1
|
Vandergrift GW, Dexheimer DN, Zhang D, Cheng Z, Lata NN, Rogers MM, Shrivastava M, Zhang J, Gaudet BJ, Mei F, China S. Tethered balloon system and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Reveal Increased Organonitrates Aloft Compared to the Ground Level. Environ Sci Technol 2024. [PMID: 38709895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles play critical roles in climate. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the vertically resolved organic molecular-level composition of atmospheric particles due to aloft sampling challenges. To address this, we use a tethered balloon system at the Southern Great Plains Observatory and high-resolution mass spectrometry to, respectively, collect and characterize organic molecular formulas (MF) in the ground level and aloft (up to 750 m) samples. We show that organic MF uniquely detected aloft were dominated by organonitrates (139 MF; 54% of all uniquely detected aloft MF). Organonitrates that were uniquely detected aloft featured elevated O/C ratios (0.73 ± 0.23) compared to aloft organonitrates that were commonly observed at the ground level (0.63 ± 0.22). Unique aloft organic molecular composition was positively associated with increased cloud coverage, increased aloft relative humidity (∼40% increase compared to ground level), and decreased vertical wind variance. Furthermore, 29% of extremely low volatility organic compounds in the aloft sample were truly unique to the aloft sample compared to the ground level, emphasizing potential oligomer formation at higher altitudes. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering vertically resolved organic molecular composition (particularly for organonitrates) and hypothesizes that aqueous phase transformations and vertical wind variance may be key variables affecting the molecular composition of aloft organic aerosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Vandergrift
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Damao Zhang
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nurun Nahar Lata
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mickey M Rogers
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brian J Gaudet
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Fan Mei
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Niu S, Liu R, Zhao Q, Gagan S, Dodero A, Ying Q, Ma X, Cheng Z, China S, Canagaratna M, Zhang Y. Quantifying the Chemical Composition and Real-Time Mass Loading of Nanoplastic Particles in the Atmosphere Using Aerosol Mass Spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 2024. [PMID: 38332486 PMCID: PMC10882961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Plastic debris, including nanoplastic particles (NPPs), has emerged as an important global environmental issue due to its detrimental effects on human health, ecosystems, and climate. Atmospheric processes play an important role in the transportation and fate of plastic particles in the environment. In this study, a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was employed to establish the first online approach for identification and quantification of airborne submicrometer polystyrene (PS) NPPs from laboratory-generated and ambient aerosols. The fragmentation ion C8H8+ is identified as the major tracer ion for PS nanoplastic particles, achieving an 1-h detection limit of 4.96 ng/m3. Ambient PS NPPs measured at an urban location in Texas are quantified to be 30 ± 20 ng/m3 by applying the AMS data with a constrained positive matrix factorization (PMF) method using the multilinear engine (ME-2). Careful analysis of ambient data reveals that atmospheric PS NPPs were enhanced as air mass passed through a waste incinerator plant, suggesting that incineration of waste may serve as a source of ambient NPPs. The online quantification of NPPs achieved through this study can significantly improve our understanding of the source, transport, fate, and climate effects of atmospheric NPPs to mitigate this emerging global environmental issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sining Niu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ruizhe Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Qian Zhao
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Sahir Gagan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alana Dodero
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Qi Ying
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xingmao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng Z, Morgenstern M, Henning S, Zhang B, Roberts GC, Fraund M, Marcus MA, Lata NN, Fialho P, Mazzoleni L, Wehner B, Mazzoleni C, China S. Cloud condensation nuclei activity of internally mixed particle populations at a remote marine free troposphere site in the North Atlantic Ocean. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166865. [PMID: 37690758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports results from research conducted at the Observatory of Mount Pico (OMP), 2225 m above mean sea level on Pico Island in the Azores archipelago in June and July 2017. We investigated the chemical composition, mixing state, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activities of long-range transported free tropospheric (FT) particles. FLEXible PARTicle Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) simulations reveal that most air masses that arrived at the OMP during the sampling period originated in North America and were highly aged (average plume age > 10 days). We probed size-resolved chemical composition, mixing state, and hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of individual particles using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (CCSEM-EDX). Based on the estimated individual particle mass from elemental composition, we calculated the mixing state index, χ. During our study, FT particle populations were internally mixed (χ of samples are between 53 % and 87 %), owing to the long atmospheric aging time. We used data from a miniature Cloud Condensation Nucleus Counter (miniCCNC) to derive the hygroscopicity parameter, κCCNC. Combining κCCNC and FLEXPART, we found that air masses recirculated above the North Atlantic Ocean with lower mean altitude had higher κCCNC due to the higher contribution of sea salt particles. We used CCSEM-EDX and phase state measurements to predict single-particle κ (κCCSEM-EDX) values, which overlap with the lower range of κCCNC measured below 0.15 % SS. Therefore, CCSEM-EDX measurements can be useful in predicting the lower bound of κ, which can be used in climate models to predict CCN activities, especially in remote locations where online CCN measurements are unavailable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Megan Morgenstern
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Silvia Henning
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Gregory C Roberts
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse 31400, France; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nurun Nahar Lata
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Paulo Fialho
- Institute of Volcanology and Risk Assessment - IVAR, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Lynn Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Birgit Wehner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
