1
|
Xu F, Jin H, Liu L, Yang Y, Cen J, Wu Y, Chen S, Sun D. Architecture design and advanced manufacturing of heart-on-a-chip: scaffolds, stimulation and sensors. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:96. [PMID: 39006908 PMCID: PMC11239895 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Heart-on-a-chip (HoC) has emerged as a highly efficient, cost-effective device for the development of engineered cardiac tissue, facilitating high-throughput testing in drug development and clinical treatment. HoC is primarily used to create a biomimetic microphysiological environment conducive to fostering the maturation of cardiac tissue and to gather information regarding the real-time condition of cardiac tissue. The development of architectural design and advanced manufacturing for these "3S" components, scaffolds, stimulation, and sensors is essential for improving the maturity of cardiac tissue cultivated on-chip, as well as the precision and accuracy of tissue states. In this review, the typical structures and manufacturing technologies of the "3S" components are summarized. The design and manufacturing suggestions for each component are proposed. Furthermore, key challenges and future perspectives of HoC platforms with integrated "3S" components are discussed. Architecture design concepts of scaffolds, stimulation and sensors in chips.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Hang Jin
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Jianzheng Cen
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Yaobin Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Songyue Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Daoheng Sun
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Y, Deng Y, Xu S, Liu Y, Liang W, Zhang K, Lv S, Sha L, Yin H, Wu Y, Luo J, Xu Q, Cai X. PPy/SWCNTs-Modified Microelectrode Array for Learning and Memory Model Construction through Electrical Stimulation and Detection of In Vitro Hippocampal Neuronal Network. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3414-3422. [PMID: 37071831 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The learning and memory functions of the brain remain unclear, which are in urgent need for the detection of both a single cell signal with high spatiotemporal resolution and network activities with high throughput. Here, an in vitro microelectrode array (MEA) was fabricated and further modified with polypyrrole/carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (PPy/SWCNTs) nanocomposites as the interface between biological and electronic systems. The deposition of the nanocomposites significantly improved the performance of microelectrodes including low impedance (60.3 ± 28.8 k Ω), small phase delay (-32.8 ± 4.4°), and good biocompatibility. Then the modified MEA was used to apply learning training and test on hippocampal neuronal network cultured for 21 days through electrical stimulation, and multichannel electrophysiological signals were recorded simultaneously. During the process of learning training, the stimulus/response ratio of the hippocampal learning population gradually increased and the response time gradually decreased. After training, the mean spikes in burst, number of bursts, and mean burst duration increased by 53%, 191%, and 52%, respectively, and the correlation of neurons in the network was significantly enhanced from 0.45 ± 0.002 to 0.78 ± 0.002. In addition, the neuronal network basically retained these characteristics for at least 5 h. These results indicated that we have successfully constructed a learning and memory model of hippocampal neurons on the in vitro MEA, contributing to understanding learning and memory based on synaptic plasticity. The proposed PPy/SWCNTs-modified in vitro MEA will provide a promising platform for the exploration of learning and memory mechanism and their applications in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Shihong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shiya Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Longze Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Huabing Yin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Yirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jinping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Girardin S, Ihle SJ, Menghini A, Krubner M, Tognola L, Duru J, Fruh I, Müller M, Ruff T, Vörös J. Engineering circuits of human iPSC-derived neurons and rat primary glia. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1103437. [PMID: 37250404 PMCID: PMC10213452 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel in vitro platforms based on human neurons are needed to improve early drug testing and address the stalling drug discovery in neurological disorders. Topologically controlled circuits of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons have the potential to become such a testing system. In this work, we build in vitro co-cultured circuits of human iPSC-derived neurons and rat primary glial cells using microfabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures on microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Our PDMS microstructures are designed in the shape of a stomach, which guides axons in one direction and thereby facilitates the unidirectional flow of information. Such circuits are created by seeding either dissociated cells or pre-aggregated spheroids at different neuron-to-glia ratios. Furthermore, an antifouling coating is developed to prevent axonal overgrowth in undesired locations of the microstructure. We assess the electrophysiological properties of different types of circuits over more than 50 days, including their stimulation-induced neural activity. Finally, we demonstrate the inhibitory effect of magnesium chloride on the electrical activity of our iPSC circuits as a proof-of-concept for screening of neuroactive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Girardin
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan J. Ihle
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Arianna Menghini
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Krubner
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Tognola
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Duru
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Fruh
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Müller
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Ruff
