1
|
Losch F, Liedtke S, Vautz W, Weigend M. Evaluation of floral volatile patterns in the genus Narcissus using gas chromatography-coupled ion mobility spectrometry. Appl Plant Sci 2023; 11:e11506. [PMID: 36818782 PMCID: PMC9934524 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Daffodils (Narcissus, Amaryllidaceae) are iconic ornamentals with a complex floral biology and many fragrant species; however, little is known about floral plant volatile organic compounds (pVOCs) across the genus and additional sampling is desirable. The present study investigates whether the floral scent of 20 species of Narcissus can be characterized using gas chromatography-coupled ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), with the aim of building a comparative pVOC data set for ecological and evolutionary studies. METHODS We used a commercial GC-IMS equipped with an integrated in-line enrichment system for a fast, sensitive, and automated pVOC analysis. This facilitates qualitative and (semi)-quantitative measurements without sample preparation. RESULTS The GC-IMS provided detailed data on floral pVOCs in Narcissus with very short sampling times and without floral enclosure. A wide range of compounds was recorded and partially identified. The retrieved pVOC patterns showed a good agreement with published data, and five "chemotypes" were characterized as characteristic combinations of floral volatiles. DISCUSSION The GC-IMS setup can be applied to rapidly generate large amounts of pVOC data with high sensitivity and selectivity. The preliminary data on Narcissus obtained here indicate both considerable pVOC variability and a good correspondence of the pVOC patterns with infrageneric classification, supporting the hypothesis that floral scent could represent a considerable phylogenetic signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Losch
- Nees‐Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftliche FakultätRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelmsuniversität Bonn53115BonnGermany
| | - Sascha Liedtke
- ION‐GAS GmbHKonrad‐Adenauer‐Allee 1144263DortmundGermany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- ION‐GAS GmbHKonrad‐Adenauer‐Allee 1144263DortmundGermany
- Leibniz‐Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V.Bunsen‐Kirchhoff‐Straße 1144139DortmundGermany
| | - Maximilian Weigend
- Nees‐Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftliche FakultätRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelmsuniversität Bonn53115BonnGermany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Drees C, Schütz A, Niu G, Franzke J, Vautz W, Brandt S. Stepwise optimization of a Flexible Microtube Plasma (FµTP) as an ionization source for Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1127:89-97. [PMID: 32800141 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ionization source is the central system of analytical devices such as mass spectrometers or ion mobility spectrometers. In this study, a recently developed flexible microtube plasma (FμTP) is applied as an ionization source for a custom-made drift tube ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) for the first time. The FµTP is based on a highly miniaturized, robust and a small-footprint dielectric barrier discharge design with an outstanding ionization efficiency. In this study, the experimental setup of the FµTP was further improved upon to achieve optimal coupling conditions in terms of the ion mobility spectrometry sensitivity and the plasma gas consumption. One major focus of this study was the adjustment of the electrical operation parameters, in particular, the high voltage amplitude, frequency and duty cycle, in order to minimize the electric field disturbances and yield higher signals. Additionally, the consumption of helium plasma gas was reduced by refining the FµTP. It was found that the ionization efficiency could be significantly enhanced by increasing the plasma high voltage and through application of a duty cycle up to 90:10. Plasma gas flows could be reduced down to 3 mL min-1 by increasing the plasma high voltage amplitude. Furthermore, a smaller wire electrode design enables the operation of the FµTP with nitrogen and clean air. Moreover, detection limits of a homologous series of ketones in the range of 330 pptv (N2-FµTP, 2-decanone) down to 20 pptv (He-FµTP, 2-octanone) could be reached in the optimized setup. To sum up, this feasibility study demonstrates the potential of the optimized FµTP as a powerful ionization source for ion mobility spectrometry especially with regard to ionization efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Drees
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schütz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guanghui Niu
