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Nemeškalová A, Konvalinková J, Vágnerová M, Kuchař M, Buček J, Vrkoslav V, Sýkora D, Cvačka J, Volny M. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry provides screening of selective androgen receptor modulators. Talanta 2024; 277:126358. [PMID: 38879944 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry allows for analysis of samples in their natural state, i.e., with no sample pre-treatment. It can be viewed as a fast, simple, and economical analysis, but its main disadvantages include a lower analytical performance due to the presence of complex sample matrix and the lack of chromatographic separation prior to the introduction of the sample into the mass spectrometer. Here we present an application of two ambient ionization mass spectrometry techniques, i.e., Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization and Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization, for the analysis of known Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators, which represent common compounds of abuse in professional and semiprofessional sport. Eight real samples of illegal food supplements, seized by the local law enforcement, were used to test the performance of the ambient mass spectrometry and the results were validated against a newly developed targeted LC-UV-MS/MS method performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode with an external calibration for each analyte. In order to decide whether or not the compound can be declared as present, we proposed a system of rules for the interpretation of the obtained spectra. The criteria are based on mass spectrum matching (5-10 ppm accuracy from the theoretical exact mass and a correct isotopic pattern), duration of the mass signal (three or five consecutive scans, depending on the instrumentation used), and intensity above the background noise (threefold increase in intensity and absolute intensity above 5E4 or 1E5, depending on the instrumentation). When applying these criteria, good agreement was found between the tested methods. Ambient ionization techniques were effective at detecting SARMs at pharmacologically relevant doses, i.e., approximately above 1 mg per capsule, although they may fail to detect lower levels or isomeric species. It is demonstrated that when adhering to a set of clear and consistent rules, ambient mass spectrometry can be employed as a qualitative technique for the screening of illegal SARMs with sufficient confidence and without the necessity to perform a regular LC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Nemeškalová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Konvalinková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Vágnerová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Buček
- Plasmion GmbH, Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Volny
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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2
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Masucci C, Nagornov KO, Kozhinov AN, Kraft K, Tsybin YO, Bleiner D. Evaluation of atmospheric-plasma-source absorption mode Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry for chlorinated paraffin mixtures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:5133-5144. [PMID: 39138657 PMCID: PMC11377688 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CP) are complex molecular mixtures occurring in a wide range of isomers and homologs of environmental hazards, whose analytical complexity demand advanced mass spectrometry (MS) methods for their characterization. The reported formation of chlorinated olefins (COs) and other transformation products during CP biotransformation and degradation can alter the MS analysis, increasing the high resolution required to distinguish CPs from their degradation products. An advanced setup hyphenating a plasma ionization source and an external high-performance data acquisition and processing system to the legacy hybrid LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer is reported. First, the study demonstrated the versatility of a liquid sampling atmospheric pressure glow discharge, as a soft ionization technique, for CP analysis. Second, enhanced resolution and sensitivity provided by the absorption mode Fourier transform spectral representation on this legacy mass spectrometer are shown. The developed Orbitrap-based platform allowed the detection of new isotopic clusters and CPs and COs to be distinguished at medium resolution (setting 30,000 at m/z 400, ~ 400 ms transients), and even chlorinated di-olefins (CdiOs) at higher resolution (setting 100,000 at m/z 400, ~ 1500 ms transients). Overall, such proof-of-principle instrumental improvements are promising for environmental and analytical research in the field of CP analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Masucci
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kevin Kraft
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Davide Bleiner
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Forbes TP, Robinson EL, Sisco E, Koss A. In-Line Thermal Desorption and Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization for Rapid Mass Spectrometry Detection of Explosives. Anal Chem 2024; 96:13352-13357. [PMID: 39103237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Thermal desorption (TD) of wipe-based samples was coupled with an in-line dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) source and rugged compact time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MS) for the detection of explosives, propellants, and postblast debris. The chromatography-free TD-DBDI-MS platform enabled rapid and sensitive detection of organic nitramine, nitrate ester, and nitroaromatic explosives as well as black powder and black powder substitute propellants. Parametric investigations characterized the response to TD temperature and optimized DBDI voltage, aerodynamically assisted entrainment, and fragmentation through in-source collision induced dissociation (isCID). Excess nitrate generated by the DBDI source yielded predominantly nitrate-adduct formation. Subnanogram sensitivities were demonstrated for all explosives investigated, except for nitroglycerin, specifically due to its volatility. Further, most analytes/explosives exhibited tens of picograms sensitivities. The platform also demonstrated the detection of propellant and military explosives from postblast debris. The TD-DBDI-MS system performed well without the need for aerodynamically assisted entrainment (and the associated rough pump), which along with requiring no additional gases (i.e., N2 or He) or solvents, aid in potential field deployment. The ease of TD-DBDI attachment and removal added trace solid or liquid residue detection to the rugged mass spectrometer, designed primarily for the analysis of volatile organic and inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Elizabeth L Robinson
