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Sun Z, Luan S, Yao Y, Qin T, Xu X, Shen Z, Yao R, Yue L. NHE1 Mediates 5-Fu Resistance in Gastric Cancer via STAT3 Signaling Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8521-8532. [PMID: 32904684 PMCID: PMC7457598 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s256274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several recent studies have addressed the role of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) in tumor cell growth and apoptosis, including in gastric cancer. However, the role of NHE1 expression related to the 5-Fu resistance in gastric cancer has not been investigated. METHODS The expression of NHE1 was examined by qPCR in the SGC7901/5-FU cell line and its parental cell line. pcDNA3.1-NHE1 and NHE1-siRNA were transfected to SGC7901/5-FU resistance cells and cell apoptosis was detected via TUNEL assay. The upstream activators in NHE1 mediated 5-Fu resistant gastric cancer cells were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescent. RESULTS A significant increase of the expression of NHE1 was observed in SGC7901 5-FU resistance cells compared to the GES-1 and SGC7901 cell line. NHE1 can suppress the cell apoptosis of SGC7901 5-FU resistance cells and involved in cell cycle. Also, the migration and invasion of SGC7901 5-FU resistance cells were promoted by NHE1. NHE1 also increases the intracellular pH. The results of Western blot analysis showed that NHE1 overexpression induced an increase in the expression of phosphorylated activator transcription factor 3 (pSTAT3). The more obvious phosphorylated level was shown in the phosphorylated STAT3 at pSTAT3tyr705. Further investigations revealed that the constitutive activation of STAT3 may be induced by JAK1 and JAK2, and thus effect the 5-FU resistance by regulating NHE1. DISCUSSION In summary, our findings provided evidence that NHE1 contributed to 5-Fu resistance in gastric cancer cells by regulating the JAK/STAT3 pathway. Therefore, NHE1 can be a useful marker for predicting and monitoring 5-Fu resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenni Sun
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shufang Luan
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yasai Yao
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zan Shen
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People’s Hospital, Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyong Yao
- Central Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Yue
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province266071, People’s Republic of China
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Cao L, Yuan Z, Liu M, Stock C. (Patho-)Physiology of Na +/H + Exchangers (NHEs) in the Digestive System. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1566. [PMID: 32009977 PMCID: PMC6974801 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) are expressed in virtually all human tissues and organs. Two major tasks of those NHE isoforms that are located in plasma membranes are cell volume control by Na+-uptake and cellular pH regulation by H+-extrusion. Several NHEs, particularly NHE 1–4 and 8, are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases of the digestive system such as inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease) and gastric and colorectal tumorigenesis. In the present review, we describe the physiological purposes, possible malfunctions and pathophysiological effects of the different NHE isoforms along the alimentary canal from esophagus to colon, including pancreas, liver and gallbladder. Particular attention is paid to the functions of NHEs in injury repair and to the role of NHE1 in Barrett’s esophagus. The impact of NHEs on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal integrity is also dealt with. As the hitherto existing findings are not always consistent, sometimes even controversial, they are compared and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenglin Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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3
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Guan X, Luo L, Begum G, Kohanbash G, Song Q, Rao A, Amankulor N, Sun B, Sun D, Jia W. Elevated Na/H exchanger 1 (SLC9A1) emerges as a marker for tumorigenesis and prognosis in gliomas. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:255. [PMID: 30333031 PMCID: PMC6192309 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), encoded by the SLC9A1 gene (SoLute Carrier family 9A1) in humans, is the main H+ efflux mechanism in maintaining alkaline intracellular pH (pHi) and Warburg effects in glioma. However, to date, there are no clinical studies exploring pharmacological inhibition of NHE1 protein in cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated NHE1 expression in gliomas and its relationship with glioma clinical outcome. Methods The Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) dataset containing transcriptome sequencing data of 325 glioma samples and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) with 698 glioma mRNAseq data were analyzed in this study. Mouse SB28 and GL26 intracranial syngeneic glioma models in C57BL/6 J mice were established to investigate NHE1 expression and impact of NHE1 protein inhibition with its inhibitor HOE642 on tumorigenesis and anti-PD1 therapy. Tumor angiogenesis, immunogenicity, and progression were assessed by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometric profiling. Results Analysis of SLC9A1 mRNA expression in two data sets, CGGA and TCGA, reveals significantly higher SLC9A1 mRNA levels in higher grade gliomas. The SLC9A1 mRNA expression was especially enriched in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1/2 wild-type glioblastoma (GBM) and in mesenchymal glioma subtypes. Worsened survival probabilities were correlated with the elevated SLC9A1 mRNA levels in gliomas. The underlying mechanisms include promoting angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Increased SLC9A1 mRNA expression was also associated with tumor-associated macrophage accumulation. NHE1 inhibitor HOE642 reduced glioma volume, invasion, and prolonged overall survival in mouse glioma models. Blockade of NHE1 protein also stimulated immunogenic tumor microenvironment via activating CD8 T-cell accumulation, increasing expression of interferon-gamma (Ifng), and sensitized animals to anti-PD-1 therapy. Conclusion Our findings strongly suggest that NHE1 protein emerges as a marker for tumorigenesis and prognosis in glioma. Blocking NHE1 protein is a novel strategy for adjuvant anti-cancer therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0923-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudong Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.,Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, 100050, China.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Lanxin Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qingkun Song
- Department of Science and Technology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Aparna Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nduka Amankulor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Baoshan Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Pólo Dois Portos, Instituto National de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Quinta da Almoinha, Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA. .,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China. .,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Kurita M, Araoka T, Hishida T, O'Keefe DD, Takahashi Y, Sakamoto A, Sakurai M, Suzuki K, Wu J, Yamamoto M, Hernandez-Benitez R, Ocampo A, Reddy P, Shokhirev MN, Magistretti P, Núñez Delicado E, Eto H, Harii K, Izpisua Belmonte JC. In vivo reprogramming of wound-resident cells generates skin epithelial tissue. Nature 2018; 561:243-247. [PMID: 30185909 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Large cutaneous ulcers are, in severe cases, life threatening1,2. As the global population ages, non-healing ulcers are becoming increasingly common1,2. Treatment currently requires the transplantation of pre-existing epithelial components, such as skin grafts, or therapy using cultured cells2. Here we develop alternative supplies of epidermal coverage for the treatment of these kinds of wounds. We generated expandable epithelial tissues using in vivo reprogramming of wound-resident mesenchymal cells. Transduction of four transcription factors that specify the skin-cell lineage enabled efficient and rapid de novo epithelialization from the surface of cutaneous ulcers in mice. Our findings may provide a new therapeutic avenue for treating skin wounds and could be extended to other disease situations in which tissue homeostasis and repair are impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kurita
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Araoka
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Tomoaki Hishida
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David D O'Keefe
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuta Takahashi
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Akihisa Sakamoto
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Masahiro Sakurai
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Spain
| | | | - Jun Wu
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mako Yamamoto
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Pradeep Reddy
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maxim Nikolaievich Shokhirev
- The Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics & Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Magistretti
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Estrella Núñez Delicado
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Hitomi Eto
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Harii