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany; ION-GAS GmbH, Konrad-Adenauer-Allee 11, 44263, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vautz W, Seifert L, Mohammadi M, Klinkenberg IAG, Liedtke S. Detection of axillary perspiration metabolites using ion mobility spectrometry coupled to rapid gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:223-232. [PMID: 31836923 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The composition of human sweat-and as a consequence the composition of volatiles released from human skin-strongly depends on genetic preconditions, diet, stress, personal hygiene but also on health status and medication. Accordingly, the composition is a carrier of information on the physical and mental states of a person. Therefore, rapid on-site analysis of the relevant substances may be used for medical diagnosis and medication control or even for psychological characterisation. Ion mobility spectrometry coupled to rapid gas chromatography (GC-IMS) was applied to the analysis of human axillary sweat as a sensitive, selective, rapid, and non-invasive method in a feasibility study. For this purpose, a sampling chamber was designed and manufactured. The design and the experimental setup were validated successfully. At least 179 human metabolites could be detected by GC-IMS from the skin of 7 volunteers. Fifteen metabolites were available in all samples from all volunteers and therefore can be characterised as basic sweat compounds which might enable the localisation of hidden persons. Furthermore, in a preliminary feasibility study, the potential of GC-IMS for differentiating the composition of sweat after physical exercises and in a stressful situation-even gender specific-could be demonstrated. Thus, with GC-IMS, a rapid and mobile analytical tool for the analysis of skin volatiles is available for a broad range of applications, e.g. with regard to axillary odour, human health, nutrition, consumption of remedies or drugs of abuse, the localisation of trapped or hidden persons, or even the characterisation of the reaction on stressful situations. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany. .,ION-GAS GmbH, Konrad-Adenauer-Allee 11, 44263, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Luzia Seifert
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marziyeh Mohammadi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Isabelle A G Klinkenberg
- Institute of Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Malmedyweg 15, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sascha Liedtke
- ION-GAS GmbH, Konrad-Adenauer-Allee 11, 44263, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Drees C, Vautz W, Liedtke S, Rosin C, Althoff K, Lippmann M, Zimmermann S, Legler TJ, Yildiz D, Perl T, Kunze-Szikszay N. GC-IMS headspace analyses allow early recognition of bacterial growth and rapid pathogen differentiation in standard blood cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9091-9101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
5
|
Brandt S, Klute FD, Schütz A, Marggraf U, Drees C, Vogel P, Vautz W, Franzke J. Flexible Microtube Plasma (FμTP) as an Embedded Ionization Source for a Microchip Mass Spectrometer Interface. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10111-10116. [PMID: 30063325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharges are used as soft ionization sources for mass spectrometers or ion mobility spectrometers, enabling excellent possibilities for analytical applications. A new robust and small-footprint discharge design, flexible microtube plasma (FμTP), developed as a result of ongoing miniaturization and electrode design processes, is presented in this work. This design provides major safety benefits by fitting the electrode into an inert flexible fused silica capillary (tube). Notably, in this context, the small discharge dimensions enable very low gas flows in the range of <100 mL min-1; portability; the use of hydrogen, nitrogen, and air in addition to noble gases such as helium and argon, including its mixtures with propane; and application in microchip environments. By coupling FμTP with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we show that the polarity principle of the new discharge design allows it to outperform established ionization sources such as dielectric barrier discharge for soft ionization (DBDI) and low-temperature plasma (LTP) at low concentrations of perfluoroalkanes in terms of sensitivity, ionization efficiency, chemical background, linear dynamic range, and limit of detection by a large margin. In negative ion mode, the limit of detection is improved by more than 3-fold compared with that of DBDI and by 8-fold compared with that of LTP. The protonation capability was evaluated by headspace measurements of diisopropyl methylphosphonate in positive ion mode, showing low fragmentation and high stability in comparison to DBDI and LTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Felix David Klute
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Alexander Schütz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Carolin Drees
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Pascal Vogel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vautz W, Franzke J, Zampolli S, Elmi I, Liedtke S. On the potential of ion mobility spectrometry coupled to GC pre-separation – A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
7
|
|
8
|
Liedtke S, Seifert L, Ahlmann N, Hariharan C, Franzke J, Vautz W. Coupling laser desorption with gas chromatography and ion mobility spectrometry for improved olive oil characterisation. Food Chem 2018; 255:323-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
9
|