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Edward Sisco
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Abigail Koss
- TOFWERK USA, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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Xu T, Li H, Dou P, Luo Y, Pu S, Mu H, Zhang Z, Feng D, Hu X, Wang T, Tan G, Chen C, Li H, Shi X, Hu C, Xu G. Concentric Hybrid Nanoelectrospray Ionization-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Source for High-Coverage Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Single-Cell Metabolomics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306659. [PMID: 38359005 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
High-coverage mass spectrometry analysis of single-cell metabolomics remains challenging due to the extremely low abundance and wide polarity of metabolites and ultra-small volume in single cells. Herein, a novel concentric hybrid ionization source, nanoelectrospray ionization-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (nanoESI-APCI), is ingeniously designed to detect polar and nonpolar metabolites simultaneously in single cells. The source is constructed by inserting a pulled glass capillary coaxially into a glass tube that acts as a dielectric barrier layer. Benefitting from the integrated advantages of nanoESI and APCI, its limit of detection is improved by one order of magnitude to 10 pg mL-1. After the operational parameter optimization, 254 metabolites detected in nanoESI-APCI are tentatively identified from a single cell, and 82 more than those in nanoESI. The developed nanoESI-APCI is successively applied to study the metabolic heterogeneity of human hepatocellular carcinoma tissue microenvironment united with laser capture microdissection (LCM), the discrimination of cancer cell types and subtypes, the metabolic perturbations to glucose starvation in MCF7 cells and the metabolic regulation of cancer stem cells. These results demonstrated that the nanoESI-APCI not only opens a new avenue for high-coverage and high-sensitivity metabolomics analysis of single cell, but also facilitates spatially resolved metabolomics study coupled with LCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianrun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Hang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Peng Dou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Siming Pu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Hua Mu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Disheng Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xuesen Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Guang Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Chuang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xianzhe Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Chunxiu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
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Weber M, Wolf JC, Haisch C. Effect of Dopants and Gas-Phase Composition on Ionization Behavior and Efficiency in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:538-549. [PMID: 36827232 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cold plasma-based ionization techniques allow for soft ionization of a wide variety of chemical compounds. In this chemical ionization mechanism, the atmosphere plays a crucial role in ionization. Knowing its influence is critical for the optimization of analysis conditions and interpretation of resulting spectra. This study uses soft ionization by chemical reaction in transfer (SICRIT), a variant of dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI), that allows for a controlled atmosphere to investigate atmosphere and dopant effects. The influence of eight makeup gas compositions (dry nitrogen, room air, and nitrogen-enriched with either water, HCl, MeOH, hexane, NH3, and fluorobenzene) on the ionization with SICRIT was investigated. Fifteen compound classes, comprising alkanes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), terpenes, oxygen-containing terpenes, alkylphenols, chlorophenols, nitrophenols, trialkylamines, triazines, phthalates with or without ether groups, aldehydes, ketones, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and polyoxy-methylene ethers (OMEs) were measured via gas chromatography SICRIT high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-SICRIT-HRMS). The different atmospheres were compared in terms of generated ions, ion intensities and fragmentation during ionization. Measurements of reactant ions were performed for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. All 15 compound classes were mostly softly ionized. For most compound classes and atmospheres, protonation is the dominant ionization mode. The highest number of compounds ionized via protonation was observed in dry nitrogen, followed by room air and humid nitrogen. The study should work as a guideline for the choice of atmosphere for specific compound classes and the interpretation of spectra generated under a specific atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weber
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Plasmion GmbH, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Haisch
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Mirabelli MF. Direct Coupling of SPME to Mass Spectrometry. EVOLUTION OF SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY 2023:290-314. [DOI: 10.1039/bk9781839167300-00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction devices are normally analyzed by gas or liquid chromatography. Their use has become increasingly widespread since their introduction in 1990, and nowadays most analytical laboratories use or have used SPME as an efficient and green method to perform analyte extraction and sample clean-up in one step. The SPME technique is intrinsically flexible, and allows for a high degree of optimization with regard to the extracting phase, as well as the way sample is analyzed. Since its introduction, researchers have been trying different ways to transfer analytes extracted from the solid phase to a mass spectrometer, with the aim to increase throughput and reduce solvent, gas usage and costs associated with conventional chromatographic techniques. Furthermore, but not less important, for pure fun of developing new, more efficient and sensitive analytical strategies! This chapter aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the most relevant non-chromatographic mass spectrometric approaches developed for SPME. Technical aspects of each SPME-MS approach will be discussed, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages and future potential developments. Particular emphasis will be given on the most recent direct coupling approaches using novel ionization approaches, and a concise overview of the existing applications will also be provided.
