrometric imaging of synthetic polymers. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Araujo JR, Adamo CB, Rocha WFC, Costa e Silva MV, Carozo V, Calil VL, De Paoli MA. Elastomer composite based on EPDM reinforced with polyaniline coated curauá fibers prepared by mechanical mixing. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce R. Araujo
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais; Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro); 25250-020 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Cristina B. Adamo
- Instituto de Química; Unicamp C.P. 6154, 13083-970 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Werickson F. C. Rocha
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais; Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro); 25250-020 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marcos V. Costa e Silva
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais; Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro); 25250-020 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Vitor Carozo
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais; Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro); 25250-020 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Vanessa L. Calil
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais; Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro); 25250-020 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marco-A. De Paoli
- Instituto de Química; Unicamp C.P. 6154, 13083-970 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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22
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Klampfl CW. Mass spectrometry as a useful tool for the analysis of stabilizers in polymer materials. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. A novel UV-MALDI-MS analytical approach for determination of halogenated phenyl-containing pesticides. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 91:86-95. [PMID: 23453143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The paper highlighted the capability of the UV-MALDI mass spectrometry, employing the Orbitrap analyzer for solid-state assay of halogenated phenyl-pesticides in mixtures. It is successfully applied for the analysis of eighteen (1)-(18) molecular objects of Fenarimol (1) type and their condensation products (P5)-(P12). The full method and technique validation is performed using the dried droplet sample preparation technique on embedded analytes in novel organic matrix crystals of N-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-guanidine (M4) and (E)-phenyl-2-pyridyl ketone oxime (M5), resulting to successful ionization of the analytes. Since the sampling technique in the UV-MALDI method is a key step in the overall process impacting significantly the metrology through the reproducibility of the data, the crystallization of M4, M5 and matrix-analyte in situ morphology of the samples is controlled by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The achieved promising metrology of LODs, of 0.46ngkg(-1) (1.53ngkg(-1) LOQs), is several orders of magnitude lower than the reported ecotoxicological effect values of studied pesticides. It is confirmed by the partial validated protocol based on ESI-MS. Inasmuch that LC-MS/MS is a method of choice for foodstuffs monitoring of organic contaminations, due to its routine quantitative analytical procedures, it is often characterized with the difficulties of the chromatographic separation of the closely structured analytes at a large scale of experimental conditions, complex multi-step sampling pretreatments, which inevitably alert the variables through the systematic and random errors. In this respect, notwithstanding the complex quantitative UV-MALDI-Orbitrap-MS procedure, conceptually different from the LC-MS/MS one, its high resolving power, capability for achieving meaningful analytical qualitative, quantitative and structural information of low-molecular weight analytes, its instrumental and sampling operation flexibility, applicable for a large scale of foodstuff matrices, and operating at the analyte concentrations of up to fgg(-1) make UV-MALDI-Orbitrap-MS a perspective method of choice for an extensive implementation in the foodstuffs monitoring practice for control of the most essential task related to the assessment of the human health risks from environmental and foodstuff contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka Ivanova
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland, Germany.
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24
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Barrère C, Maire F, Afonso C, Giusti P. Atmospheric Solid Analysis Probe–Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry of Polypropylene. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9349-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302109q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Barrère
- Université de Rouen, IRCOF, rue Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan,
France
- INSA de Rouen, avenue de l’Université, 76801
Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
- CNRS UMR 6014, COBRA, rue Tesnière,
76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Florian Maire
- Université de Rouen, IRCOF, rue Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan,
France
- INSA de Rouen, avenue de l’Université, 76801
Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
- CNRS UMR 6014, COBRA, rue Tesnière,
76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Université de Rouen, IRCOF, rue Tesnière, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan,
France
- INSA de Rouen, avenue de l’Université, 76801
Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
- CNRS UMR 6014, COBRA, rue Tesnière,
76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, European Research and Technical Center,
76700 Harfleur, France
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