El Hajj O, Hartness SW, Vandergrift GW, Park Y, Glenn CK, Anosike A, Webb AR, Dewey NS, Doner AC, Cheng Z, Jatana GS, Moses-DeBusk M, China S, Rotavera B, Saleh R. Alkylperoxy radicals are responsible for the formation of oxygenated primary organic aerosol. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadj2832. [PMID: 37976350 PMCID: PMC10656070 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) is an air pollutant ubiquitous in urban atmospheres. Urban OA is usually apportioned into primary OA (POA), mostly emitted by mobile sources, and secondary OA (SOA), which forms in the atmosphere due to oxidation of gas-phase precursors from anthropogenic and biogenic sources. By performing coordinated measurements in the particle phase and the gas phase, we show that the alkylperoxy radical chemistry that is responsible for low-temperature ignition also leads to the formation of oxygenated POA (OxyPOA). OxyPOA is distinct from POA emitted during high-temperature ignition and is chemically similar to SOA. We present evidence for the prevalence of OxyPOA in emissions of a spark-ignition engine and a next-generation advanced compression-ignition engine, highlighting the importance of understanding OxyPOA for predicting urban air pollution patterns in current and future atmospheres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar El Hajj
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Samuel W. Hartness
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Yensil Park
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chase K. Glenn
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anita Anosike
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Annabelle R. Webb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Dewey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anna C. Doner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Gurneesh S. Jatana
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Melanie Moses-DeBusk
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Swarup China
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Brandon Rotavera
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rawad Saleh
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mathai S, Veghte D, Kovarik L, Mazzoleni C, Tseng KP, Bucci S, Capek T, Cheng Z, Marinoni A, China S. Optical Properties of Individual Tar Balls in the Free Troposphere. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:16834-16842. [PMID: 37856673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Tar balls are brown carbonaceous particles that are highly viscous, spherical, amorphous, and light absorbing. They are believed to form in biomass burning smoke plumes during transport in the troposphere. Tar balls are also believed to have a significant impact on the Earth's radiative balance, but due to poorly characterized optical properties, this impact is highly uncertain. Here, we used two nighttime samples to investigate the chemical composition and optical properties of individual tar balls transported in the free troposphere to the Climate Observatory "Ottavio Vittori" on Mt. Cimone, Italy, using multimodal microspectroscopy. In our two samples, tar balls contributed 50% of carbonaceous particles by number. Of those tar balls, 16% were inhomogeneously mixed with other constituents. Using electron energy loss spectroscopy, we retrieved the complex refractive index (RI) for a wavelength range from 200 to 1200 nm for both inhomogeneously and homogeneously mixed tar balls. We found no significant difference in the average RI of inhomogeneously and homogeneously mixed tar balls (1.40-0.03i and 1.36-0.03i at 550 nm, respectively). Furthermore, we estimated the top of the atmosphere radiative forcing using the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer model and found that a layer of only tar balls with an optical depth of 0.1 above vegetation would exert a positive radiative forcing ranging from 2.8 W m-2 (on a clear sky day) to 9.5 W m-2 (when clouds are below the aerosol layer). Understanding the optical properties of tar balls can help reduce uncertainties associated with the contribution of biomass-burning aerosol in current climate models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mathai
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Physics Department and Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Daniel Veghte
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Libor Kovarik
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Physics Department and Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Kuo-Pin Tseng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Silvia Bucci
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC)-National Research Council of Itlay, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, UZA II, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tyler Capek
- Physics Department and Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Angela Marinoni
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC)-National Research Council of Itlay, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Y, Zaveri RA, Vandergrift GW, Cheng Z, China S, Zelenyuk A, Shilling JE. Nonequilibrium Behavior in Isoprene Secondary Organic Aerosol. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:14182-14193. [PMID: 37708377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that instantaneous gas-particle equilibrium partitioning assumptions fail to predict SOA formation, even at high relative humidity (∼85%), and photochemical aging seems to be one driving factor. In this study, we probe the minimum aging time scale required to observe nonequilibrium partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) between the gas and aerosol phase at ∼50% RH. Seed isoprene SOA is generated by photo-oxidation in the presence of effloresced ammonium sulfate seeds at <1 ppbv NOx, aged photochemically or in the dark for 0.3-6 h, and subsequently exposed to fresh isoprene SVOCs. Our results show that the equilibrium partitioning assumption is accurate for fresh isoprene SOA but breaks down after isoprene SOA has been aged for as short as 20 min even in the dark. Modeling results show that a semisolid SOA phase state is necessary to reproduce the observed particle size distribution evolution. The observed nonequilibrium partitioning behavior and inferred semisolid phase state are corroborated by offline mass spectrometric analysis on the bulk aerosol particles showing the formation of organosulfates and oligomers. The unexpected short time scale for the phase transition within isoprene SOA has important implications for the growth of atmospheric ultrafine particles to climate-relevant sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Chen
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gregory W Vandergrift