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Weidner L, Hemmler D, Rychlik M, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Real-Time Monitoring of Miniaturized Thermal Food Processing by Advanced Mass Spectrometric Techniques. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1694-1702. [PMID: 36602426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a popular and powerful analytical tool to study the effects of food processing. Industrial sampling, real-life sampling, or challenging academic research on process-related volatile and aerosol research often demand flexible, time-sensitive data acquisition by state-of-the-art mass analyzers. Here, we show a laboratory-scaled, miniaturized, and highly controllable setup for the online monitoring of aerosols and volatiles from thermal food processing based on dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) mass spectrometry (MS). We demonstrate the opportunities offered by the setup from a foodomics perspective to study emissions from the thermal processing of wheat bread rolls at 210 °C by Fourier transformation ion cyclotron resonance MS. As DBDI is an emerging technology, we compared its ionization selectivity to established atmospheric pressure ionization tools: we found DBDI preferably ionizes saturated, nitrogenous compounds. We likewise identified a sustainable overlap in the selectivity of detected analytes with APCI and electrospray ionization (ESI). Further, we dynamically recorded chemical fingerprints throughout the thermal process. Unsupervised classification of temporal response patterns was used to describe the dynamic nature of the reaction system. Compared to established tools for real-time MS, our setup permits one to monitor chemical changes during thermal food processing at ultrahigh resolution, establishing an advanced perspective for real-time mass spectrometric analysis of food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Weidner
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum München, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hemmler
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum München, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum München, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Bouza M, García-Martínez J, Gilbert-López B, Brandt S, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A, Franzke J. Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mechanisms: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as a Case of Study. Anal Chem 2023; 95:854-861. [PMID: 36538370 PMCID: PMC9850405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) is a versatile tool for small-molecule mass spectrometry applications, helping cover from polar to low polar molecules. However, the plasma gas-phase interactions are highly complex and have been scarcely investigated. The ionization mechanisms of plasmas have long been assumed to be somewhat similar to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). Here, we evaluated the ionization mechanisms of a two-ring DBDI ion source, using different discharge gases to analyze vaporized liquid samples. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used as model analytes to assess the mechanisms' dominance: protonation, [M + H]+, or radical ion species formation, [M]·+. In the present work, two different ionization trends were observed for APCI and DBDI during the PAH analysis; the compounds with proton affinities (PA) over 856 kJ/mol were detected as [M + H]+ when APCI was used as ionization source. Meanwhile, independently of the PA, DBDI showed the prevalence of charge exchange reactions. The addition of dopants in the gas-phase region shifted the ionization mechanisms toward charge exchange reactions, facilitating the formation of [M]·+ ion species, showing anisole a significant boost of the PAH radical ion species signals, over nine times for Ar-Prop-DBDI analysis. The presence of high-energy metastable atoms (e.g., HeM) with high ionization potentials (IE = 19.80 eV) did not show boosted PAH abundances or extensive molecule fragmentation. Moreover, other species in the plasma jet region with closer and more appropriate IE, such as N2 B3Πg excited molecules, are likely responsible for PAH Penning ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bouza
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Julio García-Martínez
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juan F. García-Reyes
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139Dortmund, Germany