Vautz W, Hariharan C, Weigend M. Smell the change: On the potential of gas-chromatographic ion mobility spectrometry in ecosystem monitoring. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4370-4377. [PMID: 29760879 PMCID: PMC5938450 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant volatile organic compounds (pVOCs) are being recognized as an important factor in plant–environment interactions. Both the type and amount of the emissions appear to be heavily affected by climate change. A range of studies therefore has been directed toward understanding pVOC emissions, mostly under laboratory conditions (branch/leaf enclosure). However, there is a lack of rapid, sensitive, and selective analytical methods, and therefore, only little is known about VOC emissions under natural, outdoor conditions. An increased sensitivity and the identification of taxon‐specific patterns could turn VOC analysis into a powerful tool for the monitoring of atmospheric chemistry, ecosystems, and biodiversity, with far‐reaching relevance to the impact of climate change on pVOCs and vice versa. This study for the first time investigates the potential of ion mobility spectrometry coupled to gas‐chromatographic preseparation (GC‐IMS) to dramatically increase sensitivity and selectivity for continuous monitoring of pVOCs and to discriminate contributing plant taxa and their phenology. Leaf volatiles were analyzed for nine different common herbaceous plants from Germany. Each plant turned out to have a characteristic metabolite pattern. pVOC patterns in the field would thus reflect the composition of the vegetation, but also phenology (with herbaceous and deciduous plants contributing according to season). The technique investigated here simultaneously enables the identification and quantification of substances characteristic for environmental pollution such as industrial and traffic emissions or pesticides. GC‐IMS thus has an enormous potential to provide a broad range of data on ecosystem function. This approach with near‐continues measurements in the real plant communities could provide crucial insights on pVOC‐level emissions and their relation to climate and phenology and thus provide a sound basis for modeling climate change scenarios including pVOC emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. Dortmund Germany.,ION-GAS GmbH Dortmund Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liedtke S, Ahlmann N, Marggraf U, Schütz A, Vautz W, Franzke J. Medium Vacuum Electron Emitter as Soft Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Source for Organic Molecules. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5003-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Liedtke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische
Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strassw
11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Norman Ahlmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische
Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strassw
11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische
Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strassw
11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schütz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische
Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strassw
11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische
Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strassw
11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische
Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strassw
11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kunze N, Weigel C, Vautz W, Schwerdtfeger K, Jünger M, Quintel M, Perl T. Multi-capillary column-ion mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS) as a new method for the quantification of occupational exposure to sevoflurane in anaesthesia workplaces: an observational feasibility study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2015; 10:12. [PMID: 25829942 PMCID: PMC4379543 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-015-0056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occupational exposure to sevoflurane has the potential to cause health damage in hospital personnel. Workplace contamination with the substance mostly is assessed by using photoacoustic infrared spectrometry with detection limits of 10 ppbv. Multi-capillary column-ion mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS) could be an alternative technology for the quantification of sevoflurane in the room air and could be even more accurate because of potentially lower detection limits. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that MCC-IMS is able to detect and monitor very low concentrations of sevoflurane (<10 ppbv) and to evaluate the exposure of hospital personnel to sevoflurane during paediatric anaesthesia and in the post anaesthesia care unit (PACU). Methods A MCC-IMS device was calibrated to several concentrations of sevoflurane and limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated. Sevoflurane exposure of hospital personnel was measured at two anaesthesia workplaces and time-weighted average (TWA) values were calculated. Results The LOD was 0.0068 ppbv and the LOQ was 0.0189 ppbv. During paediatric anaesthesia the mean sevoflurane concentration was 46.9 ppbv (8.0 - 314.7 ppbv) with TWA values between 5.8 and 45.7 ppbv. In the PACU the mean sevoflurane concentration was 27.9 ppbv (8.0 – 170.2 ppbv) and TWA values reached from 8.3 to 45.1 ppbv. Conclusions MCC-IMS shows a significantly lower LOD and LOQ than comparable methods. It is a reliable technology for monitoring sevoflurane concentrations at anaesthesia workplaces and has a particular strength in quantifying low-level contaminations of sevoflurane. The exposure of the personnel working in these areas did not exceed recommended limits and therefore adverse health effects are unlikely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kunze