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tan S, Nguyen MT, Zhang D, Zhong L, Cheng Z, China S, Johnson GE, Prabhakaran V. Electric-Field-Induced Assembly of an Ionic Liquid-Water Interphase Enables Efficient Heavy Metal Electrosorption. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:44469-44481. [PMID: 37676918 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlling ion desolvation, transport, and charge transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface (EEI) is critical to enable the rational design of the efficient and selective separation of targeted heavy metals and the decontamination of industrial wastewater. The main challenge is to sufficiently resolve and interrogate the desolvation of solvated metal ions and their subsequent electroreduction at the EEI and establish pathways to modulate these intermediate steps to achieve efficient energy transfer for targeted reactive separations. Herein, we obtained a predictive understanding of modulating the desolvation and electrosorption of Pb2+ cations using the hydrophobic ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl) in aqueous electrolyte. We revealed the formation of a compact interphase layer consisting of EMIMCl-Pb complexes under an applied electric field using operando electrochemical Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements combined with classical molecular dynamics simulations. A lower negative potential was shown to result in the formation of a well-oriented layer with the positive imidazolium ring of EMIMCl lying perpendicular to the electrode and the hydrophobic alkyl chain extending into the bulk electrolyte. This oriented layer, which formed from a dilute concentration of EMIMCl added to the electrolyte, was demonstrated to facilitate desolvation of incoming solvated Pb2+ cations and decrease the charge transfer resistance for Pb electrodeposition, which has important implications for the selective removal of Pb from contaminated mixtures. Overall, our findings open up new opportunities to modulate ion desolvation using hydrophobic ionic liquids in aqueous electrolytes for efficient heavy-metal separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tan
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Manh-Thuong Nguyen
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Difan Zhang
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Lirong Zhong
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Grant E Johnson
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Venkateshkumar Prabhakaran
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lata NN, Cheng Z, Dexheimer D, Zhang D, Mei F, China S. Vertical Gradient of Size-Resolved Aerosol Compositions over the Arctic Reveals Cloud Processed Aerosol in-Cloud and above Cloud. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:5821-5830. [PMID: 36971313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arctic aerosols play a significant role in aerosol-radiation and aerosol-cloud interactions, but ground-based measurements are insufficient to explain the interaction of aerosols and clouds in a vertically stratified Arctic atmosphere. This study shows the vertical variability of a size resolved aerosol composition via a tethered balloon system at Oliktok Point, Alaska, at different cloud layers for two representative case studies (background aerosol and polluted conditions). Multimodal microspectroscopy analysis during the background case reveals a broadening of chemically specific size distribution above the cloud top with a high abundance of sulfate particles and core-shell morphology, suggesting possible cloud processing of aerosols. The polluted case also indicates broadening of aerosol size distribution at the upper layer within the clouds with the dominance of carbonaceous particles, which suggests that the carbonaceous particles play a potential role in modulating Arctic cloud properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurun Nahar Lata
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Darielle Dexheimer
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Damao Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Fan Mei
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Morales AC, Tomlin JM, West CP, Rivera-Adorno FA, Peterson BN, Sharpe SAL, Noh Y, Sendesi SMT, Boor BE, Howarter JA, Moffet RC, China S, O'Callahan BT, El-Khoury PZ, Whelton AJ, Laskin A. Atmospheric emission of nanoplastics from sewer pipe repairs. Nat Nanotechnol 2022; 17:1171-1177. [PMID: 36203091 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastic particles are inadequately characterized environmental pollutants that have adverse effects on aquatic and atmospheric systems, causing detrimental effects to human health through inhalation, ingestion and skin penetration1-3. At present, it is explicitly assumed that environmental nanoplastics (EnvNPs) are weathering fragments of microplastic or larger plastic debris that have been discharged into terrestrial and aquatic environments, while atmospheric EnvNPs are attributed solely to aerosolization by wind and other mechanical forces. However, the sources and emissions of unintended EnvNPs are poorly understood and are therefore largely unaccounted for in various risk assessments4. Here we show that large quantities of EnvNPs may be directly emitted into the atmosphere as steam-laden waste components discharged from a technology commonly used to repair sewer pipes in urban areas. A comprehensive chemical analysis of the discharged waste condensate has revealed the abundant presence of insoluble colloids, which after drying form solid organic particles with a composition and viscosity consistent with EnvNPs. We suggest that airborne emissions of EnvNPs from these globally used sewer repair practices may be prevalent in highly populated urban areas5, and may have important implications for air quality and toxicological levels that need to be mitigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jay M Tomlin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoorae Noh
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Seyedeh M T Sendesi
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Swarup China
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brian T O'Callahan
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ijaz A, Kew W, China S, Schum SK, Mazzoleni LR. Molecular Characterization of Organophosphorus Compounds in Wildfire Smoke Using 21-T Fourier Transform-Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14537-14545. [PMID: 36215705 PMCID: PMC9610683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a detailed molecular characterization of organophosphorus compounds in ambient organic aerosol influenced by wildfire smoke. Biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) is an important source of phosphorus (P) to surface waters, where even a small imbalance in the P flux can lead to substantial effects on water quality, such as eutrophication, algal blooms, and oxygen depletion. We aimed to exploit the ultrahigh resolving power, mass accuracy, and sensitivity of Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to explore the molecular composition of an ambient BBOA sample collected downwind of Pacific Northwest wildfires. The 21-T FT-ICR MS yielded 10 533 distinct formulae, which included molecular species comprising C, H, O, and P with or without N, i.e., organophosphorus compounds that have long been quantified in wildfire smoke but have not yet been characterized at the molecular level. The lack of detailed molecular characterization of organophosphorus compounds in BBOA is primarily due to their inherently low concentrations in aerosols and poor ionization efficiency in complex mixtures. We demonstrate that the exceptional sensitivity of the 21-T FT-ICR MS allows qualitative analysis of a previously uncharacterized fraction of BBOA without its selective concentration from the organic matrix, exemplifying the need for ultrahigh-resolution tools for a more detailed and accurate molecular depiction of such complex mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amna Ijaz
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - William Kew
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Simeon K. Schum