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Harguindey S, Stanciu D, Devesa J, Alfarouk K, Cardone RA, Polo Orozco JD, Devesa P, Rauch C, Orive G, Anitua E, Roger S, Reshkin SJ. Cellular acidification as a new approach to cancer treatment and to the understanding and therapeutics of neurodegenerative diseases. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:157-179. [PMID: 28193528 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years, the understanding of the dysregulated hydrogen ion dynamics and reversed proton gradient of cancer cells has resulted in a new and integral pH-centric paradigm in oncology, a translational model embracing from cancer etiopathogenesis to treatment. The abnormalities of intracellular alkalinization along with extracellular acidification of all types of solid tumors and leukemic cells have never been described in any other disease and now appear to be a specific hallmark of malignancy. As a consequence of this intracellular acid-base homeostatic failure, the attempt to induce cellular acidification using proton transport inhibitors and other intracellular acidifiers of different origins is becoming a new therapeutic concept and selective target of cancer treatment, both as a metabolic mediator of apoptosis and in the overcoming of multiple drug resistance (MDR). Importantly, there is increasing data showing that different ion channels contribute to mediate significant aspects of cancer pH regulation and etiopathogenesis. Finally, we discuss the extension of this new pH-centric oncological paradigm into the opposite metabolic and homeostatic acid-base situation found in human neurodegenerative diseases (HNDDs), which opens novel concepts in the prevention and treatment of HNDDs through the utilization of a cohort of neural and non-neural derived hormones and human growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Harguindey
- Institute of Clinical Biology and Metabolism, c) Postas 13, 01004 Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Daniel Stanciu
- Institute of Clinical Biology and Metabolism, c) Postas 13, 01004 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Jesús Devesa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain and Scientific Director of Foltra Medical Centre, Teo, Spain
| | - Khalid Alfarouk
- Al-Ghad International Colleges for Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosa Angela Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Pablo Devesa
- Research and Development, Medical Centre Foltra, Teo, Spain
| | - Cyril Rauch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham,College Road, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Gorka Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- BTI Biotechnology Institute ImasD, S.L. C/Jacinto Quincoces, 39, 01007 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Sébastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069, University François-Rabelais of Tours,10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, Paris 75231, France
| | - Stephan J Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Stock C, Pedersen SF. Roles of pH and the Na +/H + exchanger NHE1 in cancer: From cell biology and animal models to an emerging translational perspective? Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 43:5-16. [PMID: 28007556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acidosis is characteristic of the solid tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells, because they are highly proliferative and anabolic, have greatly elevated metabolic acid production. To sustain a normal cytosolic pH homeostasis they therefore need to either extrude excess protons or to neutralize them by importing HCO3-, in both cases causing extracellular acidification in the poorly perfused tissue microenvironment. The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) is a ubiquitously expressed acid-extruding membrane transport protein, and upregulation of its expression and/or activity is commonly correlated with tumor malignancy. The present review discusses current evidence on how altered pH homeostasis, and in particular NHE1, contributes to tumor cell motility, invasion, proliferation, and growth and facilitates evasion of chemotherapeutic cell death. We summarize data from in vitro studies, 2D-, 3D- and organotypic cell culture, animal models and human tissue, which collectively point to pH-regulation in general, and NHE1 in particular, as potential targets in combination chemotherapy. Finally, we discuss the possible pitfalls, side effects and cellular escape mechanisms that need to be considered in the process of translating the plethora of basic research data into a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stine Falsig Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Aznar N, Midde KK, Dunkel Y, Lopez-Sanchez I, Pavlova Y, Marivin A, Barbazán J, Murray F, Nitsche U, Janssen KP, Willert K, Goel A, Abal M, Garcia-Marcos M, Ghosh P. Daple is a novel non-receptor GEF required for trimeric G protein activation in Wnt signaling. eLife 2015; 4:e07091. [PMID: 26126266 PMCID: PMC4484057 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is essential for