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Shi R, Yu R, Lian F, Zheng Y, Feng S, Li C, Zheng X. Targeting HSP47 for cancer treatment. Anticancer Drugs 2024; 35:623-637. [PMID: 38718070 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) serves as an endoplasmic reticulum residing collagen-specific chaperone and plays an important role in collagen biosynthesis and structural assembly. HSP47 is encoded by the SERPINH1 gene, which is located on chromosome 11q13.5, one of the most frequently amplified regions in human cancers. The expression of HSP47 is regulated by multiple cellular factors, including cytokines, transcription factors, microRNAs, and circular RNAs. HSP47 is frequently upregulated in a variety of cancers and plays an important role in tumor progression. HSP47 promotes tumor stemness, angiogenesis, growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastatic capacity. HSP47 also regulates the efficacy of tumor therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Inhibition of HSP47 expression has antitumor effects, suggesting that targeting HSP47 is a feasible strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we highlight the function and expression of regulatory mechanisms of HSP47 in cancer progression and point out the potential development of therapeutic strategies in targeting HSP47 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Shi
- School of Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, China
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Yang L, Fang C, Zhang R, Zhou S. Prognostic value of oxidative stress-related genes in colorectal cancer and its correlation with tumor immunity. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:8. [PMID: 38166604 PMCID: PMC10759670 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) plays an essential role in chronic diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we aimed to explore the relation between oxidative stress-related genes and CRC prognosis and their involvement in the immune microenvironment. Totally 101 OS-related genes were selected from the MsigDB database. Then, univariate Cox regression was used to explore the prognostic value of the selected genes correlated with the CRC patient survival in the TCGA database. A total of 9 prognostic OS-related genes in CRC were identified. Based on consensus clustering, CRC patients were then categorized into two molecular subtypes. A prognostic risk model containing 8 genes was established using Lasso regression, and CRC patients were divided into high or low-risk groups based on the median risk scores. The predictive value of the 8 genes in CRC prognosis was validated using ROC curves, which indicate that CTNNB1, STK25, RNF112, SFPQ, MMP3, and NOL3 were promising prognostic biomarkers in CRC. Furthermore, the immune cell infiltration levels in different risk groups or CRC subtypes were analyzed. We found that the high-risk or C1 subtype had immunosuppressive microenvironment, which might explain the unfavorable prognosis in the two groups of CRC patients. Additionally, functional experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of OS-related genes on CRC cell proliferation, stemness, and apoptosis. We found that CTNNB1, HSPB1, MMP3, and NOL3 were upregulated in CRC tissues and cells. Knockdown of CTNNB1, HSPB1, MMP3, and NOL3 significantly suppressed CRC cell proliferation, stemness and facilitated CRC cell apoptosis. In conclusion, we established prognostic CRC subtypes and an eight-gene risk model, which may provide novel prognostic indicators and benefit the design of individualized therapeutic strategies for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province (Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University), No. 150, Ximen Street, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengfeng Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province (Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University), No. 150, Ximen Street, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province (Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University), No. 150, Ximen Street, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shenkang Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province (Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University), No. 150, Ximen Street, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang, China.
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Lennartz P, Thölke D, Bashiri Dezfouli A, Pilz M, Lobinger D, Messner V, Zanth H, Ainslie K, Kafshgari MH, Rammes G, Ballmann M, Schlegel M, Foulds GA, Pockley AG, Schmidt-Graf F, Multhoff G. Biomarkers in Adult-Type Diffuse Gliomas: Elevated Levels of Circulating Vesicular Heat Shock Protein 70 Serve as a Biomarker in Grade 4 Glioblastoma and Increase NK Cell Frequencies in Grade 3 Glioma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3235. [PMID: 38137456 PMCID: PMC10741018 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of circulating Hsp70 levels and their influence on the immunophenotype of circulating lymphocyte subsets were examined as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for the overall survival (OS) in patients with IDH-mutant WHO grade 3 oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma, and IDH-wildtype grade 4 glioblastoma (GBM). Vesicular and free Hsp70 in the plasma/serum was measured using the Hsp70-exo and R&D Systems DuoSet® Hsp70 ELISAs. The immunophenotype and membrane Hsp70 status was determined by multiparameter flow cytometry on peripheral blood lymphocytes and single-cell suspensions of tumor specimens and cultured cells. Compared to healthy controls, circulating vesicular Hsp70 levels were significantly increased in patients with GBM, concomitant with a significant decrease in the proportion of CD3+/CD4+ helper T cells, whereas the frequency of NK cells was most prominently increased in patients with grade 3 gliomas. Elevated circulating Hsp70 levels and a higher prevalence of activated CD3-/CD56+/CD94+/CD69+ NK cells were associated with an improved OS in grade 3 gliomas, whereas high Hsp70 levels and low CD3+/CD4+ frequencies were associated with an adverse OS in GBM. It is assumed that a reduced membrane Hsp70 density on grade 4 versus grade 3 primary glioma cells and reduced CD3+/CD4+ T cell counts in GBM might drive an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lennartz
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (D.T.); (A.B.D.); (V.M.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Thölke
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (D.T.); (A.B.D.); (V.M.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Bashiri Dezfouli
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (D.T.); (A.B.D.); (V.M.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Pilz
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (D.T.); (A.B.D.); (V.M.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Lobinger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, München Klinik Bogenhausen, Lehrkrankenhaus der TUM, 81925 Munich, Germany;
| | - Verena Messner
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (D.T.); (A.B.D.); (V.M.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Zanth
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (D.T.); (A.B.D.); (V.M.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Karen Ainslie
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (D.T.); (A.B.D.); (V.M.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Morteza Hasanzadeh Kafshgari
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (D.T.); (A.B.D.); (V.M.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Electronics, Central Instititute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Markus Ballmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Martin Schlegel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Gemma Ann Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (G.A.F.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Alan Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (G.A.F.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Friederike Schmidt-Graf
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany; (P.L.); (D.T.); (A.B.D.); (V.M.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Javid H, Hashemian P, Yazdani S, Sharbaf Mashhad A, Karimi-Shahri M. The role of heat shock proteins in metastatic colorectal cancer: A review. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1704-1735. [PMID: 36063530 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a large molecular chaperone family classified by their molecular weights, including HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and HSP110. HSPs are likely to have antiapoptotic properties and participate actively in various processes such as tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastases, and death. In this review, we discuss comprehensively the functions of HSPs associated with the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and metastasis and resistance to cancer therapy. Taken together, HSPs have numerous clinical applications as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis and potential therapeutic targets for CRC and its related metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Javid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pedram Hashemian
- Jahad Daneshgahi Research Committee, Jahad Daneshgahi Institute, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Yazdani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Alireza Sharbaf Mashhad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Karimi-Shahri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Qu WF, Tian MX, Qiu JT, Guo YC, Tao CY, Liu WR, Tang Z, Qian K, Wang ZX, Li XY, Hu WA, Zhou J, Fan J, Zou H, Hou YY, Shi YH. Exploring pathological signatures for predicting the recurrence of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma based on deep learning. Front Oncol 2022; 12:968202. [PMID: 36059627 PMCID: PMC9439660 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.968202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPostoperative recurrence impedes the curability of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (E-HCC). We aimed to establish a novel recurrence-related pathological prognosticator with artificial intelligence, and investigate the relationship between pathological features and the local immunological microenvironment.MethodsA total of 576 whole-slide images (WSIs) were collected from 547 patients with E-HCC in the Zhongshan cohort, which was randomly divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort. The external validation cohort comprised 147 Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) stage I patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Six types of HCC tissues were identified by a weakly supervised convolutional neural network. A recurrence-related histological score (HS) was constructed and validated. The correlation between immune microenvironment and HS was evaluated through extensive immunohistochemical data.ResultsThe overall classification accuracy of HCC tissues was 94.17%. The C-indexes of HS in the training, validation and TCGA cohorts were 0.804, 0.739 and 0.708, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the HS (HR= 4.05, 95% CI: 3.40-4.84) was an independent predictor for recurrence-free survival. Patients in HS high-risk group had elevated preoperative alpha-fetoprotein levels, poorer tumor differentiation and a higher proportion of microvascular invasion. The immunohistochemistry data linked the HS to local immune cell infiltration. HS was positively correlated with the expression level of peritumoral CD14+ cells (p= 0.013), and negatively with the intratumoral CD8+ cells (p< 0.001).ConclusionsThe study established a novel histological score that predicted short-term and long-term recurrence for E-HCCs using deep learning, which could facilitate clinical decision making in recurrence prediction and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Qu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Xin Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Tao Qiu
