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Giannelli R, Stevens J, Kinsey JS, Kittelson D, Zelenyuk A, Howard R, Forde M, Hoffman B, Leggett C, Maeroff B, Bies N, Swanson J, Suski K, Payne G, Manin J, Frazee R, Onasch TB, Freedman A, Khalek I, Badshah H, Preece D, Premnath V, Agnew S. Evaluation of methods for characterizing the fine particulate matter emissions from aircraft and other diffusion flame combustion aerosol sources. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2024; 178:1-20. [PMID: 38751612 PMCID: PMC11095129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2024.106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force Arnold Engineering Development Complex conducted the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) 3 and 4 test campaigns to compare nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions measurements from a variety of diffusion flame combustion aerosol sources (DFCASs), including a Cummins diesel engine, a diesel powered generator, two gas turbine start carts, a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels, and a Mini-CAST soot generator. The VARIAnT research program was devised to understand reported variability in the ARP6320A sampling system nvPM measurements. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date with the VARIAnT 3 and 4 campaigns devoted to: (1) assessing the response of three different black carbon mass analyzers to particles of different size, morphology, and chemical composition; (2) characterizing the particles generated by 6 different combustion sources according to morphology, effective density, and chemical composition; and (3) assessing any significant difference between black carbon as determined by the 3 mass analyzers and the total PM determined via other techniques. Results from VARIAnT 3 and 4 campaigns revealed agreement of about 20% between the Micro-Soot Sensor, the Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PMSSA) monitor and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) mass, independent of the calibration source used. For the LII-300, the measured mass concentrations in VARIAnT 3 fall within 18% and in VARIAnT 4 fall within 27% of the reference EC mass concentration when calibrated on a combustor rig in VARIAnT 3 and on an LGT-60 start cart in VARIAnT 4, respectively. It was also found that the three mass instrument types (MSS, CAPS PMSSA, and LII-300) can exhibit different BC to reference EC ratios depending on the emission source that appear to correlate to particle geometric mean mobility diameter, morphology, or some other parameter associated with particle geometric mean diameter (GMD) with the LII-300 showing a slightly stronger apparent trend with GMD. Systematic differences in LII-300 measured mass concentrations have been reduced by calibrating with a turbine combustion as a particle source (combustor or turbine engine). With respect to the particle size measurements, the sizing instruments (TSI SMPS, TSI EEPS, and Cambustion DMS 500) were found to be in general agreement in terms of size distributions and concentrations with some exceptions. Gravimetric measurements of the total aerosol mass produced by the various DFCAs differed from the reference EC, BC and integrated particle size distribution measured aerosol masses. The measurements of particle size distributions and single particle analysis performed using the miniSPLAT indicated the presence of larger particles (≳150 nm) having more compact morphologies, higher effective density, and a composition dominated by OC and containing ash. This increased large particle fraction is also associated with higher values of single scattering albedo measured by the CAPS PMSSA instrument and higher OC measurements. These measurements indicate gas turbine engine emissions can be a more heterogeneous mix of particle types beyond the original E-31 assumption that engine exit exhaust particles are mainly composed of black carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Giannelli
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Jeffrey Stevens
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - John S. Kinsey
- Shu Research LLC, Mebane, NC 27302, Formerly U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - David Kittelson
- University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Robert Howard
- Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA
| | - Mary Forde
- Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA
| | - Brandon Hoffman
- U.S. Air Force, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH (Formerly Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA
| | - Cullen Leggett
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Bruce Maeroff
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Nick Bies
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Jacob Swanson
- Minnesota State University, Bloomington, MN, 55431, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Suski
- U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | | | - Julien Manin
- Artium Technologies Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA
| | - Richard Frazee
- Singularity Scientific Consulting Services, LLC, Whitmore Lake, MI, 48189, USA
| | | | | | - Imad Khalek
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA
| | | | - Daniel Preece
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA
| | - Vinay Premnath
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA
| | - Scott Agnew
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
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Kautz EJ, Zelenyuk A, Gwalani B, Olszta MJ, Phillips MC, Manard MJ, Kimblin CW, Harilal SS. Impact of environmental oxygen on nanoparticle formation and agglomeration in aluminum laser ablation plumes. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:174303. [PMID: 37916590 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of ambient oxygen gas (O2) on molecular and nanoparticle formation and agglomeration was studied in laser ablation plumes. As a lab-scale surrogate to a high explosion detonation event, nanosecond laser ablation of an aluminum alloy (AA6061) target was performed in atmospheric pressure conditions. Optical emission spectroscopy and two mass spectrometry techniques were used to monitor the early to late stages of plasma generation to track the evolution of atoms, molecules, clusters, nanoparticles, and agglomerates. The experiments were performed under atmospheric pressure air, atmospheric pressure nitrogen, and 20% and 5% O2 (balance N2), the latter specifically with in situ mass spectrometry. Electron microscopy was performed ex situ to identify crystal structure and elemental distributions in individual nanoparticles. We find that the presence of ≈20% O2 leads to strong AlO emission, whereas in a flowing N2 environment (with trace O2), AlN and strong, unreacted Al emissions are present. In situ mass spectrometry reveals that as O2 availability increases, Al oxide cluster size increases. Nanoparticle agglomerates formed in air are found to be larger than those formed under N2 gas. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that Al2O3 and AlN nanoparticle agglomerates are formed in both environments; indicating that the presence of trace O2 can lead to Al2O3 nanoparticle formation. The present results highlight that the availability of O2 in the ambient gas significantly impacts spectral signatures, cluster size, and nanoparticle agglomeration behavior. These results are relevant to understanding debris formation in an explosion event, and interpreting data from forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Kautz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
- Nuclear Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Bharat Gwalani
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Matthew J Olszta
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Mark C Phillips
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Manuel J Manard
- Special Technologies Laboratory, Santa Barbara, California 93111, USA
| | - Clare W Kimblin
- Special Technologies Laboratory, Santa Barbara, California 93111, USA
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3
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Peterson BN, Morales AC, Tomlin JM, Gorman CGW, Christ PE, Sharpe SAL, Huston SM, Rivera-Adorno FA, O'Callahan BT, Fraund M, Noh Y, Pahari P, Whelton AJ, El-Khoury PZ, Moffet RC, Zelenyuk A, Laskin A. Chemical characterization of microplastic particles formed in airborne waste discharged from sewer pipe repairs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1718-1731. [PMID: 37781874 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00193h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic particles are of increasing environmental concern due to the widespread uncontrolled degradation of various commercial products made of plastic and their associated waste disposal. Recently, common technology used to repair sewer pipes was reported as one of the emission sources of airborne microplastics in urban areas. This research presents results of the multi-modal comprehensive chemical characterization of the microplastic particles related to waste discharged in the pipe repair process and compares particle composition with the components of uncured resin and cured plastic composite used in the process. Analysis of these materials employs complementary use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, scanning transmission X-ray spectro-microscopy, single particle mass spectrometry, and direct analysis in real-time high-resolution mass spectrometry. It is shown that the composition of the relatively large (100 μm) microplastic particles resembles components of plastic material used in the process. In contrast, the composition of the smaller (micrometer and sub-micrometer) particles is significantly different, suggesting their formation from unintended polymerization of water-soluble components occurring in drying droplets of the air-discharged waste. In addition, resin material type influences the composition of released microplastic particles. Results are further discussed to guide the detection and advanced characterization of airborne microplastics in future field and laboratory studies pertaining to sewer pipe repair technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana C Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Jay M Tomlin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Carrie G W Gorman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Peter E Christ
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Steven A L Sharpe
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Shelby M Huston
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | | | - Brian T O'Callahan
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Yoorae Noh
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Pritee Pahari
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Chemical Physics & Analysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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4
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Peng C, Deng C, Lei T, Zheng J, Zhao J, Wang D, Wu Z, Wang L, Chen Y, Liu M, Jiang J, Ye A, Ge M, Wang W. Measurement of atmospheric nanoparticles: Bridging the gap between gas-phase molecules and larger particles. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:183-202. [PMID: 36521983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nanoparticles are crucial components contributing to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and therefore have significant effects on visibility, climate, and human health. Due to the unique role of atmospheric nanoparticles during the evolution process from gas-phase molecules to larger particles, a number of sophisticated experimental techniques have been developed and employed for online monitoring and characterization of the physical and chemical properties of atmospheric nanoparticles, helping us to better understand the formation and growth of new particles. In this paper, we firstly review these state-of-the-art techniques for investigating the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles (e.g., the gas-phase precursor species, molecular clusters, physicochemical properties, and chemical composition). Secondly, we present findings from recent field studies on the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles, utilizing several advanced techniques. Furthermore, perspectives are proposed for technique development and improvements in measuring atmospheric nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chenjuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - Dongbin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Anpei Ye
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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5