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Goshi N, Kim H, Girardi G, Gardner A, Seker E. Electrophysiological Activity of Primary Cortical Neuron-Glia Mixed Cultures. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050821. [PMID: 36899957 PMCID: PMC10001406 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a central role in many neurological disorders, ranging from traumatic brain injuries to neurodegeneration. Electrophysiological activity is an essential measure of neuronal function, which is influenced by neuroinflammation. In order to study neuroinflammation and its electrophysiological fingerprints, there is a need for in vitro models that accurately capture the in vivo phenomena. In this study, we employed a new tri-culture of primary rat neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in combination with extracellular electrophysiological recording techniques using multiple electrode arrays (MEAs) to determine the effect of microglia on neural function and the response to neuroinflammatory stimuli. Specifically, we established the tri-culture and its corresponding neuron-astrocyte co-culture (lacking microglia) counterpart on custom MEAs and monitored their electrophysiological activity for 21 days to assess culture maturation and network formation. As a complementary assessment, we quantified synaptic puncta and averaged spike waveforms to determine the difference in excitatory to inhibitory neuron ratio (E/I ratio) of the neurons. The results demonstrate that the microglia in the tri-culture do not disrupt neural network formation and stability and may be a better representation of the in vivo rat cortex due to its more similar E/I ratio as compared to more traditional isolated neuron and neuron-astrocyte co-cultures. In addition, only the tri-culture displayed a significant decrease in both the number of active channels and spike frequency following pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide exposure, highlighting the critical role of microglia in capturing electrophysiological manifestations of a representative neuroinflammatory insult. We expect the demonstrated technology to assist in studying various brain disease mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Goshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hyehyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gregory Girardi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Gardner
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun F, Jiang H, Wang H, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Xing Y, Yu M, Feng LW, Tang Z, Liu J, Sun H, Wang H, Wang G, Zhu M. Soft Fiber Electronics Based on Semiconducting Polymer. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4693-4763. [PMID: 36753731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibers, originating from nature and mastered by human, have woven their way throughout the entire history of human civilization. Recent developments in semiconducting polymer materials have further endowed fibers and textiles with various electronic functions, which are attractive in applications such as information interfacing, personalized medicine, and clean energy. Owing to their ability to be easily integrated into daily life, soft fiber electronics based on semiconducting polymers have gained popularity recently for wearable and implantable applications. Herein, we present a review of the previous and current progress in semiconducting polymer-based fiber electronics, particularly focusing on smart-wearable and implantable areas. First, we provide a brief overview of semiconducting polymers from the viewpoint of materials based on the basic concepts and functionality requirements of different devices. Then we analyze the existing applications and associated devices such as information interfaces, healthcare and medicine, and energy conversion and storage. The working principle and performance of semiconducting polymer-based fiber devices are summarized. Furthermore, we focus on the fabrication techniques of fiber devices. Based on the continuous fabrication of one-dimensional fiber and yarn, we introduce two- and three-dimensional fabric fabricating methods. Finally, we review challenges and relevant perspectives and potential solutions to address the related problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yueheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiman Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effects and Electro-Optical Engineering, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Habibey R. Incubator-independent perfusion system integrated with microfluidic device for continuous electrophysiology and microscopy readouts. Biofabrication 2023; 15. [PMID: 36652708 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acb466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Advances in primary and stem cell derived neuronal cell culture techniques and abundance of available neuronal cell types have enabledin vitroneuroscience as a substantial approach to modelin vivoneuronal networks. Survival of the cultured neurons is inevitably dependent on the cell culture incubators to provide stable temperature and humidity and to supply required CO2levels for controlling the pH of culture medium. Therefore, imaging and electrophysiology recordings outside of the incubator are often limited to the short-term experimental sessions. This restricts our understanding of physiological events to the short snapshots of recorded data while the major part of temporal data is neglected. Multiple custom-made and commercially available platforms like integrated on-stage incubators have been designed to enable long-term microscopy. Nevertheless, long-term high-spatiotemporal electrophysiology recordings from developing neuronal networks needs to be addressed. In the present work an incubator-independent polydimethylsiloxane-based double-wall perfusion chamber was designed and integrated with multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) electrophysiology and compartmentalized microfluidic device to continuously record from engineered neuronal networks at sub-cellular resolution. Cell culture media underwent iterations of conditioning to the ambient CO2and adjusting its pH to physiological ranges to retain a stable pH for weeks outside of the incubator. Double-wall perfusion chamber and an integrated air bubble trapper reduced media evaporation and osmolality drifts of the conditioned media for two weeks. Aligned microchannel-microfluidic device on MEA electrodes allowed neurite growth on top of the planar electrodes and amplified their extracellular activity. This enabled continuous sub-cellular resolution imaging and electrophysiology recordings from developing networks and their growing neurites. The on-chip versatile and self-contained system provides long-term, continuous and high spatiotemporal access to the network data and offers a robustin vitroplatform with many potentials to be applied on advanced cell culture systems including organ-on-chip and organoid models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Habibey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.,CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han S, Kim C, Kim K, Lee S. Implantable nanostructured MEA with biphasic current stimulator for retinal prostheses. Technol Health Care 2023; 31:1981-1995. [PMID: 36872814 DOI: 10.3233/thc-235001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In retinal prosthetic systems on multi-channel microelectrodes to effectively stimulate retinal neurons, the electrode-electrolyte interface impedance of a microelectrode should be minimized to drive sufficiently large current at a given supply voltage. OBJECTIVE This paper presents the fabrication of the nanostructured microelectrode array with simplified fabrication and its characteristic evaluation using biphasic current stimulator. METHODS The nanostructured microelectrodes with the base diameter of 25 μm, 50 μm, 75 μm are fabricated, and the maximum allowable current injection limits are measured to verify the estimated injection limit. Also, a biphasic stimulator has been fabricated using the 2-stage amplifier and 4 switches based on a stimulator cell. The adjustable load resistance is adopted to control between 5 kΩ to 20 kΩ, and the biphasic stimulator can drive the stimulation current between 50 uA and 200 uA. RESULTS The proposed electrode-electrolyte interface impedance of the fabricated nanostructured microelectrode is 3178 Ω, 1218 Ω and 798.8 Ω for electrodes with diameter of 25 μm, 50 μm, 75 μm, respectively. CONCLUSION This paper shows the advantages of the nanostructured microelectrode arrays for high resolution retinal prostheses, which could be a basic experiment for artificial retina research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungju Han