- Department for Anaesthesiology, Centre for Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cathrin Weigel
- Department for Anaesthesiology, Centre for Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Insitut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e. V, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Schwerdtfeger
- Department for Anaesthesiology, Centre for Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Jünger
- Department of Molecular Plant Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Quintel
- Department for Anaesthesiology, Centre for Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Perl
- Department for Anaesthesiology, Centre for Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Statheropoulos M, Pallis GC, Mikedi K, Giannoukos S, Agapiou A, Pappa A, Cole A, Vautz W, Thomas CLP. Dynamic Vapor Generator That Simulates Transient Odor Emissions of Victims Entrapped in the Voids of Collapsed Buildings. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3887-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404175e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Statheropoulos
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 73, Greece
| | - G. C. Pallis
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 73, Greece
| | - K. Mikedi
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 73, Greece
| | - S. Giannoukos
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 73, Greece
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, United Kingdom
| | - A. Agapiou
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 73, Greece
| | - A. Pappa
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology Unit, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 73, Greece
| | - A. Cole
- Markes International Ltd, Gwaun Elai Medi Science
Campus, Llantrisant, Rhondda Cynon Taf CF72 8XL, United Kingdom
| | - W. Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut
für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia 44139, Germany
| | - C. L. Paul Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre for Analytical Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Wissdorf W, Seifert L, Derpmann V, Klee S, Vautz W, Benter T. Monte Carlo simulation of ion trajectories of reacting chemical systems: mobility of small water clusters in ion mobility spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2013; 24:632-41. [PMID: 23456889 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
For the comprehensive simulation of ion trajectories including reactive collisions at elevated pressure conditions, a chemical reaction simulation (RS) extension to the popular SIMION software package was developed, which is based on the Monte Carlo statistical approach. The RS extension is of particular interest to SIMION users who wish to simulate ion trajectories in collision dominated environments such as atmospheric pressure ion sources, ion guides (e.g., funnels, transfer multi poles), chemical reaction chambers (e.g., proton transfer tubes), and/or ion mobility analyzers. It is well known that ion molecule reaction rate constants frequently reach or exceed the collision limit obtained from kinetic gas theory. Thus with a typical dwell time of ions within the above mentioned devices in the ms range, chemical transformation reactions are likely to occur. In other words, individual ions change critical parameters such as mass, mobility, and chemical reactivity en passage to the analyzer, which naturally strongly affects their trajectories. The RS method simulates elementary reaction events of individual ions reflecting the behavior of a large ensemble by a representative set of simulated reacting particles. The simulation of the proton bound water cluster reactant ion peak (RIP) in ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was chosen as a benchmark problem. For this purpose, the RIP was experimentally determined as a function of the background water concentration present in the IMS drift tube. It is shown that simulation and experimental data are in very good agreement, demonstrating the validity of the method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Wissdorf
- Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vautz W, Slodzynski R, Hariharan C, Seifert L, Nolte J, Fobbe R, Sielemann S, Lao BC, Huo R, Thomas CLP, Hildebrand L. Detection of Metabolites of Trapped Humans Using Ion Mobility Spectrometry Coupled with Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2135-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302752f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften−ISAS−e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rafael Slodzynski
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften−ISAS−e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Chandrasekhara Hariharan
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften−ISAS−e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luzia Seifert
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften−ISAS−e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jürgen Nolte
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften−ISAS−e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rita Fobbe
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften−ISAS−e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sielemann
- Gesellschaft für analytische Sensorsysteme mbH (G.A.S.), Otto-Hahn-Straße
15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bolan C. Lao