tissue homeostasis and its dysregulation causes cancer. Wnt ligands trigger signaling by activating Frizzled receptors (FZDRs), which belong to the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. However, the mechanisms of G protein activation in Wnt signaling remain controversial. In this study, we demonstrate that FZDRs activate G proteins and trigger non-canonical Wnt signaling via the Dishevelled-binding protein, Daple. Daple contains a Gα-binding and activating (GBA) motif, which activates Gαi proteins and an adjacent domain that directly binds FZDRs, thereby linking Wnt stimulation to G protein activation. This triggers non-canonical Wnt responses, that is, suppresses the β-catenin/TCF/LEF pathway and tumorigenesis, but enhances PI3K-Akt and Rac1 signals and tumor cell invasiveness. In colorectal cancers, Daple is suppressed during adenoma-to-carcinoma transformation and expressed later in metastasized tumor cells. Thus, Daple activates Gαi and enhances non-canonical Wnt signaling by FZDRs, and its dysregulation can impact both tumor initiation and progression to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Krishna K Midde
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Yelena Pavlova
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Arthur Marivin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Jorge Barbazán
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fiona Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Willert
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Ajay Goel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Miguel Abal
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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8
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Establishment of immortalized murine mesothelial cells and a novel mesothelioma cell line. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:714-21. [PMID: 25877069 PMCID: PMC4539351 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mesothelial cells are susceptible to asbestos fiber-induced cytotoxicity and on longer time scales to transformation; the resulting mesothelioma is a highly aggressive neoplasm that is considered as incurable at the present time Zucali et al. (Cancer Treatment Reviews 37:543–558, 2011). Only few murine cell culture models of immortalized mesothelial cells and mesothelioma cell lines exist to date. We generated SV40-immortalized cell lines derived from wild-type (WT) and neurofibromatosis 2 (merlin) heterozygote (Nf2+/−) mice, both on a commonly used genetic background, C57Bl/6J. All immortalized mesothelial clones consistently grow in DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum. Cells can be passaged for more than 40 times without any signs of morphological changes or a decrease in proliferation rate. The tumor suppressor gene NF2 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human mesothelioma, but its detailed function is still unknown. Thus, these genotypically distinct cell lines likely relevant for malignant mesothelioma formation are expected to serve as useful in vitro models, in particular to compare with in vivo studies in mice of the same genotype. Furthermore, we generated a novel murine mesothelioma cell line RN5 originating from an Nf2+/− mouse subjected to repeated crocidolite exposure. RN5 cells are highly tumorigenic.
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9
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Extracellular acidity, a "reappreciated" trait of tumor environment driving malignancy: perspectives in diagnosis and therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:823-32. [PMID: 24984804 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are ecosystems which develop from stem cells endowed with unlimited self-renewal capability and genetic instability, under the effects of mutagenesis and natural selection imposed by environmental changes. Abnormal vascularization, reduced lymphatic network, uncontrolled cell growth frequently associated with hypoxia, and extracellular accumulation of glucose metabolites even in the presence of an adequate oxygen level are all factors contributing to reduce pH in the extracellular space of tumors. Evidence is accumulating that acidity is associated with a poor prognosis and participates actively to tumor progression. This review addresses some of the most experimental evidences providing that acidity of tumor environment facilitates local invasiveness and metastatic dissemination, independently from hypoxia, with which acidity is often but not always associated. Clinical investigations have also shown that tumors with acidic environment are associated with resistance to chemotherapy and radiation-induced apoptosis, suppression of cytotoxic lymphocytes, and natural killer cells tumoricidal activity. Therefore, new technologies for functional and molecular imaging as well as strategies directed to target low extracellular pH and low pH-adapted tumor cells might represent important issues in oncology.