- Tsimage Medical Technology, Yihai Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Guo
- Tsimage Medical Technology, Yihai Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen-Yang Tao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Ren Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Department of Information and Intelligence Development, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Xun Wang
- Department of Information and Intelligence Development, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- Tsimage Medical Technology, Yihai Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-An Hu
- Tsimage Medical Technology, Yihai Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zou
- Tsimage Medical Technology, Yihai Center, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Intelligent Medical Imaging & Health, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Ying-Hong Shi, ; Ying-Yong Hou, ; Hao Zou,
| | - Ying-Yong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying-Hong Shi, ; Ying-Yong Hou, ; Hao Zou,
| | - Ying-Hong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying-Hong Shi, ; Ying-Yong Hou, ; Hao Zou,
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Heat Shock Proteins HSPA1 and HSP90AA1 Are Upregulated in Colorectal Polyps and Can Be Targeted in Cancer Cells by Anti-Inflammatory Oxicams with Arylpiperazine Pharmacophore and Benzoyl Moiety Substitutions at Thiazine Ring. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111588. [PMID: 34827586 PMCID: PMC8615942 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins HSPA1/Hsp70α and HSP90AA1/Hsp90α are crucial for cancer growth but their expression pattern in colorectal polyps or whether they can be modulated by oxicams is unknown. We quantified (RTqPCR) HSPA1 and HSP90AA1 expression in 50 polyp-normal pairs in relation to polyp malignancy potential and examined the effect of piroxicam, meloxicam and five novel analogues on HSPA1 and HSP90AA1 expression (mRNA/protein) in colorectal adenocarcinoma lines. HSPA1 and HSP90AA1 were upregulated in polyps by 3- and 2.9-fold. Expression ratios were higher in polyps with higher dysplasia grade and dominant villous growth pattern, mostly a result of diminished gene expression in normal tissue. Classic oxicams had negligible/non-significant effect on HSP expression. Their most effective analogue inhibited HSPA1 protein and gene by 2.5-fold and 5.7-fold in Caco-2 and by 11.5-fold and 6.8-fold in HCT116 and HSPA1 protein in HT-29 by 1.9-fold. It downregulated HSP90AA1 protein and gene by 1.9-fold and 3.7-fold in Caco-2 and by 2-fold and 5.0-fold in HCT116. HSPA1 and HSP90AA1 are upregulated in colorectal polyps reflecting their potential for malignancy. HSPA1 in cancer cells and, to lesser degree, HSP90AA1 can be reduced by oxicam analogues with thiazine ring substituted via propylene linker by arylpiperazine pharmacophore with fluorine substituents and by benzoyl moiety.
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Liou S, Nilforoushan N, Kang Y, Moatamed NA. p16 is superior to Stathmin-1 and HSP27 in identifying cervical dysplasia. Diagn Pathol 2021; 16:85. [PMID: 34544445 PMCID: PMC8451080 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-021-01144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine how Stathmin-1 and Heat Shock Protein 27 (HSP27) can be used as adjunctive biomarkers to differentiate high-grade dysplasia from benign/reactive lesions in cervical tissues. In addition, we aimed to see if any of these markers can differentiate endometrial from endocervical adenocarcinomas. Methods Fifty cases including benign cervical tissue, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), adenocarcinoma in situ of the endocervix, invasive endocervical adenocarcinoma, and endometrial adenocarcinoma were selected. Stathmin-1 and HSP27 immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed for each case and the results were compared to the previously available p16 IHC stains. Results p16 stained positively in 100% of HSIL, endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ, and invasive endocervical cases. Stathmin-1 stained positively in 43% of HSIL and 90% of endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ and all invasive endocervical cases. Stathmin-1 and p16 were negative in all benign cervical samples. Stathmin-1, HSP27, and p16 stained 100% of LSIL cases. HSP27 stained indiscriminately, including 100% of benign cervical tissue. 87% of the endometrial adenocarcinomas stained positively for p16, Stathmin-1, and HSP27. Conclusion p16 remains superior to both Stathmin-1 and HSP27 in differentiating dysplasia from benign, reactive changes of the cervix. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13000-021-01144-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Liou
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, BOX 951732, 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1732, USA
| | - Neshat Nilforoushan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, BOX 951732, 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1732, USA
| | - Yuna Kang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, BOX 951732, 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1732, USA
| | - Neda A Moatamed
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, BOX 951732, 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1732, USA.
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Heat Shock Proteins 27, 70, and 110: Expression and Prognostic Significance in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174407. [PMID: 34503216 PMCID: PMC8431468 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are evolutionarily conserved chaperones occurring in virtually all living organisms playing a key role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. They are constitutively expressed to prevent and repair protein damage following various physiological and environmental stressors. HSPs are overexpressed in various types of cancers to provide cytoprotective function, and they have been described to influence prognosis and response to therapy. Moreover, they have been used as a tumor marker in blood serum biochemistry and they represent a potentially promising therapeutic target. To clarify prognostic significance of two canonical HSPs (27 and 70) and less known HSP110 (previously known as HSP105) in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), we retrospectively performed HSP immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from 297 patients with known follow-up. Survival analysis (univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test and multivariate Cox regression) revealed significantly shorter overall survival (OS, mean 5.54 vs. 7.07, p = 0.033) and borderline insignificantly shorter cancer specific survival (CSS, mean 6.3 vs. 7.87 years, p = 0.066) in patients with HSP70+ tumors. In the case of HSP27+ tumors, there was an insignificantly shorter OS (mean 6.36 vs. 7.13 years, p = 0.2) and CSS (mean 7.17 vs. 7.95 years, p = 0.2). HSP110 showed no significant impact on survival. Using Pearson's chi-squared test, there was a significant association of HSP27 and HSP70 expression with advanced cancer stage. HSP27+ tumors were more frequently mismatch-repair proficient and vice versa (p = 0.014), and they occurred more often in female patients and vice versa (p = 0.015). There was an enrichment of left sided tumors with HSP110+ compared to the right sided (p = 0.022). In multivariate Cox regression adjusted on the UICC stage, grade and right/left side; both HSPs 27 and 70 were not independent survival predictors (p = 0.616 & p = 0.586). In multivariate analysis, only advanced UICC stage (p = 0) and right sided localization (p = 0.04) were independent predictors of worse CSS. In conclusion, from all three HSPs examined in our study, only HSP70 expression worsened CRC prognosis, although stage-dependent. The contribution of this article may be seen as a large survival analysis of HSPs 27 and 70 and the largest analysis of HSP110 described in CRC.
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Yang S, Xiao H, Cao L. Recent advances in heat shock proteins in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, metabolism and treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112074. [PMID: 34426258 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of proteins, also known as molecular chaperones, which participate in protein folding and maturation in response to stresses or high temperature. According to their molecular weights, mammalian HSPs are classified into HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and large HSPs. Previous studies have revealed that HSPs play important roles in oncogenesis and malignant progression because they can modulate all six hallmark traits of cancer. Because of this, HSPs have been propelled into the spotlight as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, as well as an exciting anticancer drug target. However, the relationship between the expression level of HSPs and their activity and cancer diagnosis, prognosis, metabolism and treatment is not clear and has not been completely established. Herein, this review summarizes and discusses recent advances and perspectives in major HSPs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, as regulators for cancer metabolism or as therapeutic targets for cancer therapy, which may provide new directions to improve the accuracy of cancer diagnosis and develop more effective and safer anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Cao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.