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Basham V, Hancock T, McKendrick J, Tessarolo N, Wicking C. Detailed chemical analysis of a fully formulated oil using dielectric barrier discharge ionisation-mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9320. [PMID: 35484791 PMCID: PMC9286547 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fully formulated oils (FFOs) are integral to automotive lubrication; however, detailed compositional analysis is challenging due to high levels of chemical complexity. In particular, existing mass spectrometric approaches often target particular FFO components, leading to poor analytical coverage of the overall formulation, with increased overheads and analytical timescales. METHODS Herein we report the application of a commercially available SICRIT SC-20 dielectric barrier discharge ionisation (DBDI) source and Thermo Fisher Scientific LTQ Orbitrap XL to the analysis of an FFO. Nitrogen was used as a discharge gas for the DBDI source, and was modified using a range of commonplace solvents to tailor the experimental conditions for the analysis of various components. RESULTS The reported method allowed analysis of a range of FFO components of interest, encompassing a wide range of chemistries, in under 1 min. By modifying the discharge gas used for ionisation, experiments could be optimised for the analysis of particular FFO components across positive and negative ion modes. In particular, use of water vapour as a discharge gas modifier with positive ion mode mass spectrometry permitted concomitant analysis of antioxidants and base oil hydrocarbons. Furthermore, case studies of selected linear alkanes and alkenes profile the differences in the range of ions formed across these saturated and unsaturated aliphatic compounds, giving insight into the fate of base oil hydrocarbons in FFO analyses. CONCLUSIONS A rapid method for analysis of FFO compositions has been developed and provides coverage of a range of components of interest. The results indicate that the method presented may be of utility in analysis of other FFOs or similarly challenging complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Basham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, Whiteknights CampusUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | | | - John McKendrick
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, Whiteknights CampusUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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Guo X, Pu J, Dai J, Zhao Z, Duan Y. Elucidation of formation mechanism responsible for charge-transfer reagent ions in microwave induced plasma desorption ionization (MIPDI) source. Talanta 2022; 250:123656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Valadbeigi Y, Causon T. Significance of Competitive Reactions in an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion Source: Effect of Solvent. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:961-973. [PMID: 35562191 PMCID: PMC9164235 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ionization of organic compounds with different structural and energetic properties including benzene derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ketones, and polyenes was studied using a commercial atmospheric pressure corona discharge (APCI) ion source on a drift tube ion mobility-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (IM-QTOFMS). It was found that the studied cohort of compounds can be experimentally ionized via protonation, charge transfer, and hydride abstraction leading to formation of [M + H]+, [M]+•, and [M - H]+ species, respectively. By experimentally monitoring the product ions and comparing the thermodynamic data for different ionization paths, it was proposed that NO+ is one of the main reactant ions (RIs) in the ion source used. Of particular focus in this work were theoretical and experimental studies of the effect of solvents frequently used for analytical applications with this ion source (acetonitrile, methanol, and chloroform) on the ionization mechanisms. In methanol, the studied compounds were observed to be ionized mainly via proton transfer while acetonitrile suppressed the protonation of compounds and enhanced their ionization via charge transfer and hydride abstraction. Use of chloroform as a solvent led to formation of CHCl2+ as an alternative reactant ion (RI) to ionize the analytes via electrophilic substitution. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to study the different paths of ionization. The theoretical and experimental results showed that by using only the absolute thermodynamic data, the real ionization path cannot be determined and the energies of all competing processes such as charge transfer, protonation, and hydride abstraction need to be compared.