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10
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Zuco V, Cassinelli G, Cossa G, Gatti L, Favini E, Tortoreto M, Cominetti D, Scanziani E, Castiglioni V, Cincinelli R, Giannini G, Zunino F, Zaffaroni N, Lanzi C, Perego P. Targeting the invasive phenotype of cisplatin-resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer cells by a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Wallert MA, Hammes D, Nguyen T, Kiefer L, Berthelsen N, Kern A, Anderson-Tiege K, Shabb JB, Muhonen WW, Grove BD, Provost JJ. RhoA Kinase (Rock) and p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase (p90Rsk) phosphorylation of the sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE1) is required for lysophosphatidic acid-induced transport, cytoskeletal organization and migration. Cell Signal 2015; 27:498-509. [PMID: 25578862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one (NHE1) plays a critical role coordinating asymmetric events at the leading edge of migrating cells and is regulated by a number of phosphorylation events influencing both the ion transport and cytoskeletal anchoring required for directed migration. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) activation of RhoA kinase (Rock) and the Ras-ERK growth factor pathway induces cytoskeletal reorganization, activates NHE1 and induces an increase in cell motility. We report that both Rock I and II stoichiometrically phosphorylate NHE1 at threonine 653 in vitro using mass spectrometry and reconstituted kinase assays. In fibroblasts expressing NHE1 alanine mutants for either Rock (T653A) or ribosomal S6 kinase (Rsk; S703A) we show that each site is partially responsible for the LPA-induced increase in transport activity while NHE1 phosphorylation by either Rock or Rsk at their respective site is sufficient for LPA stimulated stress fiber formation and migration. Furthermore, mutation of either T653 or S703 leads to a higher basal pH level and a significantly higher proliferation rate. Our results identify the direct phosphorylation of NHE1 by Rock and suggest that both RhoA and Ras pathways mediate NHE1-dependent ion transport and migration in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Wallert
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Hammes
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Tony Nguyen
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Lea Kiefer
- University of San Diego, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nick Berthelsen
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Kern
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | | | - John B Shabb
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Wallace W Muhonen
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Bryon D Grove
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Joseph J Provost
- University of San Diego, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego, CA, USA.
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12
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Alfarouk KO, Verduzco D, Rauch C, Muddathir AK, Adil HHB, Elhassan GO, Ibrahim ME, David Polo Orozco J, Cardone RA, Reshkin SJ, Harguindey S. Glycolysis, tumor metabolism, cancer growth and dissemination. A new pH-based etiopathogenic perspective and therapeutic approach to an old cancer question. Oncoscience 2014; 1:777-802. [PMID: 25621294 PMCID: PMC4303887 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells acquire an unusual glycolytic behavior relative, to a large extent, to their intracellular alkaline pH (pHi). This effect is part of the metabolic alterations found in most, if not all, cancer cells to deal with unfavorable conditions, mainly hypoxia and low nutrient supply, in order to preserve its evolutionary trajectory with the production of lactate after ten steps of glycolysis. Thus, cancer cells reprogram their cellular metabolism in a way that gives them their evolutionary and thermodynamic advantage. Tumors exist within a highly heterogeneous microenvironment and cancer cells survive within any of the different habitats that lie within tumors thanks to the overexpression of different membrane-bound proton transporters. This creates a highly abnormal and selective proton reversal in cancer cells and tissues that is involved in local cancer growth and in the metastatic process. Because of this environmental heterogeneity, cancer cells within one part of the tumor may have a different genotype and phenotype than within another part. This phenomenon has frustrated the potential of single-target therapy of this type of reductionist therapeutic approach over the last decades. Here, we present a detailed biochemical framework on every step of tumor glycolysis and then proposea new paradigm and therapeutic strategy based upon the dynamics of the hydrogen ion in cancer cells and tissues in order to overcome the old paradigm of one enzyme-one target approach to cancer treatment. Finally, a new and integral explanation of the Warburg effect is advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cyril Rauch
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Gamal O. Elhassan
- Unizah Pharmacy Collage, Qassim University, Unizah, AL-Qassim, King of Saudi Arabia
- Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
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13