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Hong Y, Wang Z, Rao Z, Wan J, Ling X, Zheng Q. Changes in Expressions of HSP27, HSP70, and Soluble Glycoprotein in Heart Failure Rats Complicated with Pulmonary Edema and Correlations with Cardiopulmonary Functions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6733341. [PMID: 34337047 PMCID: PMC8315849 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6733341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study is aimed at investigating the changes in expressions of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), HSP70, and soluble glycoprotein (SGP) in heart failure (HF) rats complicated with pulmonary edema and exploring their potential correlations with cardiopulmonary functions. The rat model of HF was established, and the rats were divided into HF model group (model group, n = 15) and normal group (n = 15). After successful modeling, MRI and ECG were applied to detect the cardiac function indexes of the rats. The myocardial function indexes were determined, the injury of myocardial tissues was observed via hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and the content of myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the blood was measured. The partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and oxygenation index (OI) were observed, and the airway resistance and lung compliance were examined. Moreover, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting assay were performed to detect the gene and protein expression levels of HSP27, HSP70, and SGP130. The levels of serum creatine kinase (CK), creatine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were increased markedly in model group (p < 0.05). Model group had notably decreased fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) compared with normal group (p < 0.05), while the opposite results of left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) were detected. In model group, the content of serum MPO, MMP-9, and TNF-α was raised remarkably (p < 0.05), OI and PaO2 were reduced notably (p < 0.05), the airway resistance was increased (p < 0.05), and the lung compliance was decreased (p < 0.05). Obviously elevated gene and protein expression levels of HSP27, HSP70, and SGP130 were detected in model group (p < 0.05). The expressions of HSP27, HSP70, and SGP130 are increased in HF rats complicated with pulmonary edema, seriously affecting the cardiopulmonary functions of the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcai Hong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanpeng Rao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong, China
| | - Xie'an Ling
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong, China
| | - Qijun Zheng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong, China
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The Prognostic Significance of Hsp70 in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Patients: A PRISMA-Compliant Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5526327. [PMID: 33954173 PMCID: PMC8064787 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5526327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Hsp70 (heat shock protein 70) plays a key role in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. However, the relationship between the Hsp70 expression level and the colorectal cancer patient survival is unknown. This study is aimed at investigating the relationship between Hsp70 and the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma patients. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were used for systematic computer literature retrieval. Stata SE14.0 software was used for quantitative meta-analysis. Besides, data was extracted from selected articles. Relationships between Hsp70 expression level and prognosis were further studied. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were also computed. Results A total of 11 potentially eligible studies with 2269 patients were identified in 10 tumors from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Hsp70 overexpression was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in colorectal carcinoma patients (HRs, 0.65 (95% CI: 0.52-0.78) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.23-1.32), respectively). Conclusions Hsp70 overexpression can predict poor survival in colorectal cancer patients.
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Jiang W, Pan X, Yan H, Wang G. Prognostic Significance of the Hsp70 Gene Family in Colorectal Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e928352. [PMID: 33600380 PMCID: PMC7901157 DOI: 10.12659/msm.928352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a deadly form of cancer worldwide. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) belongs to the family of human HSPs and plays an essential role in multiple cellular developments and in responding to environmental changes. However, studies on the relationship between CRC and the Hsp70 family are rare. Material/Methods Data pertaining to 438 patients with CRC was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. To investigate the prognostic significance of the Hsp70 genes, survival and joint-effect analyses were conducted. The correlation between prognosis-related Hsp70 genes and clinical factors in CRC was analyzed using a nomogram. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to explore the complex enrichment pathway in CRC with the prognosis-related Hsp70 genes. Results According to multivariate Cox regression survival analysis, low expression levels of HSPA1A, HSPA1B, and HSPA1L were correlated with improved overall survival (OS). According to the joint-effects survival analysis, the joint low expression levels of HSPA1A, HSPA1B, and HSPA1L were related to improved OS. The 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates of patients with CRC were predicted by constructing a nomogram model based on HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPA1L, and tumor stage. The GSEA results indicated the biological roles of HSPA1A, HSPA1B, and HSPA1L in CRC. Conclusions Low expression levels of HSPA1A, HSPA1B, and HSPA1L were strongly correlated with improved prognosis in CRC and might serve as latent prognostic biomarkers in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaohang Pan
- Department of Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Haifan Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Guoping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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13
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Wang S, Zhang X, Wang H, Wang Y, Chen P, Wang L. Heat Shock Protein 27 Enhances SUMOylation of Heat Shock Protein B8 to Accelerate the Progression of Breast Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 190:2464-2477. [PMID: 33222991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are emerging as valuable potential molecular targets in breast cancer therapy owing to their diverse functions in cancer cells. This study investigated the potential role of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27, also known as HSPB1) in breast cancer through heat shock protein B8 (HSPB8). The correlation between HSP27 and HSPB8 was identified by using co-immunoprecipitation, immunoprecipitation, and SUMOylation assays. Through gain- and loss-of-function approaches in MCF-7 cells, the effect of HSP27 on HSPB8 expression, SUMOylation level, and protein stability of HSPB8, as well as on cell proliferation, migration, and stemness, was elucidated. A mouse xenograft model of breast cancer cells was established to verify the function of HSP27 in vivo. Results indicate that HSP27 and HSPB8 were highly expressed in breast cancer tissues and MCF-7 cells. HSP27 was also found to induce the SUMOylation of HSPB8 at the 106 locus and subsequently increased its protein stability, which resulted in accelerated proliferation, migration, and stemness of breast cancer cells in vitro along with increased tumor metastasis of breast cancer in vivo. However, these results could be reversed by the knockdown of HSPB8. Overall, HSP27 induces SUMOylation of HSPB8 to promote HSPB8 expression, thereby endorsing proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells. This study may provide insight for the development of new targets for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, China; Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Intervention, The Affiliated Weihai Second Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Longgang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
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14
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Ocampo Y, Caro D, Rivera D, Piermattey J, Gaitán R, Franco LA. Transcriptome Changes in Colorectal Cancer Cells upon Treatment with Avicequinone B. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 10:638-647. [PMID: 33062604 PMCID: PMC7539315 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2020.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (Avicequinone B), a natural naphthoquinone isolated from the mangrove tree Avicennia alba , is recognized as a valuable synthetic precursor with anti-proliferative effect. However, the molecular mechanism involved in its bioactivity has not been investigated. This study aimed to determine the selectivity of avicequinone B against cancer cells and the transcriptomic changes induced in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: The cytotoxic effect against adenocarcinoma-derived cells or fibroblasts was evaluated using MTT assay. In addition, CRC cells were treated with avicequinone B in different settings to evaluate colony-forming ability, cell cycle progression, apoptosis/necrosis induction, and transcriptome response by RNA-seq. Results: Avicequinone B effectively reduced the viability of breast, colorectal, and lung adenocarcinoma cells with IC50 lower than 10 μM, while fibroblasts were less affected. The induction of G2/M arrest and necrosis-like cell death were observed in avicequinone B-treated HT-29 cells. Furthermore, RNA-seq revealed 490 differentially expressed genes, highlighting the reduction of interferon stimulated genes and proliferative signaling pathways (JAK-STAT, MAPK, and PI3K-AKT), as well as the induction of ferroptosis and miR-21 expression. Conclusion: In short, these results demonstrated the therapeutic potential of avicequinone B and paved the foundation for elucidating its mechanisms in the context of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanet Ocampo
- Biological Evaluation of Promising Substances Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Carrera 50 No. 29-11, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Daneiva Caro
- Biological Evaluation of Promising Substances Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Carrera 50 No. 29-11, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - David Rivera
- Biological Evaluation of Promising Substances Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Carrera 50 No. 29-11, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Jhoan Piermattey
- Natural Products Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Carrera 50 No. 29-11, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Gaitán
- Natural Products Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Carrera 50 No. 29-11, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Luis A Franco
- Biological Evaluation of Promising Substances Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Carrera 50 No. 29-11, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia
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15