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Liu J, D'Ambro EL, Lee BH, Schobesberger S, Bell DM, Zaveri RA, Zelenyuk A, Thornton JA, Shilling JE. Monoterpene Photooxidation in a Continuous-Flow Chamber: SOA Yields and Impacts of Oxidants, NO x, and VOC Precursors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12066-12076. [PMID: 35976919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpene photooxidation plays an important role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere. The low-volatility products can enhance new particle formation and particle growth and thus influence climate feedback. Here, we present the results of α-pinene and Δ-3-carene photooxidation experiments conducted in continuous-flow mode in an environmental chamber under several reaction conditions. The roles of oxidants, addition of NO, and VOC molecular structure in influencing SOA yield are illustrated. SOA yield from α-pinene photooxidation shows a weak dependence on H2O2 concentration, which is a proxy for HO2 concentration. The high O/C ratios observed in the α-pinene photooxidation products suggest the production of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM). Addition of ozone to the chamber during low-NOx photooxidation experiments leads to higher SOA yield. With the addition of NO, the production of N-containing HOMs is enhanced and the SOA yield shows a modest, nonlinear dependence on the input NO concentration. Carene photooxidation leads to higher SOA yield than α-pinene under similar reaction conditions, which agrees with the lower volatility retrieved from evaporation kinetics experiments. These results improve the understanding of SOA formation from monoterpene photooxidation and could be applied to refine the representation of biogenic SOA formation in models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiumeng Liu
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Emma L D'Ambro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ben Hwan Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Siegfried Schobesberger
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David M Bell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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6
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Kautz EJ, Zelenyuk A, Gwalani B, Phillips MC, Harilal SS. Gas-phase oxidation and nanoparticle formation in multi-element laser ablation plumes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26583-26590. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02437c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of a multi-element laser produced plasma with air leads to formation of fractal agglomerates of nanoparticles consisting of multiple elements and their oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Bharat Gwalani
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Mark C. Phillips
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Sivanandan S. Harilal
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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7
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Jiao B, Ye H, Liu X, Bu J, Wu J, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Ouyang Z. Handheld Mass Spectrometer with Intelligent Adaptability for On-Site and Point-of-Care Analysis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15607-15616. [PMID: 34780167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of miniature mass spectrometry (MS) systems with simple analysis procedures is important for the transition of applying MS analysis outside traditional analytical laboratories. Here, we present Mini 14, a handheld MS instrument with disposable sample cartridges designed based on the ambient ionization concept for intrasurgical tissue analysis and surface analysis. The instrumentation architecture consists of a single-stage vacuum chamber with a discontinuous atmospheric interface and a linear ion trap. A major effort in this study for technical advancement is on making handheld MS systems capable of automatically adapting to complex conditions for in-field analysis. Machine learning is used to establish the model for autocorrecting the mass offsets in the mass scale due to temperature variations and a new strategy is developed to extend the dynamic concentration range for analysis. Mini 14 weighs 12 kg and can operate on battery power for more than 3 h. The mass range exceeds m/z 2000, and the full peak width at half-maximum is Δm/z 0.4 at a scanning speed of 700 Th/s. The direct analysis of human brain tissue for identifying glioma associated with isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations has been achieved and a limit of detection of 5 ng/mL has been obtained for analyzing illicit drugs in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huimin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiexun Bu
- PURSPEC Technologies Inc., Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junhan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Science of China, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Zawadowicz MA, Lee BH, Shrivastava M, Zelenyuk A, Zaveri RA, Flynn C, Thornton JA, Shilling JE. Photolysis Controls Atmospheric Budgets of Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3861-3870. [PMID: 32154714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) accounts for a large fraction of the tropospheric particulate matter. Although SOA production rates and mechanisms have been extensively investigated, loss pathways remain uncertain. Most large-scale chemistry and transport models account for mechanical deposition of SOA but not chemical losses such as photolysis. There is also a paucity of laboratory measurements of SOA photolysis, which limits how well photolytic losses can be modeled. Here, we show, through a combined experimental and modeling approach, that photolytic loss of SOA mass significantly alters SOA budget predictions. Using environmental chamber experiments at variable relative humidity between 0 and 60%, we find that SOA produced from several biogenic volatile organic compounds undergoes photolysis-induced mass loss at rates between 0 and 2.2 ± 0.4% of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) photolysis, equivalent to average atmospheric lifetimes as short as 10 h. We incorporate our photolysis rates into a regional chemical transport model to test the sensitivity of predicted SOA mass concentrations to photolytic losses. The addition of photolysis causes a ∼50% reduction in biogenic SOA loadings over the Amazon, indicating that photolysis exerts a substantial control over the atmospheric SOA lifetime, with a likely dependence upon the SOA molecular composition and thus production mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Zawadowicz
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ben H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Connor Flynn