- Gesellschaft für analytische Sensorsysteme mbH (G.A.S.), Otto-Hahn-Straße
15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ran Huo
- Department of Chemistry, Centre
for Analytical Science, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - C. L. Paul Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Centre
for Analytical Science, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Hildebrand
- Department of Computer
Science, University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn Street 16, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Background Although “uremic fetor” has long been felt to be diagnostic of renal failure, the compounds exhaled in uremia remain largely unknown so far. The present work investigates whether breath analysis by ion mobility spectrometry can be used for the identification of volatile organic compounds retained in uremia. Methods Breath analysis was performed in 28 adults with an eGFR ≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, 26 adults with chronic renal failure corresponding to an eGFR of 10–59 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and 28 adults with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) before and after a hemodialysis session. Breath analysis was performed by ion mobility spectrometryafter gas-chromatographic preseparation. Identification of the compounds of interest was performed by thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results Breath analyses revealed significant differences in the spectra of patients with and without renal failure. Thirteen compounds were chosen for further evaluation. Some compounds including hydroxyacetone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and ammonia accumulated with decreasing renal function and were eliminated by dialysis. The concentrations of these compounds allowed a significant differentiation between healthy, chronic renal failure with an eGFR of 10–59 ml/min, and ESRD (p<0.05 each). Other compounds including 4-heptanal, 4-heptanone, and 2-heptanone preferentially or exclusively occurred in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Conclusion Impairment of renal function induces a characteristic fingerprint of volatile compounds in the breath. The technique of ion mobility spectrometry can be used for the identification of lipophilic uremic retention molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pagonas
- Deparment of Nephrology, Charité – Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften ISAS – e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luzia Seifert
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften ISAS – e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rafael Slodzinski
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften ISAS – e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Deparment of Nephrology, Charité – Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Walter Zidek
- Deparment of Nephrology, Charité – Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timm H. Westhoff
- Deparment of Nephrology, Charité – Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vautz W, Baumbach JI, Jung J. Beer Fermentation Control Using Ion Mobility Spectrometry - Results of a Pilot Study. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2006.tb00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
18
|
Huo R, Agapiou A, Bocos-Bintintan V, Brown LJ, Burns C, Creaser CS, Devenport NA, Gao-Lau B, Guallar-Hoyas C, Hildebrand L, Malkar A, Martin HJ, Moll VH, Patel P, Ratiu A, Reynolds JC, Sielemann S, Slodzynski R, Statheropoulos M, Turner MA, Vautz W, Wright VE, Thomas CLP. The trapped human experiment. J Breath Res 2011; 5:046006. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/4/046006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
19
|
Neuhaus S, Seifert L, Vautz W, Nolte J, Bufe A, Peters M. Comparison of metabolites in exhaled breath and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples in a mouse model of asthma. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1088-95. [PMID: 21778419 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00476.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multi-capillary column ion mobility spectrometer (MCC/IMS) was developed to provide a method for the noninvasive diagnosis of lung diseases. The possibility of measuring the exhaled breath of mice was evaluated previously. The aim of the present study was to reveal whether mice affected by airway inflammation can be identified via MCC/IMS. METHODS Ten mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin to induce allergic airway inflammation. The breath and volatile compounds of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured by MCC/IMS. Furthermore, histamine, nitric oxide, and arachidonic acid were determined as inflammatory markers in vitro. RESULTS Six volatile molecules were found in the BALF headspace at a significantly higher concentration in mice with airway inflammation compared with healthy animals. The concentration of substances correlated with the numbers of infiltrating eosinophilic granulocytes. However, substances showing a significantly different concentration in the BALF headspace were not found to be different in exhaled breath. Histamine and nitric oxide were identified by MCC/IMS in vitro but not in the BALF headspace or exhaled breath. CONCLUSION Airway inflammation in mice is detectable by the analysis of the BALF headspace via MCC/IMS. Molecules detected in the BALF headspace of asthmatic mice at a higher concentration than in healthy animals may originate from oxidative stress induced by airway inflammation. As already described for humans, we found no correlation between the biomarker concentration in the BALF and the breath of mice. We suggest using the model described here to gain deeper insights into this discrepancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Neuhaus
