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Zheng L, Wang M, Li Y, Xiong Y, Wu C. Recycling and Degradation of Polyamides. Molecules 2024; 29:1742. [PMID: 38675560 PMCID: PMC11052090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the five major engineering plastics, polyamide brings many benefits to humans in the fields of transportation, clothing, entertainment, health, and more. However, as the production of polyamide increases year by year, the pollution problems it causes are becoming increasingly severe. This article reviews the current recycling and treatment processes of polyamide, such as chemical, mechanical, and energy recovery, and degradation methods such as thermal oxidation, photooxidation, enzyme degradation, etc. Starting from the synthesis mechanism of polyamide, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment methods of polyamide to obtain more environmentally friendly and economical treatment schemes. Finding enzymes that can degrade high-molecular-weight polyamides, exploring the recovery of polyamides under mild conditions, synthesizing environmentally degradable polyamides through copolymerization or molecular design, and finally preparing degradable bio-based polyamides may be the destination of polyamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Mengjin Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yaoqin Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Xiong
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Chonggang Wu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
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Tiwari N, Santhiya D, Sharma JG. Significance of landfill microbial communities in biodegradation of polyethylene and nylon 6,6 microplastics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132786. [PMID: 37871442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution, particularly microplastics, poses a significant environmental challenge. This study aimed to address the urgent need for sustainable solutions to manage plastic waste. The degradation of polyethylene microplastics (PEMPs) and nylon 6,6 microplastics (NMPs) were investigated using bacterial culture isolates, isolated from a municipal landfill site and identified through 16 S rDNA as well as metagenomics techniques.The study demonstrated for the first time along with degradation mechanism. The isolates identified as Achromobacter xylosoxidans and mixed culture species in dominance of Pulmonis sp. were used to degrade PEMPs and NMPs. Achromobacter xylosoxidans reduced microplastic's dry weight by 26.7% (PEMPs) and 21.3% (NMPs) in 40 days, while the mixed culture achieved weight reductions of 19.3% (PEMPs) and 20% (NMPs). The release of enzymes, laccase and peroxidases revealed C-C bond cleavage and reduced polymer chain length. The thermal studies (TGA and DSC) revealed changes in the thermal stability and transition characteristics of microplastics. The structural alterations on PEMPs and NMPs were recorded by FTIR analysis. Byproducts such as alkanes, esters, aromatic compounds and carboxylic acids released were identified by GC-MS. These results suggest the effectiveness of bacterial isolates in degrading PEMPs and NMPs, with potential for sustainable plastic waste management solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tiwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Deenan Santhiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.
| | - Jai Gopal Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
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Moreira BRDA, Cruz VH, Barbosa Júnior MR, Meneses MD, Lopes PRM, da Silva RP. Agro-residual biomass and disposable protective face mask: a merger for converting waste to plastic-fiber fuel via an integrative carbonization-pelletization framework. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022:1-22. [PMID: 36124332 PMCID: PMC9476463 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-03285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Incineration and landfilling offer possibilities for addressing high-rate management of COVID-waste streams. However, they can be costly and environmentally unsustainable. In addition, they do not allow to convert them to fuels and chemicals as waste-to-energy and waste-to-product technologies. Therefore, we analyzed whether integrating hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and pelletization can allow converting the surgical face mask (SFM) and biomass to composite plastic-fiber fuel (CPFF). We blended the plastic material and corncob, peanut shell, or sugarcane bagasse at the proportion of 50:50 (%, dry mass basis) for HTC. We performed the thermal pretreatment of blends in an autoclaving reactor at 180 °C and 1.5 MPa. Then we pelletized the hydrochars in a presser machine at 200 MPa and 125 °C. By analyzing the evidence from our study, we recognized the viability of combining the SFM and agricultural residues for CPFF from comparable technical features of our products to standards for premium-grade wood pellets. For instance, the elemental composition of their low-meltable ash was not stoichiometrically sufficient to severely produce slagging and fouling in the equipment for thermal conversion. Although they contained synthetic polymers in their structures, such as polyethylene from filter layers and nylon from the earloop, they emitted CO and NOx below the critical limits of 200 and 500 mg m-3, respectively, for occupational safety. Therefore, we extended the knowledge on waste-to-energy pathways to transform SFM into high-quality hybrid fuel by carbonization and pelletization. Our framework can provide stakeholders opportunities to address plastic and biogenic waste in the context of a circular economy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13399-022-03285-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rafael de Almeida Moreira
- Department of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Cruz
- Department of Plant Production, School of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues Barbosa Júnior
- Department of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mariana Dias Meneses
- Department of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Paulo Renato Matos Lopes
- Department of Plant Production, School of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rouverson Pereira da Silva
- Department of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo Brazil
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Klump K, Tenzer D, Pfaendner R, Schönberger F. Mode of dipentaerythritol stabilization during thermo-oxidative aging of glass fibre reinforced PA66. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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SUZUKI TT, SAKAGUCHI I. Temperature Programmed Desorption of Quench-condensed Krypton and Acetone in Air; Selective Concentration of Ultra-trace Gas Components. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:449-54. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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SUZUKI TT, SAKAGUCHI I. Selective Concentration of Ultra-trace Acetone in the Air by Cryogenic Temperature Programmed Desorption (cryo-TPD). ANAL SCI 2016; 32:937-41. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A new molecular understanding of the thermal degradation of PA 66 doped with metal oxides: Experiment and computation. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Duemichen E, Braun U, Senz R, Fabian G, Sturm H. Assessment of a new method for the analysis of decomposition gases of polymers by a combining thermogravimetric solid-phase extraction and thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1354:117-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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White GV, Clough RL, Hochrein JM, Bernstein R. Application of isotopic labeling, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, to understanding degradation products and pathways in the thermal-oxidative aging of Nylon 6.6. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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