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Lynn R. Mazzoleni
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cheng Z, Sharma N, Tseng KP, Kovarik L, China S. Direct observation and assessment of phase states of ambient and lab-generated sub-micron particles upon humidification. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15264-15272. [PMID: 35424057 PMCID: PMC8698329 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new analytical platform that uses a tilted stage (60°) integrated to the Peltier cooling stage interfaced with an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) to directly observe and assess the phase state of particles as a function of RH at a controlled temperature. Three types of organic particles have been studied: (a) Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA) particles, (b) lab generated soil organic particles, and (c) field-collected ambient particles. The chemical composition, morphology, and functional groups of individual particles were probed using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (CCSEM/EDX) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS). Results show that all three types of particles are organic-rich, but soil organic particles and ambient particles contain a considerable amount of inorganic species. The phase state can be determined based on the particle's aspect ratio (particle width/height), which we proposed for solid, semisolid, and liquid particles are 1.00–1.30, 1.30–1.85, and >1.85, respectively. We found that solid SRFA particles transition to a semisolid state at ∼90% RH and to the liquid state at ∼97% RH, in agreement with the literature. The solid soil organic particles transition to a semisolid state at ∼85% RH and to the liquid state at ∼97% RH. The solid ambient organic particles transition to a semisolid state at ∼65% RH and the liquid state at ∼97% RH. Our results indicate that this new platform can directly observe and quantitatively indicate the phase transition of field-collected particles under different ambient conditions. We present a new analytical platform that uses a tilted and Peltier cooling stage interfaced with an environmental scanning electron microscope to directly observe and assess the phase state of individual particles as a function of relative humidity.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
| | - Noopur Sharma
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
| | - Kuo-Pin Tseng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
| | - Libor Kovarik
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gonçalves SJ, Weis J, China S, Evangelista H, Harder TH, Müller S, Sampaio M, Laskin A, Gilles MK, Godoi RHM. Photochemical reactions on aerosols at West Antarctica: A molecular case-study of nitrate formation among sea salt aerosols. Sci Total Environ 2021; 758:143586. [PMID: 33218800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental implications of climate change are complex and exhibit regional variations both within and between the polar regions. The increase of solar UV radiation flux over Antarctica due to stratospheric ozone depletion creates the optimal conditions for photochemical reactions on the snow. Modeling, laboratory, and indirect field studies suggest that snowpack process release gases to the atmosphere that can react on sea salt particles in remote regions such as Antarctica, modifying aerosol composition and physical properties of aerosols. Here, we present evidence of photochemical processing in West Antarctica aerosols using microscopic and chemical speciation of individual atmospheric particles. Individual aerosol particles collected at the Brazilian module Criosfera 1 were analyzed by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS) combined with computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis. The displacement of chlorine relative to sodium was observed over most of the sea salt particles. Particles with a chemical composition consistent with NaCl-NO3 contributed up to 30% of atmospheric particles investigated. Overall, this study provides evidence that the snowpack and particulate nitrate photolysis should be considered in dynamic partition equilibrium in the troposphere. These findings may assist in reducing modeling uncertainties and present new insights into the aerosol chemical composition in the polar environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio J Gonçalves
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; LARAMG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Johannes Weis
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physikalisches Institüt, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Heitor Evangelista
- LARAMG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tristan H Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physikalisches Institüt, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Müller
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marcelo Sampaio
- Brazilian National Space Institute - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang W, Spurgeon SR, Matthews BE, Battu AK, China S, Varga T, Devaraj A, Kautz EJ, Marcus MA, Reilly DD, Luscher WG. Carbonaceous deposits on aluminide coatings in tritium-producing assemblies. Nuclear Materials and Energy 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2020.100797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Mei F, McMeeking G, Pekour M, Gao RS, Kulkarni G, China S, Telg H, Dexheimer D, Tomlinson J, Schmid B. Performance Assessment of Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS). Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20216294. [PMID: 33167368 PMCID: PMC7663837 DOI: 10.3390/s20216294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate representation of atmospheric aerosol properties is a long-standing problem in atmospheric research. Modern pilotless aerial systems provide a new platform for atmospheric in situ measurement. However, small airborne platforms require miniaturized instrumentation due to apparent size, power, and weight limitations. A Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) is an emerged instrument to measure ambient aerosol size distribution with high time and size resolution, designed for deployment on a small unmanned aerial system (UAS) or tethered balloon system (TBS) platforms. This study evaluates the performance of a POPS with an upgraded laser heater and additional temperature sensors in the aerosol pathway. POPS maintains its performance under different environmental conditions as long as the laser temperature remains above 25 °C and the aerosol flow temperature inside the optical chamber is 15 °C higher than the ambient temperature. The comparison between POPS and an Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer (UHSAS) suggests that the coincidence error is less than 25% when the number concentration is less than 4000 cm−3. The size distributions measured by both of them remained unaffected up to 15,000 cm−3. While both instruments’ sizing accuracy is affected by the aerosol chemical composition and morphology, the influence is more profound on the POPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mei
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (G.K.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (M.P.); Tel.: +1-509-375-3965 (F.M.)
| | | | - Mikhail Pekour
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (G.K.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (M.P.); Tel.: +1-509-375-3965 (F.M.)