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12
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Liu Q, Lan J, Wu R, Begley A, Ge W, Zenobi R. Hybrid Ionization Source Combining Nanoelectrospray and Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization for the Simultaneous Detection of Polar and Nonpolar Compounds in Single Cells. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2873-2881. [PMID: 35113514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell metabolomics is expected to deliver fast and dynamic information on cell function; therefore, it requires rapid analysis of a wide variety of very small quantities of metabolites in living cells. In this work, a hybrid ionization source that combines nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) and dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) is proposed for single-cell analysis. A capillary with a 1 μm i.d. tip was inserted into cells for sampling and then directly used as the nanoESI source for ionization of polar metabolites. In addition, a DBDI source was employed as a post-ionization source to improve the ionization of apolar metabolites in cells that are not easily ionized by ESI. By increasing the voltage of the DBDI source from 0 to 3.2 kV, the classes of detected metabolites can be shifted from mostly polar to both polar and apolar to mainly apolar. Plant cells (onion) and human cells (PANC-1) were investigated in this study. After optimization, 50 compounds in onion cells and 40 compounds in PANC-1 cells were observed in ESI mode (3.5 kV) and an additional 49 compounds in onion cells and 73 compounds in PANC-1 cells were detected in ESI (3.5 kV)-DBDI (2.6 kV) hybrid mode. This hybrid ionization source improves the coverage, ionization efficiency, and limit of detection of metabolites with different polarities and could potentially contribute to the fast-growing field of single-cell metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiayi Lan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ri Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alina Begley
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wenjie Ge
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Liu Q, Zenobi R. Rapid analysis of fragrance allergens by dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9021. [PMID: 33300175 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fragrances are organic compounds with pleasant odors that are widely used in every aspect of our daily life; some fragrance ingredients can cause allergic reactions. Hence, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of fragrance allergens can prevent consumers coming into contact with these compounds. In this study, we evaluated the ability of a dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) source for analyzing allergens that occur in fragrances. METHODS A home-built liquid-infusion device was used to evaporate the liquid samples. An active capillary plasma ionization source, which is based on a dielectric barrier discharge, was used to ionize the analytes. Mass spectra were acquired in positive ion mode with an LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. RESULTS Seven typical fragrance allergens were analyzed in this study. The limits of detections (LODs) were as low as 0.0001 ppm and a linear dynamic range of 2-3 orders of magnitude was achieved. Allergens in five different perfume products were successfully analyzed and quantified by this method, with analysis times of less than 1 min per sample. CONCLUSIONS This work introduces a DBDI-MS-based analytical method for detecting and quantifying fragrance allergens. Since DBDI has the advantages of high sensitivity, simple operation and fast analysis time, it is very suitable for the rapid analysis of trace allergens in fragrances, and could easily be used for quality control of consumer products in the cosmetics market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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He J, Wang W, Zhang H, Ju Y, Yu K, Zhang X, Jiang J. Nebulization dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry: Rapid and sensitive analysis of acenaphthene. Talanta 2021; 222:121681. [PMID: 33167287 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, simple and sensitive method was proposed for low-polar acenaphthene analysis by coupling nebulization with dielectric barrier discharge ionization (N-DBDI). The sample solution was nebulized followed by heating and converted to be gas-phase analyte molecules prior to DBDI. This boosts the collision efficiency of analyte molecules with reactive species and thus the sensitivity, and the high-velocity gas from nebulization guides ions directed to the MS inlet without deflection. The dependence of sensitivity on the operation parameters was systematically investigated. The LOD and LOQ of acenaphthene were determined to be 0.61 ng/L and 2.05 ng/L, respectively, which were superior approximately 30 folds compared to those obtained by other methods. Parameters, including accuracy, precision, reproducibility and utility, were tested to further evaluate the performance of N-DBDI. Real environmental samples, including river water, initial rainwater and mineral water, were analyzed with good accuracy (93.61-103.50%) and satisfactory precision (RSD ≤ 8.92%). These findings suggest that the N-DBDI allows the determination of non/low-polar species at sub-pg/mL possible, and would benefit for the non/low-polar species analysis in real environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China.
| | - Yun Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Kai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China.
