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Engel KM, Prabutzki P, Leopold J, Nimptsch A, Lemmnitzer K, Vos DRN, Hopf C, Schiller J. A new update of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in lipid research. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101145. [PMID: 34995672 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is an indispensable tool in modern lipid research since it is fast, sensitive, tolerates sample impurities and provides spectra without major analyte fragmentation. We will discuss some methodological aspects, the related ion-forming processes and the MALDI MS characteristics of the different lipid classes (with the focus on glycerophospholipids) and the progress, which was achieved during the last ten years. Particular attention will be given to quantitative aspects of MALDI MS since this is widely considered as the most serious drawback of the method. Although the detailed role of the matrix is not yet completely understood, it will be explicitly shown that the careful choice of the matrix is crucial (besides the careful evaluation of the positive and negative ion mass spectra) in order to be able to detect all lipid classes of interest. Two developments will be highlighted: spatially resolved Imaging MS is nowadays well established and the distribution of lipids in tissues merits increasing interest because lipids are readily detectable and represent ubiquitous compounds. It will also be shown that a combination of MALDI MS with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) enables a fast spatially resolved screening of an entire TLC plate which makes the method competitive with LC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Engel
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Patricia Prabutzki
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Jenny Leopold
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Ariane Nimptsch
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Katharina Lemmnitzer
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - D R Naomi Vos
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany.
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Giannopoulos K, Lechtenfeld OJ, Holbrook TR, Reemtsma T, Wagner S. Exploring the potential of laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry to analyse organic capping agents on inorganic nanoparticle surfaces. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5261-5271. [PMID: 32542454 PMCID: PMC7387369 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Analytical techniques are in high demand for the determination of organic capping agents on surfaces of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag). In this study, the potential of laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-ToF-MS) as a technique fit for this purpose is demonstrated. First, a collection of reference spectra of most commonly used organic capping agents, including small molecules and polymers was established. Second, the robustness of the method was tested towards parameters like NP core material and NP size. In a third step, the quantitative capabilities of LDI-ToF-MS were determined. Finally, the potential to detect chemical alterations of the organic capping agent was evaluated. LDI-ToF-MS is able to detect capping agents ranging from small molecules (citric acid, tannic acid, lipoic acid) to large polymers (polyvinylpyrrolidone, branched polyethylenimine and methoxy polyethylene glycol sulfhydryl) on Au and Ag NPs based on characteristic signals for each capping agent. Small molecules showed characteristic fragment ions with low intensities, whereas polymers showed intense signals of the monomeric subunit. The NP concentration range comprises about two orders of magnitude with lowest detection limits of 5 mg/L or a capping agent concentration in the lower nM range. Changes in capping agent composition are detectable at NP concentrations in the g/L range. Thus, LDI-ToF-MS is particularly suitable for characterisation of polymer-capped NPs with high NP concentrations. This may be the case for quality control as part of the material synthesis and testing. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Giannopoulos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver J Lechtenfeld
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timothy R Holbrook
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Wagner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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Gilmore IS, Heiles S, Pieterse CL. Metabolic Imaging at the Single-Cell Scale: Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry Imaging. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:201-224. [PMID: 30848927 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing appreciation that every cell, even of the same type, is different. This complexity, when additionally combined with the variety of different cell types in tissue, is driving the need for spatially resolved omics at the single-cell scale. Rapid advances are being made in genomics and transcriptomics, but progress in metabolomics lags. This is partly because amplification and tagging strategies are not suited to dynamically created metabolite molecules. Mass spectrometry imaging has excellent potential for metabolic imaging. This review summarizes the recent advances in two of these techniques: matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and their convergence in subcellular spatial resolution and molecular information. The barriers that have held back progress such as lack of sensitivity and the breakthroughs that have been made including laser-postionization are highlighted as well as the future challenges and opportunities for metabolic imaging at the single-cell scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom; k