- Department of Experimental Pneumology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Perl T, Jünger M, Vautz W, Nolte J, Kuhns M, Borg-von Zepelin M, Quintel M. Detection of characteristic metabolites of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida species using ion mobility spectrometry - metabolic profiling by volatile organic compounds. Mycoses 2011; 54:e828-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
21
|
Loyek C, Bunkowski A, Vautz W, Nattkemper TW. Web2.0 paves new ways for collaborative and exploratory analysis of Chemical Compounds in Spectrometry Data. J Integr Bioinform 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/jib-2011-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryIn nowadays life science projects, sharing data and data interpretation is becoming increasingly important. This considerably calls for novel information technology approaches, which enable the integration of expert knowledge from different disciplines in combination with advanced data analysis facilities in a collaborative manner. Since the recent development of web technologies offers scientific communities new ways for cooperation and communication, we propose a fully web-based software approach for the collaborative analysis of bioimage data and demonstrate the applicability of Web2.0 techniques to ion mobility spectrometry image data. Our approach allows collaborating experts to easily share, explore and discuss complex image data without any installation of software packages. Scientists only need a username and a password to get access to our system and can directly start exploring and analyzing their data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Loyek
- 1Biodata Mining Group, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Alexander Bunkowski
- 2Genome Informatics Group, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- 3Leibniz-Institut f ür Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tim W. Nattkemper
- 1Biodata Mining Group, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Over the years, ion mobility spectrometry has evolved into a powerful technique for rapid identification of analytes in very complex sample matrixes such as human breath. Every analyte detected has a characteristic ion mobility value (and a retention time when additional preseparation techniques are employed) which is used to identify the peaks in a spectrum either by comparison with reference analytes or by simultaneous mass spectrometric measurements. In this study, the mass-mobility correlations between compounds in three different homologous series are used to predict the mobilities of the other substances in the same series in a medium of synthetic air. The results show a very high accuracy (>99.5%) of the prognosis. The linear trend equations of ion mobilities, as a function of the number of carbon atoms, obtained from the different series were then generalized into one linear equation for the reduced ion mobility for the polar aliphatic compounds and is validated by comparing it with the traditional Mason-Schamp equation. To compare the empirical equation obtained from the prognosis and the Mason-Schamp equation, the collision integral term in the latter was split into two terms to linearize it. The resulting novel ion mobility equation could be the starting step to completely describe the relationship between ion collision integral and the ion mobility for polar aliphatic compounds. The splitting of the collision integral into two terms will also give new inputs to describe the various ion models and the different forces that act on the ions and the neutral gas molecules upon which the collision integral is dependent on. This prognosis method could, furthermore, be extended to all other classes of organic compounds and could serve as a useful tool for identification of unknowns in ion mobility spectra, thereby considerably reducing the time-consuming and costly reference measurements and other coupling techniques that are currently employed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Westhoff M, Litterst P, Bunkowski A, Bödeker B, Vautz W, Baumbach J. Signifikante Veränderung von Metaboliten (VOC) in der Ausatemluft während einer erfolgreichen Idursulfasetherapie bei M. Hunter im Erwachsenenalter. Resultate einer Zeitreihenanalyse mittels MCC/IMS. Pneumologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1251217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
24
|
Carstens E, Hirn A, Quintel M, Nolte J, Jünger M, Perl T, Vautz W. On-line determination of serum propofol concentrations by expired air analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-010-0036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
25
|
|
26
|