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15
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Mirabelli MF, Zenobi R. Rapid screening and quantitation of PAHs in water and complex sample matrices by solid-phase microextraction coupled to capillary atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4656. [PMID: 32975320 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A capillary atmospheric pressure photoionization (cAPPI) source was used to analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in complex matrices like grilled meat extract and urban dust reference material, as well as screening for PAHs in aqueous samples such as tap and lake water. A high-throughput workflow was developed that allowed rapid screening of unknown samples by direct solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with cAPPI-MS, with confirmatory gas chromatography performed only for samples containing trace amounts of PAHs. Extraction times were as low as 15 s, with a total analysis time of 2 min per sample for screening. Limits of detections were in the low pg/ml range and in the subpg/ml range for the direct and chromatographic approach, respectively, with a linear dynamic range between two and three orders of magnitude, as determined for 15 model PAHs. This rapid approach represents an attractive way to screen samples containing nonpolar compounds using an ambient ionization source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Mirabelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- CTC Analytics AG, Industriestrasse 20, Zwingen, 4222, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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16
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Lorenz M, Wagner R, Jesse S, Marsh JM, Mamak M, Proksch R, Ovchinnikova OS. Nanoscale Mass Spectrometry Multimodal Imaging via Tip-Enhanced Photothermal Desorption. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16791-16802. [PMID: 33232114 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Materials ranging from adhesives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, and personal care products are traditionally studied using macroscopic characterization techniques. However, their functionality is in reality defined by details of chemical organization on often noncrystalline matter with characteristic length scales on the order of microns to nanometers. Additionally, these materials are traditionally difficult to analyze using standard vacuum-based approaches that provide nanoscale chemical characterization due to their volatile and beam-sensitive nature. Therefore, approaches that operate under ambient conditions need to be developed that allow probing of nanoscale chemical phenomena and correlated functionality. Here, we demonstrate a tool for probing and visualizing local chemical environments and correlating them to material structure and functionality using advanced multimodal chemical imaging on a combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and mass spectrometry (MS) system using tip-enhanced photothermal desorption with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). We demonstrate enhanced performance metrics of the technique for correlated imaging and point sampling and illustrate the applicability for the analysis of trace chemicals on a human hair, additives in adhesives on paper, and pharmaceuticals samples notoriously difficult to analyze in a vacuum environment. Overall, this approach of correlating local chemical environments to structure and functionality is key to advancing research in many fields ranging from biology, to medicine, to material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lorenz
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ryan Wagner
- Asylum Research an Oxford Instruments Company, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | | | - Marc Mamak
- Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202, United States
| | - Roger Proksch
- Asylum Research an Oxford Instruments Company, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Olga S Ovchinnikova
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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17
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Zhao Z, Pu J, Dai J, He F, Ren B, Zhang C, Duan Y. A mechanism study of positive ionization processes in flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (FAPA) ambient ion source with controlled plasma and ambient conditions. Talanta 2019; 205:120090. [PMID: 31450470 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although plasma based ambient desorption/ionization (ADI) sources have been widely used for direct analysis of complex samples, mass spectrometric imaging, high throughput screening etc., the ionization mechanism of plasma-based ADI remains a mystery by now. In this report, a targeted study was conducted aiming at a better understanding of the ionization processes of plasma-based ambient desorption ionization source. As a representative of ambient desorption ionization source, an FAPA source was used and modified as a test platform to control the plasma discharge parameters and ambient ionization environment such as discharge gases, environmental gases and sampling conditions. Based on the ionization results from different ambient ionization conditions, a new mechanism was proposed to reveal the nature of regent ion production of FAPA. At the same time, the effect of buffer gas was investigated. For the first time, the multi-clustered hydronium ions formed by the massive water vapor in the air were explored to clarify reasons for the occurrence of selective ionization and the factors affecting ionization efficiency in such complex events. In addition, the formation of molecular ions and relevant reagent ions was speculated based on experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjun Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Juan Pu
- College of Chemistry, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Jianxiong Dai
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Feiyao He
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Biao Ren
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Chaofan Zhang
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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18
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Huba AK, Mirabelli MF, Zenobi R. Understanding and Optimizing the Ionization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Sources. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10694-10701. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katarina Huba