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Ernst BP, Wiesmann N, Gieringer R, Eckrich J, Brieger J. HSP27 regulates viability and migration of cancer cell lines following irradiation. J Proteomics 2020; 226:103886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Kennedy SA, Jarboui MA, Srihari S, Raso C, Bryan K, Dernayka L, Charitou T, Bernal-Llinares M, Herrera-Montavez C, Krstic A, Matallanas D, Kotlyar M, Jurisica I, Curak J, Wong V, Stagljar I, LeBihan T, Imrie L, Pillai P, Lynn MA, Fasterius E, Al-Khalili Szigyarto C, Breen J, Kiel C, Serrano L, Rauch N, Rukhlenko O, Kholodenko BN, Iglesias-Martinez LF, Ryan CJ, Pilkington R, Cammareri P, Sansom O, Shave S, Auer M, Horn N, Klose F, Ueffing M, Boldt K, Lynn DJ, Kolch W. Extensive rewiring of the EGFR network in colorectal cancer cells expressing transforming levels of KRAS G13D. Nat Commun 2020; 11:499. [PMID: 31980649 PMCID: PMC6981206 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein-interaction networks (PPINs) organize fundamental biological processes, but how oncogenic mutations impact these interactions and their functions at a network-level scale is poorly understood. Here, we analyze how a common oncogenic KRAS mutation (KRASG13D) affects PPIN structure and function of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) network in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Mapping >6000 PPIs shows that this network is extensively rewired in cells expressing transforming levels of KRASG13D (mtKRAS). The factors driving PPIN rewiring are multifactorial including changes in protein expression and phosphorylation. Mathematical modelling also suggests that the binding dynamics of low and high affinity KRAS interactors contribute to rewiring. PPIN rewiring substantially alters the composition of protein complexes, signal flow, transcriptional regulation, and cellular phenotype. These changes are validated by targeted and global experimental analysis. Importantly, genetic alterations in the most extensively rewired PPIN nodes occur frequently in CRC and are prognostic of poor patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Kennedy
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohamed-Ali Jarboui
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sriganesh Srihari
- EMBL Australia Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Cinzia Raso
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kenneth Bryan
- EMBL Australia Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Layal Dernayka
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theodosia Charitou
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- EMBL Australia Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Manuel Bernal-Llinares
- EMBL Australia Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | | | | | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jasna Curak
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Victoria Wong
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Igor Stagljar
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Split, Croatia
| | - Thierry LeBihan
- Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa Imrie
- Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Priyanka Pillai
- EMBL Australia Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Miriam A Lynn
- EMBL Australia Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Erik Fasterius
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Al-Khalili Szigyarto
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James Breen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide Bioinformatics Hub, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christina Kiel
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luis Serrano
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nora Rauch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Boris N Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Colm J Ryan
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ruth Pilkington
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Owen Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Studies, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Steven Shave
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manfred Auer
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicola Horn
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Klose
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - David J Lynn
- EMBL Australia Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Moradi-Marjaneh R, Paseban M, Moradi Marjaneh M. Hsp70 inhibitors: Implications for the treatment of colorectal cancer. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1834-1845. [PMID: 31441584 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Despite intensive advances in diagnosis and treatment of CRC, it is yet one of the leading cause of cancer related morbidity and mortality. Therefore, there is an urgent medical need for alternative therapeutic approaches to treat CRC. The 70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) are a family of evolutionary conserved heat shock proteins, which play an important role in cell homeostasis and survival. They overexpress in various types of malignancy including CRC and are typically accompanied with poor prognosis. Hence, inhibition of Hsp70 may be considered as a striking chemotherapeutic avenue. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the progress made so far to discover compounds, which target the Hsp70 family, with particular emphasis on their efficacy in treatment of CRC. We also briefly explain the induction of Hsp70 as a strategy to prevent CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Paseban
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Moradi Marjaneh
- Cancer Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Cytosolic Hsp70 as a biomarker to predict clinical outcome in patients with glioblastoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221502. [PMID: 31430337 PMCID: PMC6701831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The major stress-inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is induced after different stress stimuli. In tumors, elevated intracellular Hsp70 levels were associated on the one hand with radio- and chemotherapy resistance and on the other hand with a favorable outcome for patients. This study was undertaken to investigate cytosolic Hsp70 (cHsp70) as a potential biomarker for progression free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with primary glioblastomas (GBM). METHODS The cHsp70 expression in tumor tissue of 60 patients diagnosed with primary GBM was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The cHsp70 expression was correlated to the PFS and OS of the patients. RESULTS A high cHsp70 expression was associated with a prolonged PFS (hazard ratio = 0.374, p = 0.001) and OS (hazard ratio = 0.416, p = 0.014) in GBM patients treated according to the standard Stupp protocol with surgery, radiotherapy and temozolomide. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the intracellular Hsp70 expression might serve as a prognostic marker in patients with primary GBM.
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Lettini G, Lepore S, Crispo F, Sisinni L, Esposito F, Landriscina M. Heat shock proteins in cancer stem cell maintenance: A potential therapeutic target? Histol Histopathol 2019; 35:25-37. [PMID: 31322279 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells with unlimited self-renewal capability, multilineage differentiation potential and long-term tumor repopulation capacity. CSCs reside in anatomically distinct regions within the tumor microenvironment, called niches, and this favors the maintenance of CSC properties and preserves their phenotypic plasticity. Indeed, CSCs are characterized by a flexible state based on their capacity to interconvert between a differentiated and a stem-like phenotype, and this depends on the activation of adaptive mechanisms in response to different environmental conditions. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones, upregulated upon cell exposure to several stress conditions and are responsible for normal maturation, localization and activity of intra and extracellular proteins. Noteworthy, HSPs play a central role in several cellular processes involved in tumor initiation and progression (i.e. cell viability, resistance to apoptosis, stress conditions and drug therapy, EMT, bioenergetics, invasiveness, metastasis formation) and, thus, are widely considered potential molecular targets. Furthermore, much evidence suggests a key regulatory function for HSPs in CSC maintenance and their upregulation has been proposed as a mechanism used by CSCs to adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, inflammation. This review discusses the relevance of HSPs in CSC biology, highlighting their role as novel potential molecular targets to develop anticancer strategies aimed at CSC targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Lettini
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Silvia Lepore
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Fabiana Crispo
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Lorenza Sisinni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy.,Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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20
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Söderström HK, Kauppi JT, Oksala N, Paavonen T, Krogerus L, Räsänen J, Rantanen T. Overexpression of HSP27 and HSP70 is associated with decreased survival among patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:260-269. [PMID: 30746368 PMCID: PMC6369396 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is associated with several malignancies and contributes to the development, progression, and metastasis of cancer, in addition to the inhibition of cellular death. In recent years, there has been active research into using HSP inhibitors in several malignancies. Due to the poor prognosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), it would be valuable to find new biomarkers for the development of cancer treatments.
AIM To evaluate the expressions of HSP27 and HSP70 and their effect on survival in EAC.
METHODS Immunohistochemical analyses and evaluations of HSP27 and HSP70 expression were performed on all available samples from 93 patients diagnosed with EAC between 1990 and 2007 at two university hospitals. Fifteen cases with Barrett’s metaplasia and 5 control cases from the same patient population were included in the analysis. HSP expression was quantitatively assessed and classified as high or low. Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox regression models adjusting for age and sex as well as tumor site, stage, and grade were used to evaluate the effect on survival.
RESULTS Tumor stage and surgical treatment were the main prognostic factors. High HSP27 expression in cancer cases was a strong negative predictive factor, with a mean survival of 23 mo compared to the 49 mo in cases with a low expression (P = 0.018). The results were similar for HSP70, with a poorer survival of 17 mo in cases with high HSP70 expression, in contrast to 40 mo (P = 0.006) in cases with a low expression. A Cox regression survival analysis was performed, adjusting for possible confounding factors, and higher HSP27 and HSP70 expressions remained an independent negative prognostic factor. The HSPs’ correlation with survival was not affected by cancer treatments. When the analysis was adjusted for all factors, the odds ratios for HSP27 and HSP70 were 3.3 (CI: 1.6–6.6, P = 0.001) and 2.2 (CI: 1.2–3.9, P = 0.02), respectively.