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Guo H, Lu Y, Wang J, Liu X, Keller ET, Liu Q, Zhou Q, Zhang J. Targeting the Notch signaling pathway in cancer therapeutics. Thorac Cancer 2014; 5:473-86. [PMID: 26767041 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, imaging, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the poor overall cancer-related death rate remains unacceptable. Novel therapeutic strategies are desperately needed. Nowadays, targeted therapy has become the most promising therapy and a welcome asset to the cancer therapeutic arena. There is a large body of evidence demonstrating that the Notch signaling pathway is critically involved in the pathobiology of a variety of malignancies. In this review, we provide an overview of emerging data, highlight the mechanism of the Notch signaling pathway in the development of a wide range of cancers, and summarize recent progress in therapeutic targeting of the Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases, Ministry of Education Nanning, China; Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University Nanning, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases, Ministry of Education Nanning, China; Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University Nanning, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education Shanghai, China; Institute of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases, Ministry of Education Nanning, China; Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University Nanning, China
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Qian Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases, Ministry of Education Nanning, China; Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University Nanning, China; Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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14
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Spugnini EP, Sonveaux P, Stock C, Perez-Sayans M, De Milito A, Avnet S, Garcìa AG, Harguindey S, Fais S. Proton channels and exchangers in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:2715-26. [PMID: 25449995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although cancer is characterized by an intratumoral genetic heterogeneity, a totally deranged pH control is a common feature of most cancer histotypes. Major determinants of aberrant pH gradient in cancer are proton exchangers and transporters, including V-ATPase, Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE), monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and carbonic anhydrases (CAs). Thanks to the activity of these proton transporters and exchangers, cancer becomes isolated and/or protected not only from the body reaction against the growing tumor, but also from the vast majority of drugs that when protonated into the acidic tumor microenvironment do not enter into cancer cells. Proton transporters and exchangers represent a key feature tumor cells use to survive in the very hostile microenvironmental conditions that they create and maintain. Detoxifying mechanisms may thus represent both a key survival option and a selection outcome for cells that behave as unicellular microorganisms rather than belonging to an organ, compartment or body. It is, in fact, typical of malignant tumors that, after a clinically measurable yet transient initial response to a therapy, resistant tumor clones emerge and proliferate, thus bursting a more malignant behavior and rapid tumor progression. This review critically presents the background of a novel and efficient approach that aims to fight cancer through blocking or inhibiting well characterized proton exchangers and transporters active in human cancer cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pierluigi Spugnini
- Anti-Cancer Drug Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mario Perez-Sayans
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angelo De Milito
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Abel Garcìa Garcìa
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Stefano Fais
- Anti-Cancer Drug Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Rome, Italy.
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15
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Harguindey S, Arranz JL, Polo Orozco JD, Rauch C, Fais S, Cardone RA, Reshkin SJ. Cariporide and other new and powerful NHE1 inhibitors as potentially selective anticancer drugs--an integral molecular/biochemical/metabolic/clinical approach after one hundred years of cancer research. J Transl Med 2013; 11:282. [PMID: 24195657 PMCID: PMC3826530 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years an increasing number of publications have emphasized the growing importance of hydrogen ion dynamics in modern cancer research, from etiopathogenesis and treatment. A proton [H+]-related mechanism underlying the initiation and progression of the neoplastic process has been recently described by different research groups as a new paradigm in which all cancer cells and tissues, regardless of their origin and genetic background, have a pivotal energetic and homeostatic disturbance of their metabolism that is completely different from all normal tissues: an aberrant regulation of hydrogen ion dynamics leading to a reversal of the pH gradient in cancer cells and tissues (↑pHi/↓pHe, or “proton reversal”). Tumor cells survive their hostile microenvironment due to membrane-bound proton pumps and transporters, and their main defensive strategy is to never allow internal acidification because that could lead to their death through apoptosis. In this context, one of the primary and best studied regulators of both pHi and pHe in tumors is the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1). An elevated NHE1 activity can be correlated with both an increase in cell pH and a decrease in the extracellular pH of tumors, and such proton reversal is associated with the origin, local growth, activation and further progression of the metastatic process. Consequently, NHE1 pharmaceutical inhibition by new and potent NHE1 inhibitors represents a potential and highly selective target in anticancer therapy. Cariporide, being one of the better studied specific and powerful NHE1 inhibitors, has proven to be well tolerated by humans in the cardiological context, however some side-effects, mainly related to drug accumulation and cerebrovascular complications were reported. Thus, cariporide could become a new, slightly toxic and effective anticancer agent in different human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Harguindey
- Instituto de Biología Clínica y Metabolismo (IBCM), Postas 13-01004, Vitoria, Spain.