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mario F. Mirabelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Kulyk DS, Sahraeian T, Wan Q, Badu-Tawiah AK. Reactive Olfaction Ambient Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6790-6799. [PMID: 31030519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chemical ionization of organic compounds with negligible vapor pressures (VP) is achieved at atmospheric pressure when the proximal sample is exposed to corona discharge. The vapor-phase analyte is produced through a reactive olfaction process, which is determined to include electrostatic charge induction in the proximal condensed-phase sample, resulting in the liberation of free particles. With no requirement for physical contact, a new contained nano-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (nAPCI) source was developed that allowed direct mass spectrometry analysis of complex mixtures at a sample consumption rate less than nmol/min. The contained nAPCI source was applied to analyze a wide range of samples including the detection of 1 ng/mL cocaine in serum and 200 pg/mL caffeine in raw urine, as well as the differentiation of chemical composition of perfumes and beverages. Polar (e.g., carminic acid; estimated VP 5.1 × 10-25 kPa) and nonpolar (e.g., vitamin D2; VP 8.5 × 10-11 kPa) compounds were successfully ionized by the contained nAPCI ion source under ambient conditions, with the corresponding ion types of 78 other organic compounds characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro S Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 W. 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Taghi Sahraeian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 W. 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Qiongqiong Wan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 W. 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 W. 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
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20
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Gyr L, Klute FD, Franzke J, Zenobi R. Characterization of a Nitrogen-Based Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Source for Mass Spectrometry Reveals Factors Important for Soft Ionization. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6865-6871. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Gyr
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix D. Klute
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Morrison KA, Ewing RG, Clowers BH. Ambient vapor sampling and selective cluster formation for the trace detection of tributyl phosphate via atmospheric flow tube mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 195:683-690. [PMID: 30625601 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In addition to serving as an f-element ligand and rare-earth method complexing agent, tributyl phosphate is a compound containing core functional groups that mimic those routinely found in degradation products from industrial processes. Because detection of trace quantities of tributyl phosphate can provide insight into the routes of contamination and degradation in the environment, there is a need to develop methods capable of detecting trace quantities of tributyl phosphate. Vapor detection at atmospheric pressure is one approach that is both sensitive and rapid. We present here the use of atmospheric flow tube mass spectrometry for the ambient vapor sampling of tributyl phosphate from headspace of ppb-level solutions in methanol. Gas phase clustering reactions were to enhance detection levels via the addition of small quantities of the dopants diethylamine, triethylamine, and pinacolyl methylphosphonate in the vapor stream. Detection of the tributyl phosphate vapor emanating from these solutions demonstrated a linear range for the protonated tributyl phosphate species of 1-1000 ppb from solution. The clusters of tributyl phosphate with diethylamine, triethylamine, and pinacolyl phosphonate each yielded linear ranges of 1-250 ppb for tributyl phosphate in solution. Despite smaller linear ranges, the addition of these dopant species added a layer of analytical selectivity and reduced variability in signals from quality control samples. These data were obtained using an atmospheric flow tube source coupled to a linear ion trap mass spectrometer, which demonstrates the applicability of trapping systems to the atmospheric flow tube ionization technique while monitoring positive ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Robert G Ewing
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States.
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22
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Vogel P, Marggraf U, Brandt S, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Analyte-Tailored Controlled Atmosphere Improves Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry Performance. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3733-3739. [PMID: 30672695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plasma sources in atmospheric pressure soft-ionization mass spectrometry have gained significant interest in recent years. As many of these sources are used under ambient air conditions, their interaction with the surrounding atmosphere plays an important role in the ionization pathway. This study focuses on the interaction between the plasma source and the surrounding atmosphere by connecting the plasma source to the mass spectrometer using a 2 mm ID closed reactant capillary supplied by a reactant gas up to 500 mL per minute to gain a controlled atmosphere. Different reactant gases (Ar, He, O2, and N2) and reactant gas mixtures are tested with regard to the DBDI performance and then used to improve the ionization efficiency. Tailoring the controlled atmosphere for a certain analyte, for example, perfluorinated compounds, leads to significantly improved limits of detection up to 2 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vogel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group , University of Jaén , Campus Las Lagunillas , 23071 Jaén , Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
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23
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24
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Huba AK, Mirabelli MF, Zenobi R. High-throughput screening of PAHs and polar trace contaminants in water matrices by direct solid-phase microextraction coupled to a dielectric barrier discharge ionization source. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1030:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Brandt S, Klute FD, Schütz A, Marggraf U, Drees C, Vogel P, Vautz W, Franzke J. Flexible Microtube Plasma (FμTP) as an Embedded Ionization Source for a Microchip Mass Spectrometer Interface. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10111-10116. [PMID: 30063325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharges are used as soft ionization sources for mass spectrometers or ion mobility spectrometers, enabling excellent possibilities for analytical applications. A new robust and small-footprint discharge design, flexible microtube plasma (FμTP), developed as a result of ongoing miniaturization and electrode design processes, is presented in this work. This design provides major safety benefits by fitting the electrode into an inert flexible fused silica capillary (tube). Notably, in this context, the small discharge dimensions enable very low gas flows in the range of <100 mL min-1; portability; the use of hydrogen, nitrogen, and air in addition to noble gases such as helium and argon, including its mixtures with propane; and application in microchip environments. By coupling FμTP with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we show that the polarity principle of the new discharge design allows it to outperform established ionization sources such as dielectric barrier discharge for soft ionization (DBDI) and low-temperature plasma (LTP) at low concentrations of perfluoroalkanes in terms of sensitivity, ionization efficiency, chemical background, linear dynamic range, and limit of detection by a large margin. In negative ion mode, the limit of detection is improved by more than 3-fold compared with that of DBDI and by 8-fold compared with that of LTP. The protonation capability was evaluated by headspace measurements of diisopropyl methylphosphonate in positive ion mode, showing low fragmentation and high stability in comparison to DBDI and LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Felix David Klute