CONCLUSION HSP27 and HSP70 overexpression is associated with poor survival in EAC, which is, to the best of our knowledge, reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna K Söderström
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Juha T Kauppi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Niku Oksala
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Timo Paavonen
- Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories and Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Leena Krogerus
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Jari Räsänen
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rantanen
- Department of Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70029, Finland
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70029, Finland
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21
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Xu T, Lin Z, Wang C, Li Y, Xia Y, Zhao M, Hua L, Chen Y, Guo M, Zhu B. Heat shock protein 70 as a supplementary receptor facilitates enterovirus 71 infections in vitro. Microb Pathog 2018; 128:106-111. [PMID: 30579945 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a small, non-enveloped positive stranded RNA virus. Children suffering EV71 infection may cause severe symptoms including neurological complications, pulmonary edema and aseptic meningitis. EV71 is a neurotropic virus and it can cause the damage of nervous cells, cytokine storm and toxic substance. Identifying the factors that mediate viral binding or entry to host cells is important to uncover the mechanisms which viruses utilize to cause diseases in human body. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is induced during virus infection and facilitates proper protein folding during viral propagation. The role that HSP70 plays during EV71 infection is still unclear. In this study, siRNA interference technique and transgenic technique were used to investigate the interaction between HSP70 and EV71 virus. The result demonstrated that the cell surface HSP70 is not essential for EV71 infection but helps the initial binding of virus to host cells and that multiple receptors are involved during EV71 infection. In addition, HSP70 was upregulated in human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH) infected with EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xu
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfang Lin
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Changbing Wang
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xia
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqi Zhao
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Hua
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Guo
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Huang CY, Wei PL, Chen WY, Chang WC, Chang YJ. Silencing Heat Shock Protein 27 Inhibits the Progression and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) by Maintaining the Stability of Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1) Proteins. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120262. [PMID: 30544747 PMCID: PMC6315635 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has significantly increased in recent decades, and this disease has become an important health issue worldwide. Currently, there is no useful prognostic or diagnostic biomarker for CRC. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is a chaperone that interacts with many proteins. HSP27 has been shown to be overexpressed in many cancers, including colon cancer, and its overexpression is related to poor disease outcome. Although the importance of HSP27 as a biomarker cannot be underrated, its detailed mechanisms in colon cancer are still unclear. In vitro studies have indicated that silencing HSP27 reduces the proliferation, migration and invasion of colon cancer cells, and xenograft models have shown that silencing HSP27 decreases tumor progression. Tissue array results showed that colon cancer patients with high expression of HSP27 exhibited poor prognosis. In addition, we found a reduction of calcium influx through a decrease in STIM1 protein after HSP27 was abolished. The formation of puncta was decreased in HSP27 knockdown (HSP27KD) cells after thapsigargin (TG) treatment. Finally, we confirmed that the reduction of STIM1 after HSP27 silencing may be due to a loss of STIM1 stability instead of transcription. HSP27 may interact with STIM1 but not Orai1, as shown by immunoprecipitation assays. HSP27 and STIM1 were co-expressed in CRC specimens. Our study showed that HSP27 is a key mediator in the progression and metastasis of CRC by regulating the store-operated calcium entry. This novel pathway may provide a new direction for development of therapeutic strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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23
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Soleimani A, Zahiri E, Ehtiati S, Norouzi M, Rahmani F, Fiuji H, Avan A, Ferns GA, Khazaei M, Hashemy SI, Hassanian SM. Therapeutic potency of heat-shock protein-70 in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer: current status and perspectives. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 97:85-90. [PMID: 30273495 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock protein-70 (HSP70) is critical to the folding, stability, and activity of several client proteins including many responsible for cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, drug toxicity, and metastasis. Up-regulation of HSP70 is positively associated with increased tumorigenicity as well as poor survival in colon cancer patients, supporting the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potencies of HSP70 in colorectal cancer. The administration of specific pharmacological inhibitors or gene knock-down for HSP70 suppresses tumor progression and enhances tumor cell chemosensitivity. This review summarizes the different tumorigenic properties of HSP70 and the potential therapeutic potency of HSP70 inhibitors in terms of a novel strategy for colorectal cancer therapy, for a better understanding, and hence better management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Soleimani
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Zahiri
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sajad Ehtiati
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahtab Norouzi
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,b Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Fiuji
- c Department of Biochemistry, Payame-Noor University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- d Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,e Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- f Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Majid Khazaei
- d Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,g Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,d Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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24
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A comparison of cell survival and heat shock protein expression after radiation in normal dermal fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells, and different head and neck squamous carcinoma cell lines. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2251-2262. [PMID: 29307045 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) shows increased radioresistance due to the manipulation of homeostatic mechanisms like the heat shock response. This study intended to comparatively analyze effects of ionizing radiation on different HNSCC cell lines (PCI) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHFs) and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) to uncover differences in radiation coping strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proliferation (BrdU assay), apoptosis (caspase 3/7) and intracellular protein expression of heat shock protein (HSP)-70, and phosphorylated and total HSP27, determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were analyzed after exposure to increasing doses of ionizing radiation (2, 6, and 12 Gray, Gy). RESULTS Cell count decreased dose-dependently, but PCI cell lines consistently showed higher numbers compared to NHF and HDMEC. Likewise, high doses reduced cell proliferation, but low-dose radiation (2 Gy) instead increased proliferation in PCI 9 and 52. Apoptosis was not detectable in PCI cell lines. Basic HSP70 expression was high in PCI cells with little additional increase by irradiation. PCI cells yielded high basic total HSP27 concentrations but irradiation dose-dependently increased HSP27 in HDMEC, NHF, and PCI cells. Phosphorylated HSP27 concentrations were highest in NHF. CONCLUSION PCI cell lines showed higher resistance to dose-dependent reduction in cell number, proliferation, and protection from apoptosis compared to NHF and HDMEC. In parallel, we observed a high basic and radiation-induced expression of intracellular HSP70 leading to the assumption that the radioresistance of PCI cells is conferred by HSP70. CLINICAL RELEVANCE HNSCC use HSP to escape radiation-induced apoptosis and certain subtypes might increase proliferation after low-dose irradiation.
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25
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Savvateeva EN, Tikhonov AA, Butvilovskaya VI, Tsybulskaya MV, Rubina AY. Exosomal surface protein markers in diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317050168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Targeting Heat Shock Proteins in Cancer: A Promising Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091978. [PMID: 28914774 PMCID: PMC5618627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a large family of chaperones that are involved in protein folding and maturation of a variety of "client" proteins protecting them from degradation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and thermal stress. Hence, they are significant regulators of cellular proliferation, differentiation and strongly implicated in the molecular orchestration of cancer development and progression as many of their clients are well established oncoproteins in multiple tumor types. Interestingly, tumor cells are more HSP chaperonage-dependent than normal cells for proliferation and survival because the oncoproteins in cancer cells are often misfolded and require augmented chaperonage activity for correction. This led to the development of several inhibitors of HSP90 and other HSPs that have shown promise both preclinically and clinically in the treatment of cancer. In this article, we comprehensively review the roles of some of the important HSPs in cancer, and how targeting them could be efficacious, especially when traditional cancer therapies fail.