| | - Ru-Shan Gao
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO 80305, USA;
| | - Gourihar Kulkarni
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (G.K.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Swarup China
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (G.K.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Hagen Telg
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA;
| | | | - Jason Tomlinson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (G.K.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Beat Schmid
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (G.K.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (B.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McNamara S, Kolesar KR, Wang S, Kirpes RM, May NW, Gunsch MJ, Cook RD, Fuentes JD, Hornbrook RS, Apel EC, China S, Laskin A, Pratt KA. Observation of Road Salt Aerosol Driving Inland Wintertime Atmospheric Chlorine Chemistry. ACS Cent Sci 2020; 6:684-694. [PMID: 32490185 PMCID: PMC7256959 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Inland sources of particulate chloride for atmospheric nitryl chloride (ClNO2) formation remain unknown and unquantified, hindering air quality assessments. Globally each winter, tens of millions of tons of road salt are spread on roadways for deicing. Here, we identify road salt aerosol as the primary chloride aerosol source, accounting for 80-100% of ClNO2 formation, at an inland urban area in the wintertime. This study provides experimental evidence of the connection between road salt and air quality through the production of this important reservoir for nitrogen oxides and chlorine radicals, which significantly impact atmospheric composition and pollutant fates. A numerical model was employed to quantify the contributions of chloride sources to ClNO2 production. The traditional method for simulating ClNO2 considers chloride to be homogeneously distributed across the atmospheric particle population; yet, we show that only a fraction of the particulate surface area contains chloride. Our new single-particle parametrization considers this heterogeneity, dramatically lowering overestimations of ClNO2 levels that have been routinely reported using the prevailing methods. The identification of road salt as a ClNO2 source links this common deicing practice to atmospheric composition and air quality in the urban wintertime environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen
M. McNamara
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Katheryn R. Kolesar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Rachel M. Kirpes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Nathaniel W. May
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Matthew J. Gunsch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Ryan D. Cook
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jose D. Fuentes
- Department
of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kirpes RM, Rodriguez B, Kim S, China S, Laskin A, Park K, Jung J, Ault AP, Pratt KA. Emerging investigator series: influence of marine emissions and atmospheric processing on individual particle composition of summertime Arctic aerosol over the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2020; 22:1201-1213. [PMID: 32083622 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00495e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is rapidly transforming due to sea ice loss, increasing shipping activity, and oil and gas development. Associated marine and combustion emissions influence atmospheric aerosol composition, impacting complex aerosol-cloud-climate feedbacks. To improve understanding of the sources and processes determining Arctic aerosol composition, atmospheric particles were collected aboard the Korean icebreaker R/V Araon cruising within the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea during August 2016. Offline analyses of individual particles by microspectroscopic techniques, including scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy with infrared spectroscopy, provided information on particle size, morphology, and chemical composition. The most commonly observed particle types were sea spray aerosol (SSA), comprising ∼60-90%, by number, of supermicron particles, and organic aerosol (OA), comprising ∼50-90%, by number, of submicron particles. Sulfate and nitrate were internally mixed within both SSA and OA particles, consistent with particle multiphase reactions during atmospheric transport. Within the Bering Strait, SSA and OA particles were more aged, with greater number fractions of particles containing sulfate and/or nitrate, compared to particles collected over the Chukchi Sea. This is indicative of greater pollution influence within the Bering Strait from coastal and inland sources, while the Chukchi Sea is primarily influenced by marine sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Kirpes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zaveri RA, Shilling JE, Zelenyuk A, Zawadowicz MA, Suski K, China S, Bell DM, Veghte D, Laskin A. Particle-Phase Diffusion Modulates Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Compounds to Aged Secondary Organic Aerosol. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:2595-2605. [PMID: 31994876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The diffusivity of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the bulk particle phase of a viscous atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can have a profound impact on aerosol growth and size distribution dynamics. Here, we investigate the bulk diffusivity of SVOCs formed from photo-oxidation of isoprene as they partition to a bimodal aerosol consisting of an Aitken (potassium sulfate) and accumulation mode (aged α-pinene SOA) particles as a function of relative humidity (RH). The model analysis of the observed size distribution evolution shows that liquid-like diffusion coefficient values of Db > 10-10 cm2 s-1 fail to explain the growth of the Aitken mode. Instead, much lower values of Db between 2.5 × 10-15 cm2 s-1 at 32% RH and 8 × 10-15 cm2 s-1 at 82% RH were needed to successfully reproduce the growth of both modes. The diffusivity within the aged α-pinene SOA remains appreciably slow even at 80% RH, resulting in hindered partitioning of SVOCs to large viscous particles and allowing smaller and relatively less viscous particles to effectively absorb the available SVOCs and grow much faster than would be possible otherwise. These results have important implications for modeling SOA formation and growth in the ambient atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Maria A Zawadowicz
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Suski
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - David M Bell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Daniel Veghte
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bhandari J, China S, Chandrakar KK, Kinney G, Cantrell W, Shaw RA, Mazzoleni LR, Girotto G, Sharma N, Gorkowski K, Gilardoni S, Decesari S, Facchini MC, Zanca N, Pavese G, Esposito F, Dubey MK, Aiken AC, Chakrabarty RK, Moosmüller H, Onasch TB, Zaveri RA, Scarnato BV, Fialho P, Mazzoleni C. Extensive Soot Compaction by Cloud Processing from Laboratory and Field Observations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11824. [PMID: 31413342 PMCID: PMC6694138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soot particles form during combustion of carbonaceous materials and impact climate and air quality. When freshly emitted, they are typically fractal-like aggregates. After atmospheric aging, they can act as cloud condensation nuclei, and water condensation or evaporation restructure them to more compact aggregates, affecting their optical, aerodynamic, and surface properties. Here we survey the morphology of ambient soot particles from various locations and different environmental and aging conditions. We used electron microscopy and show extensive soot compaction after cloud processing. We further performed laboratory experiments to simulate atmospheric cloud processing under controlled conditions. We find that soot particles sampled after evaporating the cloud droplets, are significantly more compact than freshly emitted and interstitial soot, confirming that cloud processing, not just exposure to high humidity, compacts soot. Our findings have implications for how the radiative, surface, and aerodynamic properties, and the fate of soot particles are represented in numerical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janarjan Bhandari