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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9
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Zaveri RA, Shilling JE, Zelenyuk A, Zawadowicz MA, Suski K, China S, Bell DM, Veghte D, Laskin A. Particle-Phase Diffusion Modulates Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Compounds to Aged Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2595-2605. [PMID: 31994876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The diffusivity of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the bulk particle phase of a viscous atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can have a profound impact on aerosol growth and size distribution dynamics. Here, we investigate the bulk diffusivity of SVOCs formed from photo-oxidation of isoprene as they partition to a bimodal aerosol consisting of an Aitken (potassium sulfate) and accumulation mode (aged α-pinene SOA) particles as a function of relative humidity (RH). The model analysis of the observed size distribution evolution shows that liquid-like diffusion coefficient values of Db > 10-10 cm2 s-1 fail to explain the growth of the Aitken mode. Instead, much lower values of Db between 2.5 × 10-15 cm2 s-1 at 32% RH and 8 × 10-15 cm2 s-1 at 82% RH were needed to successfully reproduce the growth of both modes. The diffusivity within the aged α-pinene SOA remains appreciably slow even at 80% RH, resulting in hindered partitioning of SVOCs to large viscous particles and allowing smaller and relatively less viscous particles to effectively absorb the available SVOCs and grow much faster than would be possible otherwise. These results have important implications for modeling SOA formation and growth in the ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Maria A Zawadowicz
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Suski
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - David M Bell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Daniel Veghte
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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11
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A Closure Study of Total Scattering Using Airborne In Situ Measurements from the Winter Phase of TCAP. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9060228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Zaveri RA, Shilling JE, Zelenyuk A, Liu J, Bell DM, D'Ambro EL, Gaston CJ, Thornton JA, Laskin A, Lin P, Wilson J, Easter RC, Wang J, Bertram AK, Martin ST, Seinfeld JH, Worsnop DR. Growth Kinetics and Size Distribution Dynamics of Viscous Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1191-1199. [PMID: 29244949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low bulk diffusivity inside viscous semisolid atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can prolong equilibration time scale, but its broader impacts on aerosol growth and size distribution dynamics are poorly understood. Here, we present quantitative insights into the effects of bulk diffusivity on the growth and evaporation kinetics of SOA formed under dry conditions from photooxidation of isoprene in the presence of a bimodal aerosol consisting of Aitken (ammonium sulfate) and accumulation (isoprene or α-pinene SOA) mode particles. Aerosol composition measurements and evaporation kinetics indicate that isoprene SOA is composed of several semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), with some reversibly reacting to form oligomers. Model analysis shows that liquid-like bulk diffusivities can be used to fit the observed evaporation kinetics of accumulation mode particles but fail to explain the growth kinetics of bimodal aerosol by significantly under-predicting the evolution of the Aitken mode. In contrast, the semisolid scenario successfully reproduces both evaporation and growth kinetics, with the interpretation that hindered partitioning of SVOCs into large viscous particles effectively promotes the growth of smaller particles that have shorter diffusion time scales. This effect has important implications for the growth of atmospheric ultrafine particles to climatically active sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jiumeng Liu
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - David M Bell
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Emma L D'Ambro
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Cassandra J Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Peng Lin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jacqueline Wilson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard C Easter
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Scot T Martin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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14
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Dhummakupt ES, Mach PM, Carmany D, Demond PS, Moran TS, Connell T, Wylie HS, Manicke NE, Nilles JM, Glaros T. Direct Analysis of Aerosolized Chemical Warfare Simulants Captured on a Modified Glass-Based Substrate by "Paper-Spray" Ionization. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10866-10872. [PMID: 28898050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Paper spray ionization mass spectrometry offers a rapid alternative platform requiring no sample preparation. Aerosolized chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants trimethyl phosphate, dimethyl methylphosphonate, and diisopropyl methylphosphonate were captured by passing air through a glass fiber filter disk within a disposable paper spray cartridge. CWA simulants were aerosolized at varying concentrations using an in-house built aerosol chamber. A custom 3D-printed holder was designed and built to facilitate the aerosol capture onto the paper spray cartridges. The air flow through each of the collection devices was maintained equally to ensure the same volume of air sampled across methods. Each approach yielded linear calibration curves with R2 values between 0.98-0.99 for each compound and similar limits of detection in terms of disbursed aerosol concentration. While the glass fiber filter disk has a higher capture efficiency (≈40%), the paper spray method produces analogous results even with a lower capture efficiency (≈1%). Improvements were made to include glass fiber filters as the substrate within the paper spray cartridge consumable. Glass fiber filters were then treated with ammonium sulfate to decrease chemical interaction with the simulants. This allowed for improved direct aerosol capture efficiency (>40%). Ultimately, the limits of detection were reduced to levels comparable to current worker population limits of 1 × 10-6 mg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Dhummakupt