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27
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Niklaus M, Adams O, Berezowska S, Zlobec I, Graber F, Slotta-Huspenina J, Nitsche U, Rosenberg R, Tschan MP, Langer R. Expression analysis of LC3B and p62 indicates intact activated autophagy is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54604-54615. [PMID: 28903368 PMCID: PMC5589607 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation and recycling process implicated in cancer progression and therapy resistance. We assessed the impact of basal autophagy in colon cancer (CC) in vitro and ex vivo. Functional autophagy was demonstrated in CC cell lines (LoVo; HT-29) showing a dose-dependent increase of the autophagy markers LC3B, p62 and autophagic vesciles upon increasing concentrations of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, which was demonstrated by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Next, tissue microarrays with 292 primary resected CC, with cores from different tumor regions, and normal mucosa were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for LC3B and p62. CC tissue showed LC3B dot-like, p62 dot-like, cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in various levels without significant intratumoral heterogeneity. Tumoral LC3B and p62 expression was significantly higher than in normal tissue (p<0.001). No associations between staining patterns and pathological features (e.g. TNM categories; grading) were observed. Both low LC3B dot-like and low p62 dot-like-cytoplasmic staining were associated with worse overall survival (p=0.005 and p=0.002). The best prognostic discrimination, however, was seen for a combination of LC3B dot-like/p62 dot-like-cytoplasmic staining: high expression of both markers, indicative of impaired activated autophagy, was associated with the best overall survival. In contrast, high LC3B dot-like/low p62 dot-like-cytoplasmic expression, indicative of intact activated autophagy, was associated with the worst outcome (p<0.001 in univariate and HR=0.751; CI=0.607-0.928; p=0.008 in multivariate analysis). These specific expression patterns of LC3B and p62 pointing to different states of autophagy associated with diverging clinical outcomes highlighte the potential significance of basal autophagy in CC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Niklaus
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Adams
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Berezowska
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Graber
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Robert Rosenberg
- Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital Liestal, CH-4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Mario P Tschan
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
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28
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Tsukao Y, Yamasaki M, Miyazaki Y, Makino T, Takahashi T, Kurokawa Y, Miyata H, Nakajima K, Takiguchi S, Mimori K, Mori M, Doki Y. Overexpression of heat-shock factor 1 is associated with a poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1819-1825. [PMID: 28454329 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the primary regulator of the response to various stressors. A previous study showed that HSF1 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma; however, the prognostic significance of HSF1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is unknown. Therefore, the present study investigated the association between HSF1 expression and the clinicopathological parameters of patients, as well as the association between HSF1 expression, and heat shock protein (Hsp)27, Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression induced by HSF1, by cDNA microarray and immunohistochemistry analyses. HSF1 protein and mRNA expression were assessed in resected specimens from 270 patients with ESCC in two independent cohorts. Hsp27, Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression were also assessed in 55/270 patients. Patients with high HSF1 expression had a significantly worse OS than those with low HSF1 expression in both cohorts. In multivariate analyses, pathological T stage [hazard ratio (HR), 2.21; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.38-3.65; P=0.0008], pathological N stage (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.04-3.02; P=0.03) and HSF1 expression (HR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.48-3.64; P=0.0002) were statistically significant independent prognostic factors. Furthermore, Hsp27 and Hsp90 expression were significantly correlated with HSF1 expression (P<0.0001), but Hsp70 expression was not (P=0.38). These results indicate that HSF1 is a prognostic factor for patients with ESCC, and that Hsp27 and Hsp90, but not Hsp70, may be the downstream targets of HSF1 in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Tsukao
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miyazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Makino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukinori Kurokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuji Takiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular and Surgical Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Beppu, Ohita 874-0838, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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29
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Wu J, Liu T, Rios Z, Mei Q, Lin X, Cao S. Heat Shock Proteins and Cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 38:226-256. [PMID: 28012700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) constitute a large family of proteins involved in protein folding and maturation whose expression is induced by heat shock or other stressors. The major groups are classified based on their molecular weights and include HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and large HSPs. HSPs play a significant role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and carcinogenesis. In this article we comprehensively review the roles of major HSPs in cancer biology and pharmacology. HSPs are thought to play significant roles in the molecular mechanisms leading to cancer development and metastasis. HSPs may also have potential clinical uses as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, for assessing disease progression, or as therapeutic targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Tuoen Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, WV 24901, USA.
| | - Zechary Rios
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Qibing Mei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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30
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Gunther S, Ostheimer C, Stangl S, Specht HM, Mozes P, Jesinghaus M, Vordermark D, Combs SE, Peltz F, Jung MP, Multhoff G. Correlation of Hsp70 Serum Levels with Gross Tumor Volume and Composition of Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Squamous Cell and Adeno Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6:556. [PMID: 26579130 PMCID: PMC4629690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is frequently found on the plasma membrane of a large number of malignant tumors including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and gets released into the blood circulation in lipid vesicles. On the one hand, a membrane (m)Hsp70-positive phenotype correlates with a high aggressiveness of the tumor; on the other hand, mHsp70 serves as a target for natural killer (NK) cells that had been pre-stimulated with Hsp70-peptide TKD plus low-dose interleukin-2 (TKD/IL-2). Following activation, NK cells show an up-regulated expression of activatory C-type lectin receptors, such as CD94/NKG2C, NKG2D, and natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs; NKp44, NKp46, and NKp30) and thereby gain the capacity to kill mHsp70-positive tumor cells. With respect to these results, the efficacy of ex vivo TKD/IL-2 stimulated, autologous NK cells is currently tested in a proof-of-concept phase II clinical trial in patients with squamous cell NSCLC after radiochemotherapy (RCT) at the TUM. Inclusion criteria are histological proven, non-resectable NSCLC in stage IIIA/IIIB, clinical responses to RCT and a mHsp70-positive tumor phenotype. The mHsp70 status is determined in the serum of patients using the lipHsp70 ELISA test, which enables the quantification of liposomal and free Hsp70. Squamous cell and adeno NSCLC patients had significantly higher serum Hsp70 levels than healthy controls. A significant correlation of serum Hsp70 levels with the gross tumor volume was shown for adeno and squamous cell NSCLC. However, significantly elevated ratios of activated CD69(+)/CD94(+) NK cells that are associated with low serum Hsp70 levels were observed only in patients with squamous cell lung cancer. These data might provide a first hint that squamous cell NSCLC is more immunogenic than adeno NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gunther
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM) , München , Germany
| | - Christian Ostheimer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM) , München , Germany
| | - Hanno M Specht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM) , München , Germany
| | - Petra Mozes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM) , München , Germany
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- Department of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM) , München , Germany
| | - Dirk Vordermark
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Stephanie E Combs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM) , München , Germany ; Department of Innovative Radiotherapy (iRT), Helmholtz Zentrum München , Oberschleißheim , Germany ; Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München , Oberschleißheim , Germany
| | - Friedhelm Peltz
- Pulmonary Division, 1 Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM) , München , Germany
| | - Max P Jung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM) , München , Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM) , München , Germany ; Department of Innovative Radiotherapy (iRT), Helmholtz Zentrum München , Oberschleißheim , Germany ; Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München , Oberschleißheim , Germany
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31
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Thuringer D, Berthenet K, Cronier L, Solary E, Garrido C. Primary tumor- and metastasis-derived colon cancer cells differently modulate connexin expression and function in human capillary endothelial cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:28800-15. [PMID: 26320187 PMCID: PMC4745693 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A gradual loss of functional gap junction between tumor cells has been reported with colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. Here, we explored if colon cancer cells could also affect gap junctions in blood capillary cells. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC) were cultured with two CRC cell lines established from a unique patient. SW480 cells, derived from the primary tumor, migrate much faster across HMEC monolayer than SW620 cells derived from a metastatic site. The motile SW480 cells highly express and release HSP27 that increases gap junction formation with HMEC. Soluble HSP27 phosphorylates the connexin Cx43 on serine residues and induces its interaction with the oncoprotein 14-3-3, which promotes Cx43 delivery at the plasma membrane. The factors secreted by less motile SW620 cells do not affect Cx43 expression but up-regulate the expression of the connexin Cx32 through an activation of the chemokine receptor CXCR2. In turn, SW620 secreted factors induce tubulogenesis and ATP release. Altogether, cell lines derived from CRC primary tumor and metastasis differentially adapt endothelial cell functions by modulating connexin expression through released mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurent Cronier
- CNRS ERL7368, STIM Lab, University of Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers, France
| | - Eric Solary
- INSERM, U1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94508 Villejuif, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM, U866 Faculty of Medecine, 21000 Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
- CGFL, 21000 Dijon, France
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Jiang Y, Wang X, Guo Y, Li W, Yang S, Li W, Cai W. Expression of Heat Shock Protein 27 in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia with Chronic Inflammation. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:2976-85. [PMID: 26434601 PMCID: PMC4765536 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heat shock protein 27 (HSP 27) is known as a mediator in immune response and has been recently found to be expressed in prostate cancer. This study aimed to investigate the role of HSP27 in inflammatory BPH. Material/Methods Hospitalized BPH patients who received TURP were divided into 4 groups by the presence and degrees of chronic inflammation: non-inflammatory BPH (NI BPH), mild-inflammatory BPH (MI BPH), moderate-inflammatory BPH (MOI BPH), and severe-inflammatory BPH (SI BPH). Expressions of HSP 27, TNF-α, IL-6, and CD3 in prostate tissues and serum of patients were detected by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Results Expression of HSP27 in BPH with histological inflammation was significantly higher than in non-inflammatory BPH. In inflammatory BPH groups, HSP27 expression gradually increased along with increasing inflammation. There was a significant correlation between the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, CD3 and HSP27 among different inflammatory BPH groups. Conclusions HSP27 expression level is associated with the degree of chronic inflammation in BPH and may participate in the pathological process in inflammatory BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yuexian Guo