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
| | - Swarup China
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kamal Kant Chandrakar
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Greg Kinney
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Will Cantrell
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Raymond A Shaw
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Lynn R Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Giulia Girotto
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Noopur Sharma
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kyle Gorkowski
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Stefano Decesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Zanca
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Rome, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giulia Pavese
- Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (CNR-IMAA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Manvendra K Dubey
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Allison C Aiken
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Rajan K Chakrabarty
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Paulo Fialho
- Instituto de Investigação em Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos - IVAR, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal
| | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
China S, Burrows SM, Wang B, Harder TH, Weis J, Tanarhte M, Rizzo LV, Brito J, Cirino GG, Ma PL, Cliff J, Artaxo P, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Fungal spores as a source of sodium salt particles in the Amazon basin. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4793. [PMID: 30451836 PMCID: PMC6242827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Amazon basin, particles containing mixed sodium salts are routinely observed and are attributed to marine aerosols transported from the Atlantic Ocean. Using chemical imaging analysis, we show that, during the wet season, fungal spores emitted by the forest biosphere contribute at least 30% (by number) to sodium salt particles in the central Amazon basin. Hydration experiments indicate that sodium content in fungal spores governs their growth factors. Modeling results suggest that fungal spores account for ~69% (31-95%) of the total sodium mass during the wet season and that their fractional contribution increases during nighttime. Contrary to common assumptions that sodium-containing aerosols originate primarily from marine sources, our results suggest that locally-emitted fungal spores contribute substantially to the number and mass of coarse particles containing sodium. Hence, their role in cloud formation and contribution to salt cycles and the terrestrial ecosystem in the Amazon basin warrant further consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Susannah M Burrows
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Bingbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tristan H Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Weis
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Luciana V Rizzo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Diadema, 09961, SP, Brazil
| | - Joel Brito
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Glauber G Cirino
- Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Po-Lun Ma
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - John Cliff
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Veghte DP, China S, Weis J, Lin P, Hinks ML, Kovarik L, Nizkorodov SA, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Heating-Induced Transformations of Atmospheric Particles: Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy Study. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9761-9768. [PMID: 30008222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental transmission electron microscopy was employed to probe transformations in the size, morphology, and composition of individual atmospheric particles as a function of temperature. Two different heating devices were used and calibrated in this work: a furnace heater and a Micro Electro Mechanical System heater. The temperature calibration used sublimation temperatures of NaCl, glucose, and ammonium sulfate particles, and the melting temperature of tin. Volatilization of Suwanee River Fulvic Acid was further used to validate the calibration up to 800 °C. The calibrated furnace holder was used to examine both laboratory-generated secondary organic aerosol particles and field-collected atmospheric particles. Chemical analysis by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and near-edge fine-structure spectroscopy of the organic particles at different heating steps showed that above 300 °C particle volatilization was accompanied by charring. These methods were then applied to ambient particles collected in the central Amazon region. Distinct categories of particles differed in their volatilization response to heating. Spherical, more-viscous particles lost less volume during heating than particles that spread on the imaging substrate during impaction, due to either being liquid upon impaction or lower viscosity. This methodology illustrates a new analytical approach to accurately measure the volume fraction remaining for individually tracked atmospheric particles at elevated temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Veghte
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Johannes Weis
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Mallory L Hinks
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Libor Kovarik
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2084 United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Warneke J, McBriarty ME, Riechers SL, China S, Engelhard MH, Aprà E, Young RP, Washton NM, Jenne C, Johnson GE, Laskin J. Self-organizing layers from complex molecular anions. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1889. [PMID: 29760476 PMCID: PMC5951818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of traditional ionic materials occurs principally via joint accumulation of both anions and cations. Herein, we describe a previously unreported phenomenon by which macroscopic liquid-like thin layers with tunable self-organization properties form through accumulation of stable complex ions of one polarity on surfaces. Using a series of highly stable molecular anions we demonstrate a strong influence of the internal charge distribution of the molecular ions, which is usually shielded by counterions, on the properties of the layers. Detailed characterization reveals that the intrinsically unstable layers of anions on surfaces are stabilized by simultaneous accumulation of neutral molecules from the background environment. Different phases, self-organization mechanisms and optical properties are observed depending on the molecular properties of the deposited anions, the underlying surface and the coadsorbed neutral molecules. This demonstrates rational control of the macroscopic properties (morphology and size of the formed structures) of the newly discovered anion-based layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Warneke
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
| | - Martin E McBriarty
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Shawn L Riechers
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Mark H Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Edoardo Aprà
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Robert P Young
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Nancy M Washton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, Wuppertal, 42119, Germany
| | - Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