| | - Sven Heiles
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Cornelius L Pieterse
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom; k
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Aubriet F, Ghislain T, Hertzog J, Sonnette A, Dufour A, Mauviel G, Carré V. Characterization of biomass and biochar by LDI-FTICRMS - Effect of the laser wavelength and biomass material. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1951-1962. [PMID: 30062475 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pyrolysis of the lignocellulosic biomass is a promising process to produce biofuels or green chemicals. Specific analytical methods have to be developed in order to better understand the composition of biomass and of its pyrolysis products and therefore to optimize the design of pyrolysis processes. For this purpose, different biomasses (Douglas and Miscanthus) and one biochar were analyzed by laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LDI FT-ICR MS). This method allowed the biomass and biochar to be analyzed without any sample preparation and with a spatial resolution of about 100 μm. The influence of LDI conditions (laser wavelength and laser irradiance) and the nature of the biomass and biochar on the obtained mass spectrum were investigated. The nature and origin of the observed ions highly depended on LDI conditions. In the softest laser-biomass interaction conditions (low laser irradiance), the detected ions were related to the nature of the investigated biomass. Indeed, the main part of the detected species came from the different biomass subunits and was produced by photolysis of covalent bonds. When more severe laser irradiation conditions were used, the obtained mass spectra gathered the ions relative to (i) the chemical components of the investigated samples, (ii) the recombination products of these species in the gas phase after their ejection from the sample surface, and (iii) the compounds produced by laser pyrolysis of the sample. This was expected to be useful to mimic thermal pyrolysis. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Aubriet
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France.
| | - Thierry Ghislain
- LRGP, CNRS, ENSIC, Université de Lorraine, 1, Rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Jasmine Hertzog
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Alexander Sonnette
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Anthony Dufour
- LRGP, CNRS, ENSIC, Université de Lorraine, 1, Rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Guillain Mauviel
- LRGP, CNRS, ENSIC, Université de Lorraine, 1, Rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Carré
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
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Olaitan AD, Reyes KA, Barnes LF, Yount JR, Ward S, Hamilton HSC, King KE, Van Leeuwen CJ, Stepherson JR, Vargas TK, Kirkconnell MP, Molek KS. Transition metal oxide nanoparticles as surfaces for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of asphaltenes. PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 35:1917-1924. [PMID: 30880901 PMCID: PMC6420218 DOI: 10.1080/10916466.2017.1370476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the first use of NiO, Fe3O4, TiO2, and Co3O4 nanoparticles as surfaces for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) mass spectrometry of asphaltenes. Higher signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns) for asphaltene species were observed using NiO and Fe3O4 nanoparticles for SALDI as compared to LDI, where both surfaces consistently provided 2- to 3-fold improved S/Ns. The new SALDI detection method showed reliable adsorption data measuring supernatant solutions after 24 hour asphaltene adsorption on NiO, Fe3O4, and Co3O4. These results indicated that NiO has a higher adsorption affinity than Fe3O4 and Co3O4 for asphaltene molecules, corroborating reported asphaltene adsorption on metal oxide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen S. Molek
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Karen S. Molek, Department of Chemistry, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA. Telephone number: (850) 474-2799, Fax: (850) 474-2621,
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Hinman SS, Nguyen RCT, Cheng Q. Plasmonic nanodisc arrays on calcinated titania for multimodal analysis of phosphorylated peptides. RSC Adv 2017; 7:48068-48076. [PMID: 30701066 PMCID: PMC6349370 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08870a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A hybrid material of gold nanodiscs on a calcinated titania nanofilm that allows for selective quantitative and qualitative characterization of surface-enriched phosphopeptides has been designed and reported. Fabrication was realized through a combination of layer-by-layer deposition and high temperature calcination for the titania, and hole-mask colloidal lithography for the plasmonic nanostructures. The morphology of the resulting titania material was rigorously characterized, exhibiting substantially decreased surface roughness, which allows for lithographic fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures. Moreover, high specificity in adsorption and enrichment of phosphopeptides was exhibited, which was verified by LSPR shifts and matching peaks under mass spectrometric analysis. The construction of these biochips should inform other combinatorial nanofabrication techniques, in addition to allowing future phosphoproteomic analyses to be performed in a time and resource-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Hinman