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16
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Asuthkar S, Stepanova V, Lebedeva T, Holterman AL, Estes N, Cines DB, Rao JS, Gondi CS. Multifunctional roles of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in cancer stemness and chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2620-32. [PMID: 23864708 PMCID: PMC3756915 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-04-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is almost always lethal. One of the underlying reasons for this lethality is believed to be the presence of cancer stem cells (CSC), which impart chemoresistance and promote recurrence, but the mechanisms responsible are unclear. Recently the poor prognosis of PDAC has been correlated with increased expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). In the present study we examine the role of uPA in the generation of PDAC CSC. We observe a subset of cells identifiable as a side population (SP) when sorted by flow cytometry of MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells that possess the properties of CSC. A large fraction of these SP cells are CD44 and CD24 positive, are gemcitabine resistant, possess sphere-forming ability, and exhibit increased tumorigenicity, known characteristics of cancer stemness. Increased tumorigenicity and gemcitabine resistance decrease after suppression of uPA. We observe that uPA interacts directly with transcription factors LIM homeobox-2 (Lhx2), homeobox transcription factor A5 (HOXA5), and Hey to possibly promote cancer stemness. uPA regulates Lhx2 expression by suppressing expression of miR-124 and p53 expression by repressing its promoter by inactivating HOXA5. These results demonstrate that regulation of gene transcription by uPA contributes to cancer stemness and clinical lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Asuthkar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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17
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Provost JJ, Wallert MA. Inside out: targeting NHE1 as an intracellular and extracellular regulator of cancer progression. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:85-101. [PMID: 23253131 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one is a critical regulator of intracellular pH, serves as an anchor for the formation of cytoplasmic signaling complexes, and modulates cytoskeletal organization. There is a growing interest in the potential for sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one as a therapeutic target against cancer. Sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one transport drives formation of membrane protrusions essential for cell migration and contributes to the establishment of a tumor microenvironment that leads to the rearrangement of the extracellular matrix further supporting tumor progression. Here, we focus on the potential impact that an inexpensive, $100 genome would have in identifying prospective therapeutic targets to treat tumors based upon changes in gene expression and variation of sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one regulators. In particular, we will focus on the ezrin, radixin, moesin family proteins, calcineurin B homologous proteins, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling, and phosphoinositide signaling as they relate to the regulation of sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Provost
- Center for Biopharmaceutical Research and Production, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
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18
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Ding Y, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Zhong M, Chen Q, Wang X, Zhu Z. u-PA inhibitor amiloride suppresses peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:270. [PMID: 23234499 PMCID: PMC3577507 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer represents a ubiquitous human health problem but effective therapies with limited side effects are still lacking. Although previous research suggested that u-PA was involved in some tumor metastasis such as lung-specific metastasis, the role of u-PA for peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer is still unclear. The aim of this study was to explore whether selective pharmacological blockade of u-PA is able to affect the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer both in vivo and in vitro. Methods In the present study, we evaluated the effects and explored the anti-tumor mechanisms of amiloride, a selective u-PA inhibitor, on a panel of gastric cancer cell lines and in a murine model of human gastric cancer MKN45. Results The study showed that amiloride significantly inhibited the tumor growth and prolonged the survival of the tumor-bearing mice. In vitro, compared with controls, amiloride could not only significantly down-regulate the mRNA expression and protein level of u-PA from MKN45 cells with dose dependence but also inhibit the adhesion of HMrSV5 cells, migration and invasion of MKN45 cells. Conclusions The findings in our current report provide evidence that selective u-PA inhibitor amiloride has potent effects against peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer, suggesting its possible therapeutic value for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcheng Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China
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