May NW, Olson NE, Panas M, Axson JL, Tirella PS, Kirpes RM, Craig RL, Gunsch MJ, China S, Laskin A, Ault AP, Pratt KA. Aerosol Emissions from Great Lakes Harmful Algal Blooms. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:397-405. [PMID: 29169236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In freshwater lakes, harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) produce toxins that impact human health. However, little is known about the lake spray aerosol (LSA) produced from wave-breaking in freshwater HABs. In this study, LSA were produced in the laboratory from freshwater samples collected from Lake Michigan and Lake Erie during HAB and nonbloom conditions. The incorporation of biological material within the individual HAB-influenced LSA particles was examined by single-particle mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Freshwater with higher blue-green algae content produced higher number fractions of individual LSA particles that contained biological material, showing that organic molecules of biological origin are incorporated in LSA from HABs. The number fraction of individual LSA particles containing biological material also increased with particle diameter (greater than 0.5 μm), a size dependence that is consistent with previous studies of sea spray aerosol impacted by phytoplankton blooms. Similar to sea spray aerosol, organic carbon markers were most frequently observed in individual LSA particles less than 0.5 μm in diameter. Understanding the transfer of biological material from freshwater to the atmosphere via LSA is crucial for determining health and climate effects of HABs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel W May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Mark Panas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jessica L Axson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Peter S Tirella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Rachel M Kirpes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Rebecca L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Matthew J Gunsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
China S, Wang B, Weis J, Rizzo L, Brito J, Cirino GG, Kovarik L, Artaxo P, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Rupturing of Biological Spores As a Source of Secondary Particles in Amazonia. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:12179-12186. [PMID: 27749043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Airborne biological particles, such as fungal spores and pollen, are ubiquitous in the Earth's atmosphere and may influence the atmospheric environment and climate, impacting air quality, cloud formation, and the Earth's radiation budget. The atmospheric transformations of airborne biological spores at elevated relative humidity remain poorly understood and their climatic role is uncertain. Using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), we observed rupturing of Amazonian fungal spores and subsequent release of submicrometer size fragments after exposure to high humidity. We find that fungal fragments contain elements of inorganic salts (e.g., Na and Cl). They are hygroscopic in nature with a growth factor up to 2.3 at 96% relative humidity, thus they may potentially influence cloud formation. Due to their hygroscopic growth, light scattering cross sections of the fragments are enhanced by up to a factor of 10. Furthermore, rupturing of fungal spores at high humidity may explain the bursting events of new particle formation in Amazonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Johannes Weis
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luciana Rizzo
- Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo - SP, 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Joel Brito
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , São Paulo - SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Glauber G Cirino
- National Institute of Research in Amazonia , Manaus - AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Libor Kovarik
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , São Paulo - SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
This article presents an overview of recent advances in field and laboratory studies of atmospheric particles formed in processes of environmental air-surface interactions. The overarching goal of these studies is to advance predictive understanding of atmospheric particle composition, particle chemistry during aging, and their environmental impacts. The diversity between chemical constituents and lateral heterogeneity within individual particles adds to the chemical complexity of particles and their surfaces. Once emitted, particles undergo transformation via atmospheric aging processes that further modify their complex composition. We highlight a range of modern analytical approaches that enable multimodal chemical characterization of particles with both molecular and lateral specificity. When combined, these approaches provide a comprehensive arsenal of tools for understanding the nature of particles at air-surface interactions and their reactivity and transformations with atmospheric aging. We discuss applications of these novel approaches in recent studies and highlight additional research areas to explore the environmental effects of air-surface interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chakrabarty RK, Beres ND, Moosmüller H, China S, Mazzoleni C, Dubey MK, Liu L, Mishchenko MI. Corrigendum: Soot superaggregates from flaming wildfires and their direct radiative forcing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18530. [PMID: 26961418 PMCID: PMC4785526 DOI: 10.1038/srep18530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
26
|
Wang B, Knopf DA, China S, Arey BW, Harder TH, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Direct observation of ice nucleation events on individual atmospheric particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29721-29731. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer scale imaging of kaolinite particles shows that ice nucleation initiates preferentially at edges of stacked planes and not on basal planes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wang
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Swarup China
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Bruce W. Arey
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Tristan H. Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bonavita J, Torre M, China S, Bressi F, Bonatti E, Capirossi R, Tiberti S, Olivi S, Musumeci G, Maietti E, Fekete C, Baroncini I, Brinkhof MWG, Molinari M, Scivoletto G. Validation of the Italian version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM III) Self-Report. Spinal Cord 2015; 54:553-60. [PMID: 26481705 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional validation study. OBJECTIVES To validate the Italian version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure Self-Report (SCIM SR). SETTING Two spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation facilities in Italy. METHODS The SCIM III comprises items on 19 daily tasks, grouped into three subscales: 'Self-care,' 'Respiration and sphincter management' and 'Mobility'. The total SCIM score ranges between 0 and 100. The Italian self-reported version (SCIM SR) was translated from the German tool. We studied 116 patients on their first hospitalization for rehabilitation after an SCI. At the time of discharge, patients were evaluated by the rehabilitation team using the SCIM III and self-assessed their independence with regard to activities of daily living using the SCIM SR. Pearson's correlation, Bland-Altman method, and stratified and regression analyses were used to examine the differences between evaluations. RESULTS On the basis of Pearson's correlation, there was good agreement between the data from the SCIM III and SCIM SR (r=0.918 for 'Self-care,' 0.806 for 'Respiration and sphincter management,' 0.906 for 'Mobility' and 0.934 for total scores). By Bland-Altman analysis, patients rated their functioning nearly the same as professionals-the mean difference between SCIM III and SCIM SR scores was approximately 0 for all subscales and total scores. The stratified and regression analyses failed to identify any specific factor that was associated with differences between SCIM III and SCIM SR scores. CONCLUSIONS These results support the validity of the Italian version of the SCIM SR, which can facilitate longer-term evaluations of the independence of individuals with SCIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bonavita
- Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, Imola, Italy
| | - M Torre
- Spinal Unit, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Spinal Rehabilitation (SpiRe) Laboratory, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - S China
- Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, Imola, Italy
| | - F Bressi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - E Bonatti
- Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, Imola, Italy
| | - R Capirossi
- Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, Imola, Italy
| | - S Tiberti
- Spinal Unit, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - S Olivi
- Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, Imola, Italy
| | - G Musumeci
- Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, Imola, Italy
| | - E Maietti
- Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, Imola, Italy
| | - C Fekete
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - I Baroncini
- Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, Imola, Italy
| | - M W G Brinkhof
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - M Molinari
- Spinal Unit, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Spinal Rehabilitation (SpiRe) Laboratory, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - G Scivoletto
- Spinal Unit, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Spinal Rehabilitation (SpiRe) Laboratory, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu S, Aiken AC, Gorkowski K, Dubey MK, Cappa CD, Williams LR, Herndon SC, Massoli P, Fortner EC, Chhabra PS, Brooks WA, Onasch TB, Jayne JT, Worsnop DR, China S, Sharma N, Mazzoleni C, Xu L, Ng NL, Liu D, Allan JD, Lee JD, Fleming ZL, Mohr C, Zotter P, Szidat S, Prévôt ASH. Enhanced light absorption by mixed source black and brown carbon particles in UK winter. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8435. [PMID: 26419204 PMCID: PMC4598716 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) and light-absorbing organic carbon (brown carbon, BrC) play key roles in warming the atmosphere, but the magnitude of their effects remains highly uncertain. Theoretical modelling and laboratory experiments demonstrate that coatings on BC can enhance BC's light absorption, therefore many climate models simply assume enhanced BC absorption by a factor of ∼1.5. However, recent field observations show negligible absorption enhancement, implying models may overestimate BC's warming. Here we report direct evidence of substantial field-measured BC absorption enhancement, with the magnitude strongly depending on BC coating amount. Increases in BC coating result from a combination of changing sources and photochemical aging processes. When the influence of BrC is accounted for, observationally constrained model calculations of the BC absorption enhancement can be reconciled with the observations. We conclude that the influence of coatings on BC absorption should be treated as a source and regionally specific parameter in climate models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang Liu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Allison C Aiken
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Kyle Gorkowski
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Manvendra K Dubey
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | - Paola Massoli
- Aerodyne Research, Inc. Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA
| | | | - Puneet S Chhabra
- Aerodyne Research, Inc. Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | | - Timothy B Onasch
- Aerodyne Research, Inc. Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - John T Jayne
- Aerodyne Research, Inc. Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA
| | | | - Swarup China
- Physics Department and Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
| | - Noopur Sharma
- Physics Department and Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
| | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Physics Department and Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Nga L Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.,School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Dantong Liu
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - James D Allan
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - James D Lee
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory and National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Zoë L Fleming
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Claudia Mohr
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Peter Zotter
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland.,Lucerne School of Engineering and Architecture, Bioenergy Research, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Horw 6048, Switzerland
| | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
China S, Salvadori N, Mazzoleni C. Effect of traffic and driving characteristics on morphology of atmospheric soot particles at freeway on-ramps. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:3128-35. [PMID: 24559238 DOI: 10.1021/es405178n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Vehicles represent a major source of soot in urban environments. Knowledge of the morphology and mixing of soot particles is fundamental to understand their potential health and climatic impacts. We investigate 5738 single particles collected at six different cloverleaf freeway on-ramps in Southern Michigan, using 2D images from scanning electron microscopy. Of those, 3364 particles are soot. We present an analysis of the morphological and mixing properties of those soot particles. The relative abundance of soot particles shows a positive association with traffic density (number of vehicles per minute). A classification of the mixing state of freshly emitted soot particles shows that most of them are bare (or thinly coated) (72%) and some are partly coated (22%). We find that the fractal dimension of soot particles (one of the most relevant morphological descriptors) varies from site to site, and increases with increasing vehicle specific power that represents the driving/engine load conditions, and with increasing percentage of vehicles older than 15 years. Our results suggest that driving conditions, and vehicle age and type have significant influence on the morphology of soot particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup China
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup China
- Doctoral Student, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Michigan Technological Univ., 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931-1295
- Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Nevada—Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas 89154-4015 (corresponding author)
| | - David E. James
- Doctoral Student, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Michigan Technological Univ., 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931-1295
- Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Nevada—Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas 89154-4015 (corresponding author)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mukhopadhyay S, China S. Teaching and learning in the operating theatre: A framework for trainers and advanced trainees in obstetrics and gynaecology. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2010; 30:238-40. [DOI: 10.3109/01443610903585242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- S China
- Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Robinson R, China S, Bunkheila A, Powell M. Mirena® intrauterine system in the treatment of menstrual disorders: A survey of UK patients' experience, acceptability and satisfaction. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2009; 28:728-31. [DOI: 10.1080/01443610802462605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- S China
- Logistics Department, Baxter Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|