Vautz W, Nolte J, Bufe A, Baumbach JI, Peters M. Analyses of mouse breath with ion mobility spectrometry: a feasibility study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:697-704. [PMID: 20075263 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00658.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaled breath can provide comprehensive information about the metabolic state of the subject. Breath analysis carried out during animal experiments promises to increase the information obtained from a particular experiment significantly. This feasibility study should demonstrate the potential of ion mobility spectrometry for animal breath analysis, even for mice. In the framework of the feasibility study, an ion mobility spectrometer coupled with a multicapillary column for rapid preseparation was used to analyze the breath of orotracheally intubated spontaneously breathing mice during anesthesia for the very first time. The sampling procedure was validated successfully. Furthermore, the breath of four mice (2 healthy control mice, 2 with allergic airway inflammation) was analyzed. Twelve peaks were identified directly by comparison with a database. Additional mass spectrometric analyses were carried out for validation and for identification of unknown signals. Significantly different patterns of metabolites were detected in healthy mice compared with asthmatic mice, thus demonstrating the feasibility of analyzing mouse breath with ion mobility spectrometry. However, further investigations including a higher animal number for validation and identification of unknown signals are needed. Nevertheless, the results of the study demonstrate that the method is capable of rapid analyses of the breath of mice, thus significantly increasing the information obtained from each particular animal experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Vautz
- ISAS-Institute for Analytical Sciences, Department of Metabolomics, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Perl T, Carstens E, Hirn A, Quintel M, Vautz W, Nolte J, Jünger M. Determination of serum propofol concentrations by breath analysis using ion mobility spectrometry. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:822-7. [PMID: 19887534 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aep312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to measure propofol concentrations in exhaled air with an ion mobility spectrometer coupled to a multicapillary column for pre-separation (MCC-IMS). In addition, we aimed to compare the values of these measurements with serum propofol concentrations, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). METHODS Thirteen patients, ASA I or II, undergoing elective ENT surgery were studied. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 2.1 (0.7) mg kg(-1), rocuronium 0.5 (0.1) mg kg(-1), and remifentanil 0.5 microg kg(-1) min(-1). After tracheal intubation, anaesthesia was maintained with a continuous infusion of propofol 3.9 (1.8) mg kg(-1) h(-1) and remifentanil 0.5 microg kg(-1) min(-1). Simultaneously, a venous blood sample was obtained. Propofol concentrations in serum were determined by GC-MS and compared with the height of the respective propofol signals achieved by MCC-IMS. RESULTS Twenty-four pairs of samples were obtained. The comparison of propofol concentrations in exhaled air and serum presented a bias of -10.5% and a precision of +/- 12.3%. With these values, the 95% limits of agreement were 14.1% and -35.1%. CONCLUSIONS MCC-IMS may be a suitable method to determine propofol concentrations in exhaled air, and may be used to predict propofol concentrations in serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Perl
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
|
30
|
Vautz W, Bödeker B, Baumbach JI, Bader S, Westhoff M, Perl T. An implementable approach to obtain reproducible reduced ion mobility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-009-0018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
31
|
Vautz W, Mauntz W, Engell S, Baumbach JI. Monitoring of Emulsion Polymerisation Processes using Ion Mobility Spectrometry-A Pilot Study. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200800043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
32
|
Vautz W, Mauntz W, Engell S, Baumbach JI. Macromol. React. Eng. 2-3/2009. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200990003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
|
35
|
Vautz W, Baumbach JI. Exemplar application of multi-capillary column ion mobility spectrometry for biological and medical purpose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-008-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
36
|
Vautz W, Michels A, Franzke J. Micro-plasma: a novel ionisation source for ion mobility spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2609-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
37
|
Eiceman GA, Young D, Schmidt H, Rodriguez JE, Baumbach JI, Vautz W, Lake DA, Johnston MV. Ion mobility spectrometry of gas-phase ions from laser ablation of solids in air at ambient pressure. Appl Spectrosc 2007; 61:1076-1083. [PMID: 17958958 DOI: 10.1366/000370207782217671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A mobility spectrometer was used to characterize gas-phase ions produced from laser ablation of solids in air at 100 degrees C and at ambient pressure with a beam focused to a diameter of <or=0.2 mm at energy of 6 mJ/pulse and wavelength of 266 nm. Metals, organic polymers, glass, graphite, and boron nitride exhibited characteristic mobility spectra with peaks at drift times between 8.75 and 12.5 ms (reduced mobility values of 2.19 to 1.53 cm(2)/Vs). Ion intensities increased initially and then decreased with repeated