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Wenping Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Shijie Yang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Wenqing Cai
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
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Andisheh-Tadbir A, Fakharian M. HSP70 expression in dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocyst, and ameloblastoma. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 19:287-291. [PMID: 25854321 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-015-0492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) work as molecular chaperones that can assist cells to deal with stressful situations. Members of the HSP70 family can regulate cell growth and transformation and are involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In view of the distinct clinical behavior of odontogenic lesions, the objective of the present study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of HSP70 in these lesions. In this study, 70 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of odontogenic lesion-16 unicystic ameloblastomas (UAs), 17 solid ameloblastomas (SAs), 18 odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), and 19 dentigerous cysts (DCs)-were reviewed by immunohistochemistry for HSP70 staining. In this study, HSP70 immunostaining was evident in all groups of the specimen. Mean percentage of HSP70 staining in SAs (84.2 ± 11.3) and OKCs (83.4 ± 6.8) were significantly higher than UAs (64.4 ± 9.8) and DCs (12.6 ± 10.2) (p = 0.00). But, there was no statistically significant difference between HSP70 expression in SAs and OKCs. The result of this study proposes that high expression rate of HSP70 has a role in the pathogenesis of ameloblastoma and OKC and is one of the reasons for the aggressive behavior of ameloblastoma and high recurrence role of OKC, reinforcing the classification of OKC as an odontogenic tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Andisheh-Tadbir
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Guo K, Wang N, Jin H, Liu Y, Qin W. Heat shock proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma: Molecular mechanism and therapeutic potential. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1824-34. [PMID: 26853533 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved proteins, which are expressed at low levels under normal conditions, but significantly induced in response to cellular stresses. As molecular chaperones, HSPs play crucial roles in protein homeostasis, apoptosis, invasion and cellular signaling transduction. The induction of HSPs is an important part of heat shock response, which could help cancer cells to adapt to stress conditions. Because of the constant stress condition in tumor microenvironment, HSPs overexpression is widely reported in many human cancers. In light of the significance of HSPs for cancer cells to survive and obtain invasive phenotype under stress condition, HSPs are often associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance in many types of human cancers. It has been described that upregulation of HSPs may serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Targeting HSPs with specific inhibitor alone or in combination with chemotherapy regimens holds promise for the improvement of outcomes for HCC patients. In this review, we summarize the expression profiles, functions and molecular mechanisms of HSPs (HSP27, HSP70 and HSP90) as well as a HSP-like protein (clusterin) in HCC. In addition, we address progression and challenges in targeting these HSPs as novel therapeutic strategies in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Guo
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinkun Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sherman MY, Gabai VL. Hsp70 in cancer: back to the future. Oncogene 2015; 34:4153-61. [PMID: 25347739 PMCID: PMC4411196 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies from cell culture and animal models have revealed critical roles for the heat shock protein Hsp70 in cancer initiation and progression. Surprisingly, many effects of Hsp70 on cancer have not been related to its chaperone activity, but rather to its role(s) in regulating cell signaling. A major factor that directs Hsp70 signaling activity appears to be the co-chaperone Bag3. Here, we review these recent breakthroughs, and how these discoveries drive drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, Tel 617-638-5971, Fax 617-638-5339
| | - Vladimir L. Gabai
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, Tel 617-638-5971, Fax 617-638-5339
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Wang Y, McAlpine SR. C-terminal heat shock protein 90 modulators produce desirable oncogenic properties. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4627-31. [PMID: 25711919 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00044k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cellular protection mechanism, the heat shock response, is only activated by classical heat shock 90 inhibitors (Hsp90) that "target" the N-terminus of the protein, but not by those that modulate the C-terminus. Significant differences in cytotoxicity (nanomolar) for classical inhibitors versus their ability to modulate Hsp90 (low micromolar) are discussed. In contrast, molecules that modulate Hsp90's C-terminus show similar IC50 values for cytotoxicity and Hsp90 inhibition. A comparison between the two types of Hsp90 inhibitors suggests that classical inhibitors may be modulating an alternative biological target that stresses the cell rather directly inhibiting Hsp90, whereas C-terminal modulators are most likely acting by directly inhibiting Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Gate 2 High street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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37
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Drecoll E, Nitsche U, Bauer K, Berezowska S, Slotta-Huspenina J, Rosenberg R, Langer R. Expression analysis of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and Her2 in colon carcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014; 29:663-71. [PMID: 24733427 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-014-1857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays an important role in several types of tumors also participating in the modulation of the activity of receptor tyrosine kinases activity such as members of the Her family. We evaluated the significance of HSP90 and Her2 expression in colon cancer. METHODS HSP90 and Her2 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on 355 primary resected colon carcinomas. Results were correlated with pathologic features (Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) pTNM category, tumor localisation, tumor differentiation), additional molecular genetic characteristics (BRAF, KRAS mutational status, mismatch repair genes (MMR)), and survival. RESULTS HSP90 immunoreactivity was observed in various degrees. Fifty-one cases (14 %) were positive for Her2 (score 2+ and 3+) with 16/43 cases with Her2 2+ staining pattern showing amplification of Her2 determined by FISH. There was a significant correlation between high HSP90 expression and Her2 overexpression (p = 0.011). High HSP90 expression was associated with earlier tumor stages (p = 0.019), absence of lymph node (p = 0.006), and absence of distant metastases (p = 0.001). Patients with high tumoral HSP90 levels had a better survival (p = 0.032), but this was not independent from other prognostic relevant pathologic parameters. Her2 expression was not associated with any of the investigated histopathological, molecular, or clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS High HSP90 levels are reflecting lower malignant potential in colon cancer. Her2 positivity can be observed in a small number of cases. Targeting HSP90 and/or Her2 may be an alternative therapeutic approach in colon cancer in a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enken Drecoll
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Wang X, Chen M, Zhou J, Zhang X. HSP27, 70 and 90, anti-apoptotic proteins, in clinical cancer therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:18-30. [PMID: 24789222 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the heat shock proteins (HSP), HSP27, HSP70 and HSP90 are the most studied stress-inducible HSPs, and are induced in response to a wide variety of physiological and environmental insults, thus allowing cells to survive to lethal conditions based on their powerful cytoprotective functions. Different functions of HSPs have been described to explain their cytoprotective functions, including their most basic role as molecular chaperones, that is to regulate protein folding, transport, translocation and assembly, especially helping in the refolding of misfolded proteins, as well as their anti-apoptotic properties. In cancer cells, the expression and/or activity of the three HSPs is abnormally high, and is associated with increased tumorigenicity, metastatic potential of cancer cells and resistance to chemotherapy. Associating with key apoptotic factors, they are powerful anti-apoptotic proteins, having the capacity to block the cell death process at different levels. Altogether, the properties suggest that HSP27, HSP70 and HSP90 are appropriate targets for modulating cell death pathways. In this review, we summarize the role of HSP90, HSP70 and HSP27 in apoptosis and the emerging strategies that have been developed for cancer therapy based on the inhibition of the three HSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, P.R. China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, P.R. China
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YU TAO, LIU KUN, WU YINGYING, FAN JINCHUAN, CHEN JIANCHAO, LI CHAO, ZHU GUIQUAN, WANG ZHAOHUI, LI LONGJIANG. High interstitial fluid pressure promotes tumor cell proliferation and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:1093-100. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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40
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Lee HW, Lee EH, Kim SH, Roh MS, Jung SB, Choi YC. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression is associated with poor prognosis in intestinal type gastric cancer. Virchows Arch 2013; 463:489-95. [PMID: 23913168 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a molecular chaperone which plays an important role in cellular protection against various stressful stimuli and in the regulation of cellular growth and apoptosis. This study was conducted in gastric carcinoma (GC) to assess correlations of HSP70 expression with clinicopathological parameters and overall survival (OS). Tissue microarray blocks were constructed from 172 GCs and immunohistochemically stained for HSP70. Low HSP70 expression was found in 122 GCs (71 %), whereas 50 (29 %) had high expression. HSP70 expression was higher in tumours in the cardia (p = 0.008), with non-signet ring cell histology (p < 0.001), of intestinal type (p = 0.045) and of higher pathological T stage (p = 0.026). When considering the cohort as a whole, HSP70 expression did not correlate with OS (p = 0.092). In intestinal type carcinomas, however, high HSP70 expression significantly correlated with worse OS (p = 0.034). These results suggest that HSP70 expression might be an unfavourable prognostic factor in patients with GC, especially of intestinal type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoun Wook Lee
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Changwon, South Korea
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41
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A specific expression profile of heat-shock proteins and glucose-regulated proteins is associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in oesophageal adenocarcinomas. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:370-8. [PMID: 23839491 PMCID: PMC3721390 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oesophageal adenocarcinomas often show resistances to chemotherapy (CTX), therefore, it would be of high interest to better understand the mechanisms of resistance. We examined the expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) in pretherapeutic biopsies of oesophageal adenocarcinomas to assess their potential role in CTX response. Methods: Ninety biopsies of locally advanced adenocarcinomas before platin/5-fluorouracil (FU)-based CTX were investigated by reverse phase protein arrays (RPPAs), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative RT–PCR. Results: CTX response strongly correlated with survival (P=0.001). Two groups of tumours with specific protein expression patterns were identified by RPPA: Group A was characterised by low expression of HSP90, HSP27 and p-HSP27(Ser15, Ser78, Ser82) and high expression of GRP78, GRP94, HSP70 and HSP60; Group B exhibited the inverse pattern. Tumours of Group A were more likely to respond to CTX, resulting in histopathological tumour regression (P=0.041) and post-therapeutic down-categorisation from cT3 to ypT0–T2 (P=0.040). High HSP60 protein (IHC) and mRNA expression were also associated with tumour down-categorisation (P=0.016 and P=0.004). Conclusion: Our findings may enhance the understanding of CTX response mechanisms, might be helpful to predict CTX response and might have translational relevance as they highlight the role of potentially targetable cellular stress proteins in the context of CTX response.