- Environmental Toxicology, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA ; ; Tel: +1-951-827-2702
| | - Romie C T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Quan Cheng
- Environmental Toxicology, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA ; ; Tel: +1-951-827-2702
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Direct and comprehensive analysis of dyes based on integrated molecular and structural information via laser desorption laser postionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 176:116-123. [PMID: 28917730 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Laser desorption laser postionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDPI-TOFMS) was employed for direct analysis and determination of typical basic dyes. It was also used for the analysis and comprehensive understanding of complex materials such as blue ballpoint pen inks. Simultaneous emergences of fragmental and molecular information largely simplify and facilitate unambiguous identification of dyes via variable energy of 266nm postionization laser. More specifically, by optimizing postionization laser energy with the same energy of desorption laser, the structurally significant results show definite differences in the fragmentation patterns, which offer opportunities for discrimination of isomeric species with identical molecular weight. Moreover, relatively high spectra resolution can be acquired without the expense of sensitivity. In contrast to laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS), LDPI-MS simultaneously offers valuable molecular information about dyes in traces, solvents and additives about inks, thereby offering direct determination and comprehensive understanding of blue ballpoint inks and giving a high level of confidence to discriminate the complicated evidentiary samples. In addition, direct analysis of the inks not only allows the avoidance of the tedious sample preparation processes, significantly shortening the overall analysis time and improving throughput, but allows minimized sample consumption which is important for rare and precious samples.
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He J, Fang C, Shelp RA, Zimmt MB. Tracking Invisible Transformations of Physisorbed Monolayers: LDI-TOF and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry as Complements to STM Imaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:459-467. [PMID: 27989120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyleneethynylene (TPEE) derivatives bearing one long aliphatic chain on each terminal aryl ring and two short aliphatic chains on the central aryl ring (core chains) self-assemble single component and 1-D patterned, two-component, crystalline monolayers at the solution-graphite interface. The monolayer morphology directs the core chains off the graphite, making them accessible for chemical reactions but invisible to imaging by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). This precludes using STM to monitor transformations of the core chains, either by reaction or solution-monolayer exchange of TPEE molecules. Laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF MS) successfully identifies TPEE compounds within physisorbed monolayers. The LDI-TOF spectra of TPEE monolayer-graphite samples exhibit strong molecular ion peaks and minimal fragmentation or background. LDI-TOF and STM techniques are combined to evaluate monolayer composition and morphology, track solution-monolayer exchange, to identify reaction products and to measure kinetics of chemical reactions at the solution-monolayer interface. LDI-TOF MS provides rapid qualitative evaluation of monolayer composition across a graphite substrate. Challenges to quantitative composition evaluation by LDI-TOF include compound-specific light absorption, surface desorption/ionization and fragmentation characteristics. For some, but not all, compounds, applying matrix onto a self-assembled monolayer increases molecular ion intensities and affords more accurate assessment of monolayer composition via matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS. Matrix addition precludes subsequent chemical or STM studies of the monolayer, whereas reactions and STM may be performed at nonirradiated regions following LDI-TOF measurements. LDI- and MALDI-TOF MS are useful complements to STM and are easily implemented tools for study of physisorbed monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Chen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Russell A Shelp
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Matthew B Zimmt
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Pomerantz AE. Toward Molecule-Specific Geochemistry of Heavy Ends: Application to the Upstream Oil Industry. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Pomerantz
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, 1 Hampshire St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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Molecular Structure and Association Behavior of Petroleum Asphaltene. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2015_181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Faccinetto A, Focsa C, Desgroux P, Ziskind M. Progress toward the Quantitative Analysis of PAHs Adsorbed on Soot by Laser Desorption/Laser Ionization/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10510-10520. [PMID: 26267485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ex situ analyses of substances extracted from flames provide useful albeit mostly qualitative information on the formation process of soot and on the impact of exhausts on the environment. An experimental setup based on the coupling of laser desorption, laser ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LD/LI/ToF-MS) is presented in past works as an alternative means to more traditional techniques like gas chromatography (GC) to characterize the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content of soot. In this paper, we go one step further in the understanding of the laser desorption/laser ionization dynamics and propose a combined experimental/simulation approach: we estimate the limit of detection of LD/LI/ToF-MS as low as [0.2, 2.8] fmol per laser pulse and we make quantitative predictions on the concentration of PAHs desorbed from soot. In particular, external calibration with model samples where PAHs are adsorbed on black carbon at known concentrations allows us to link the concentration of PAHs desorbed and detected by photoionization ToF-MS to the concentration of PAHs adsorbed on soot. The comparison of data obtained from the analysis of flame sampled soot with standard commercial GC-MS run in parallel validates the approach and defines limits and potentialities of both techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Faccinetto
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère (PC2A), UMR CNRS 8522, Université de Lille Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Cristian Focsa
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM), UMR CNRS 8523, Université de Lille Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Pascale Desgroux
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère (PC2A), UMR CNRS 8522, Université de Lille Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Michael Ziskind
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM), UMR CNRS 8523, Université de Lille Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Wu Q, Zare RN. Laser desorption lamp ionization source for ion trap mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:160-164. [PMID: 25601688 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A two-step laser desorption lamp ionization source coupled to an ion trap mass spectrometer (LDLI-ITMS) has been constructed and characterized. The pulsed infrared (IR) output of an Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) is directed to a target inside a chamber evacuated to ~15 Pa causing desorption of molecules from the target's surface. The desorbed molecules are ionized by a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp (filled with xenon, major wavelength at 148 nm). The resulting ions are stored and detected in a three-dimensional quadrupole ion trap modified from a Finnigan Mat LCQ mass spectrometer operated at a pressure of ≥ 0.004 Pa. The limit of detection for desorbed coronene molecules is 1.5 pmol, which is about two orders of magnitude more sensitive than laser desorption laser ionization mass spectrometry using a fluorine excimer laser (157 nm) as the ionization source. The mass spectrum of four standard aromatic compounds (pyrene, coronene, rubrene and 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octabutoxy-29H,31H-phthalocyanine (OPC)) shows that parent ions dominate. By increasing the infrared laser power, this instrument is capable of detecting inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Wu
- Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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15
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Andrews AB, Wang D, Marzec KM, Mullins OC, Crozier KB. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and molecular asphaltenes. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mullins OC, Pomerantz AE, Zuo JY, Dong C. Downhole Fluid Analysis and Asphaltene Science for Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2014; 5:325-45. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060713-035923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Petroleum reservoirs are enshrouded in mysteries associated with all manner of geologic and fluid complexities that Mother Nature can inspire. Efficient exploitation of petroleum reservoirs mandates elucidation of these complexities; downhole fluid analysis (DFA) has proven to be indispensable for understanding both fluids and reservoir architecture. Crude oil consists of dissolved gases, liquids, and dissolved solids, known as the asphaltenes. These different fluid components exhibit fluid gradients vertically and laterally, which are best revealed by DFA, with its excellent precision and accuracy. Compositional gradient analysis falls within the purview of thermodynamics. Gas-liquid equilibria can be treated with a cubic equation of state (EoS), such as the Peng-Robinson EoS, a modified van der Waals EoS. In contrast, the first EoS for asphaltene gradients, the Flory-Huggins-Zuo (FHZ) EoS, was developed only recently. The resolution of the asphaltene molecular and nanocolloidal species in crude oil, which is codified in the Yen-Mullins model of asphaltenes, enabled the development of this EoS. The combination of DFA characterization of gradients of reservoir crude oil with the cubic EoS and FHZ EoS analyses brings into view wide-ranging reservoir concerns, such as reservoir connectivity, fault-block migration, heavy oil gradients, tar mat formation, huge disequilibrium fluid gradients, and even stochastic variations of reservoir fluids. New petroleum science and DFA technology are helping to offset the increasing costs and technical difficulties of exploiting ever-more-remote petroleum reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julian Y. Zuo
- Schlumberger DBR Technology Center, Edmonton, Alberta T6N 1M9, Canada
| | - Chengli Dong
- Shell International Exploration and Production Company, Houston, Texas 77079
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