laser shots through drilling of the solid, and persistence of signal was proportional to hardness. A single comparatively narrow peak for negative ions was observed in mobility spectra for all materials and this was mass-identified as O(2)(-). These ions were formed in air from reactions of oxygen with electrons emitted from the ablation step. Positive ions ablated directly from the solid were masked in ion mobility spectrometry/mass spectrometry (IMS/MS) studies by ionization of moisture and impurities. Positive ions from solids were seen only in the IMS analyzer at elevated temperature and low moisture. Under such conditions, materials were classified from mobility spectra alone with principal component analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Eiceman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry is known to be a fast and sensitive technique for the detection of trace substances, and it is increasingly in demand not only for protection against explosives and chemical warfare agents, but also for new applications in medical diagnosis or process control. Generally, a gas phase sample is ionized by help of ultraviolet light, ss-radiation or partial discharges. The ions move in a weak electrical field towards a detector. During their drift they collide with a drift gas flowing in the opposite direction and, therefore, are slowed down depending on their size, shape and charge. As a result, different ions reach the detector at different drift times, which are characteristic for the ions considered. The number of ions reaching the detector are a measure of the concentration of the analyte. The method enables the identification and quantification of analytes with high sensitivity (ng l(-1) range). The selectivity can even be increased - as necessary for the analyses of complex mixtures - using pre-separation techniques such as gas chromatography or multi-capillary columns. No pre-concentration of the sample is necessary. Those characteristics of the method are preserved even in air with up to a 100% relative humidity rate. The suitability of the method for application in the field of food quality and safety - including storage, process and quality control as well as the characterization of food stuffs - was investigated in recent years for a number of representative examples, which are summarized in the following, including new studies as well: (1) the detection of metabolites from bacteria for the identification and control of their growth; (2) process control in food production - beer fermentation being an example; (3) the detection of the metabolites of mould for process control during cheese production, for quality control of raw materials or for the control of storage conditions; (4) the quality control of packaging materials during the production of polymeric materials; and (5) the characterization of products - wine being an example. The challenges of such applications were operation in humid air, fast on-line analyses of complex mixtures, high sensitivity - detection limits have to be, for example, in the range of the odour limits - and, in some cases, the necessity of mobile instrumentation. It can be shown that ion mobility spectrometry is optimally capable of fulfilling those challenges for many applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Vautz
- Department of Metabolomics, ISAS - Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vautz W, Baumbach JI, Uhde E. Detection of emissions from surfaces using ion mobility spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:980-6. [PMID: 16402176 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Emissions from surfaces (from furniture, wall paintings or floor coverings for instance) significantly influence indoor air quality and therefore the wellbeing or even the health of the occupants. Together with metabolites from mold they are responsible for the well-known "sick building syndrome". Therefore, it is in the interest of the manufacturer as well as of the occupants to have a fast and accurate method for the detection of substances relevant to this syndrome in order to be able to monitor and control product quality and indoor air quality. The use of small and easy-to-transport ion mobility spectrometers that use UV light as the ionization source enables rapid in situ detection of such substances with high selectivity and sensitivity (detection limits in the lower ppb range). If a multicapillary column is used for preseparation as well, the selectivity is increased and the unwanted influence of humidity on the spectra can be eliminated, thus enabling the use of the instruments under normal ambient conditions. Furthermore, the use of air as carrier gas avoids the need for other sources of high-purity gas. An emission cell with a homogeneous and constant air flow over the surface to be investigated was developed in order to ensure reproducible results. Investigations of emissions from wooden surfaces with and without additional contamination as well as from complex mixtures are presented. The results demonstrate that relevant emissions can be identified and quantified with high sensitivity and selectivity in under five minutes. Therefore, the method is useful for indoor air quality monitoring, especially when miniaturized instruments are applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Vautz
- Institute for Analytical Sciences (ISAS), Bunsen-Kirchhoff Str. 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|