- Research and Technology Directorate, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Phillip M Mach
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Daniel Carmany
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Paul S Demond
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Theodore S Moran
- Research and Technology Directorate, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Theresa Connell
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Harold S Wylie
- TriMech Services, LLC , 4461 Cox Rd # 302, Glen Allen, Virginia 23060, United States
| | - Nicholas E Manicke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - J Michael Nilles
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Trevor Glaros
- Research and Technology Directorate, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
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15
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Zelenyuk A, Imre DG, Wilson J, Bell DM, Suski KJ, Shrivastava M, Beránek J, Lizabeth Alexander M, Kramer AL, Massey Simonich SL. The effect of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the formation and properties of biogenic secondary organic aerosol particles. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:143-164. [PMID: 28581016 PMCID: PMC9918307 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles are formed by ozonolysis in the presence of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their formation and properties are significantly different from SOA particles formed without PAHs. For all SOA precursors and all PAHs, discussed in this study, the presence of the gas-phase PAHs during SOA formation significantly affects particle mass loadings, composition, growth, evaporation kinetics, and viscosity. SOA particles formed in the presence of PAHs have, as part of their compositions, trapped unreacted PAHs and products of heterogeneous reactions between PAHs and ozone. Compared to 'pure' SOA particles, these particles exhibit slower evaporation kinetics, have higher fractions of non-volatile components, like oligomers, and higher viscosities, assuring their longer atmospheric lifetimes. In turn, the increased viscosity and decreased volatility provide a shield that protects PAHs from chemical degradation and evaporation, allowing for the long-range transport of these toxic pollutants. The magnitude of the effect of PAHs on SOA formation is surprisingly large. The presence of PAHs during SOA formation increases mass loadings by factors of two to five, and particle number concentrations, in some cases, by more than a factor of 100. Increases in SOA mass, particle number concentrations, and lifetime have important implications to many atmospheric processes related to climate, weather, visibility, and human health, all of which relate to the interactions between biogenic SOA and anthropogenic PAHs. The synergistic relationship between SOA and PAHs presented here are clearly complex and call for future research to elucidate further the underlying processes and their exact atmospheric implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David M. Bell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Oregon State University
| | | | | | - Josef Beránek
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Oregon State University
| | | | | | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University,Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University
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Bell DM, Imre D, T. Martin S, Zelenyuk A. The properties and behavior of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol particles exposed to ammonia under dry conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:6497-6507. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08839b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical transformations and aging of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles can alter their physical and chemical properties, including particle morphology.
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Riva M, Bell DM, Hansen AMK, Drozd GT, Zhang Z, Gold A, Imre D, Surratt JD, Glasius M, Zelenyuk A. Effect of Organic Coatings, Humidity and Aerosol Acidity on Multiphase Chemistry of Isoprene Epoxydiols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5580-8. [PMID: 27176464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase chemistry of isomeric isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) has been shown to be the dominant source of isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Recent studies have reported particles composed of ammonium bisulfate (ABS) mixed with model organics exhibit slower rates of IEPOX uptake. In the present study, we investigate the effect of atmospherically relevant organic coatings of α-pinene (AP) SOA on the reactive uptake of trans-β-IEPOX onto ABS particles under different conditions and coating thicknesses. Single particle mass spectrometry was used to characterize in real-time particle size, shape, density, and quantitative composition before and after reaction with IEPOX. We find that IEPOX uptake by pure sulfate particles is a volume-controlled process, which results in particles with uniform concentration of IEPOX-derived SOA across a wide range of sizes. Aerosol acidity was shown to enhance IEPOX-derived SOA formation, consistent with recent studies. The presence of water has a weaker impact on IEPOX-derived SOA yield, but significantly enhanced formation of 2-methyltetrols, consistent with offline filter analysis. In contrast, IEPOX uptake by ABS particles coated with AP-derived SOA is lower compared to that of pure ABS particles, strongly dependent on particle composition, and therefore on particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - David M Bell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Greg T Drozd
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Dan Imre
- Imre Consulting , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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18
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Airborne Aerosol in Situ Measurements during TCAP: A Closure Study of Total Scattering. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6081069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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