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Alexander Schütz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Carolin Drees
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Pascal Vogel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
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26
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Blair SL, Ng NL, Zambrzycki SC, Li A, Fernández FM. Aerosol Vacuum-Assisted Plasma Ionization (Aero-VaPI) Coupled to Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:635-639. [PMID: 29404968 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this communication, we report on the real-time analysis of organic aerosol particles by Vacuum-assisted Plasma Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (Aero-VaPI-MS) using a home-built VaPI ion source coupled to a Synapt G2-S HDMS ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) system. Standards of organic molecules of interest in prebiotic chemistry were used to generate aerosols. Monocaprin and decanoic acid aerosol particles were successfully detected in both the positive and negative ion modes, respectively. A complex aerosol mixture of different sizes of polymers of L-malic acid was also examined through ion mobility (IM) separations, resulting in the detection of polymers of up to eight monomeric units. This noncommercial plasma ion source is proposed as a low cost alternative to other plasma ionization platforms used for aerosol analysis, and a higher-performance alternative to more traditional aerosol mass spectrometers. VaPI provides robust online ionization of organics in aerosols without extensive ion activation, with the coupling to IM-MS providing higher peak capacity and excellent mass accuracy. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Blair
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nga L Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen C Zambrzycki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anyin Li
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Hu B, Yao ZP. Detection of native proteins using solid-substrate electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with nonpolar solvents. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1004:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mirabelli MF, Zenobi R. Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Capillary Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization-Mass Spectrometry for Direct Analysis of Polar and Nonpolar Compounds. Anal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario F. Mirabelli
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Schütz A, Lara-Ortega FJ, Klute FD, Brandt S, Schilling M, Michels A, Veza D, Horvatic V, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Soft Argon–Propane Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3537-3542. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schütz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Felipe J. Lara-Ortega
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Felix David Klute
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Schilling
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Antje Michels
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Damir Veza
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenicka 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Juan F. García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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30
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Gyr L, Wolf JC, Franzke J, Zenobi R. Mechanistic Understanding Leads to Increased Ionization Efficiency and Selectivity in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study with Perfluorinated Compounds. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2725-2731. [PMID: 29356499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds have unique properties and many practical applications, but are difficult to ionize efficiently with soft ionization methods. An active capillary plasma ionization source based on dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) coupled with mass spectrometry was used to study the ionization pathway of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), with the aim of both increasing the ionization efficiency and influencing the selectivity for generating product ions in negative ion mode. Cyclic and linear perfluorinated alkanes were found to mainly form [M - F]- and [M - F + O]- ions, respectively; the [M]-• ion was only obtained at low discharge voltage. Additionally, fluorine attachment [M + F]- was observed mostly for perfluorinated alkenes. An isotope labeling experiment with 18O2 showed that the primary source of oxygen in the substitution reaction is molecular oxygen, reacting with the analyte in the form of O-• ions. The abundance of [M - F + O]- ions can thus be enhanced by increasing the plasma voltage to produce a higher O-• ion density. The loss of the fluorine (without substitution by oxygen) was mainly observed at high frequency, a fact which can be exploited for tuning the ionization toward specific product ions. Overall, the mechanistic understanding of the ionization of PFCs allowed to increase the selectivity of the product ions, resulting in increased ionization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Gyr
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Christoph Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Mirabelli MF, Wolf JC, Zenobi R. Atmospheric pressure soft ionization for gas chromatography with dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-DBDI-MS). Analyst 2017; 142:1909-1915. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a gas chromatography (GC) system was interfaced to a high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer by means of an active capillary plasma ionization source, based on dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F. Mirabelli
- ETH Zurich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Jan-Christoph Wolf
- ETH Zurich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- ETH Zurich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Peacock
- First State IR, LLC , 118 Susan Drive, Hockessin, Delaware 19707, United States
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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