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Fang X, Jiang Y, Feng L, Chen H, Zhen C, Ding M, Wang X. Blockade of PI3K/AKT pathway enhances sensitivity of Raji cells to chemotherapy through down-regulation of HSP70. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:48. [PMID: 23706027 PMCID: PMC3680239 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Up-regulation of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) could be elicited primarily by heat in former studies, and this was proved to be associated with cancer progression. Burkitt's lymphoma is one of highly aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and is one of the fastest growing human tumors. To investigate the effect of HSP70 expression on the sensitivity of human Burkitt lymphoma cells (Raji cells) to chemotherapy and its role in the involvement of PI3K/AKT pathway, we evaluated the effects of LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, on the expression of HSP70 and cell sensitivity to adriamycin (ADM) or cisplatin (DDP). In present study, expressions of HSP70, AKT and phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) in Raji cells were measured by Western-Blot. Apoptosis index of Raji cells was examined by flow cytometry. Cytotoxicities of adriamycin (ADM) and cisplatin (DDP) were determined by WST-8 assay. We found that hyperthermia (42 degrees for 1 hour) up-regulated the expression of HSP70 expression and blockade of PI3K/AKT pathway down-regulated HSP70 expression in Raji cells. Compared to cells treated with ADM or DDP alone, hyperthermia protected cells from chemotherapy while LY294002 enhanced sensitivity of Raji cells to chemotherapy. Our results suggested down-regulation of HSP70 expression by blockade of PI3K/AKT pathway maybe responsible for the increased sensitivity of Raji cells to chemotherapy. Targeting PI3K/AKT pathway or inhibiting HSP70 expression may be beneficial for chemotherapy treatment of Burkitt lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Fang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, P,R, China.
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McConnell JR, McAlpine SR. Heat shock proteins 27, 40, and 70 as combinational and dual therapeutic cancer targets. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1923-8. [PMID: 23453837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock proteins are essential players in the development of cancer and they are prime therapeutic targets. Targeting multiple hsps in dual therapies decreases the likelihood of drug resistance compared to utilizing mono-therapies. Further, employing an hsp inhibitor in combination with another therapy has proven clinically successful. Examples of efficacious strategies include the inhibition of hsp27, which prevents protein aggregation, controlling hsp40's role as an ATPase modulator, and inhibiting hsp70 from acting as a molecular chaperone. While hsp40 therapies are just in the beginning stages, hsp27 and hsp70 therapies have been successfully used in dual inhibition treatments with hsp90 inhibitors and in combinational therapy with antineoplastic drugs. Both dual and combinatorial therapies show encouraging results when used in treating chemotherapeutically resistant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette R McConnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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44
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Ciocca DR, Arrigo AP, Calderwood SK. Heat shock proteins and heat shock factor 1 in carcinogenesis and tumor development: an update. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:19-48. [PMID: 22885793 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a subset of the molecular chaperones, best known for their rapid and abundant induction by stress. HSP genes are activated at the transcriptional level by heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). During the progression of many types of cancer, this heat shock transcriptional regulon becomes co-opted by mechanisms that are currently unclear, although evidently triggered in the emerging tumor cell. Concerted activation of HSF1 and the accumulation of HSPs then participate in many of the traits that permit the malignant phenotype. Thus, cancers of many histologies exhibit activated HSF1 and increased HSP levels that may help to deter tumor suppression and evade therapy in the clinic. We review here the extensive work that has been carried out and is still in progress aimed at (1) understanding the oncogenic mechanisms by which HSP genes are switched on, (2) determining the roles of HSF1/HSP in malignant transformation and (3) discovering approaches to therapy based on disrupting the influence of the HSF1-controlled transcriptome in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ciocca
- Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), Scientific and Technological Center (CCT), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Andre Patrick Arrigo
- Apoptosis Cancer and Development, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Claude Bernard University, Lyon-1, Cheney A Building, Centre Regional Léon Bérard, 28, rue Laennec 69008 LYON, France. ;
| | - Stuart K Calderwood
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
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Slotta-Huspenina J, Berg D, Bauer K, Wolff C, Malinowsky K, Bauer L, Drecoll E, Bettstetter M, Feith M, Walch A, Höfler H, Becker KF, Langer R. Evidence of prognostic relevant expression profiles of heat-shock proteins and glucose-regulated proteins in oesophageal adenocarcinomas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41420. [PMID: 22911792 PMCID: PMC3404067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A high percentage of oesophageal adenocarcinomas show an aggressive clinical behaviour with a significant resistance to chemotherapy. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) are molecular chaperones that play an important role in tumour biology. Recently, novel therapeutic approaches targeting HSP90/GRP94 have been introduced for treating cancer. We performed a comprehensive investigation of HSP and GRP expression including HSP27, phosphorylated (p)-HSP27((Ser15)), p-HSP27((Ser78)), p-HSP27((Ser82)), HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, GRP78 and GRP94 in 92 primary resected oesophageal adenocarcinomas by using reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR). Results were correlated with pathologic features and survival. HSP/GRP protein and mRNA expression was detected in all tumours at various levels. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering showed two distinct groups of tumours with specific protein expression patterns: The hallmark of the first group was a high expression of p-HSP27((Ser15, Ser78, Ser82)) and low expression of GRP78, GRP94 and HSP60. The second group showed the inverse pattern with low p-HSP27 and high GRP78, GRP94 and HSP60 expression. The clinical outcome for patients from the first group was significantly improved compared to patients from the second group, both in univariate analysis (p = 0.015) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.029). Interestingly, these two groups could not be distinguished by immunohistochemistry or qPCR analysis. In summary, two distinct and prognostic relevant HSP/GRP protein expression patterns in adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus were detected by RPPA. Our approach may be helpful for identifying candidates for specific HSP/GRP-targeted therapies.
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