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Changhee Kim
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Kangil Kim
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Montalà-Flaquer M, López-León CF, Tornero D, Houben AM, Fardet T, Monceau P, Bottani S, Soriano J. Rich dynamics and functional organization on topographically designed neuronal networks in vitro. iScience 2022; 25:105680. [PMID: 36567712 PMCID: PMC9768383 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cultures are a prominent experimental tool to understand complex functional organization in neuronal assemblies. However, neurons grown on flat surfaces exhibit a strongly coherent bursting behavior with limited functionality. To approach the functional richness of naturally formed neuronal circuits, here we studied neuronal networks grown on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) topographical patterns shaped as either parallel tracks or square valleys. We followed the evolution of spontaneous activity in these cultures along 20 days in vitro using fluorescence calcium imaging. The networks were characterized by rich spatiotemporal activity patterns that comprised from small regions of the culture to its whole extent. Effective connectivity analysis revealed the emergence of spatially compact functional modules that were associated with both the underpinned topographical features and predominant spatiotemporal activity fronts. Our results show the capacity of spatial constraints to mold activity and functional organization, bringing new opportunities to comprehend the structure-function relationship in living neuronal circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Montalà-Flaquer
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain,Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara F. López-León
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain,Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Tornero
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Brain Damage, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Akke Mats Houben
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain,Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanguy Fardet
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris, UMR 7057 CNRS, Paris, France,University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pascal Monceau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris, UMR 7057 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Bottani
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris, UMR 7057 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jordi Soriano
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain,Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiang Y, Liu H, Yang W, Xu Z, Wu Y, Tang Z, Zhu Z, Zeng Z, Wang D, Wang T, Hu N, Zhang D. A biosensing system employing nanowell microelectrode arrays to record the intracellular potential of a single cardiomyocyte. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:70. [PMID: 35774495 PMCID: PMC9237042 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiological recording is a widely used method to investigate cardiovascular pathology, pharmacology and developmental biology. Microelectrode arrays record the electrical potential of cells in a minimally invasive and high-throughput way. However, commonly used microelectrode arrays primarily employ planar microelectrodes and cannot work in applications that require a recording of the intracellular action potential of a single cell. In this study, we proposed a novel measuring method that is able to record the intracellular action potential of a single cardiomyocyte by using a nanowell patterned microelectrode array (NWMEA). The NWMEA consists of five nanoscale wells at the center of each circular planar microelectrode. Biphasic pulse electroporation was applied to the NWMEA to penetrate the cardiomyocyte membrane, and the intracellular action potential was continuously recorded. The intracellular potential recording of cardiomyocytes by the NWMEA measured a potential signal with a higher quality (213.76 ± 25.85%), reduced noise root-mean-square (~33%), and higher signal-to-noise ratio (254.36 ± 12.61%) when compared to those of the extracellular recording. Compared to previously reported nanopillar microelectrodes, the NWMEA could ensure single cell electroporation and acquire high-quality action potential of cardiomyocytes with reduced fabrication processes. This NWMEA-based biosensing system is a promising tool to record the intracellular action potential of a single cell to broaden the usage of microelectrode arrays in electrophysiological investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523058 China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100 China
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100 China
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100 China
| | - Zhongyuan Xu
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100 China
| | - Yue Wu
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100 China
| | - Zhaojian Tang
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100 China
| | - Zhijing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Target and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, School of Computer & Computing Science, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015 China
- School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 China
| | - Depeng Wang
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016 China
| | - Tianxing Wang
- E-LinkCare Meditech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310011 China
| | - Ning Hu
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Diming Zhang
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maddah M, Unsworth CP, Gouws GJ, Plank NOV. Synthesis of encapsulated ZnO nanowires provide low impedance alternatives for microelectrodes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270164. [PMID: 35709181 PMCID: PMC9202946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microelectrodes are commonly used in electrochemical analysis and biological sensing applications owing to their miniaturised dimensions. It is often desirable to improve the performance of microelectrodes by reducing their electrochemical impedance for increasing the signal-to-noise of the recorded signals. One successful route is to incorporate nanomaterials directly onto microelectrodes; however, it is essential that these fabrication routes are simple and repeatable. In this article, we demonstrate how to synthesise metal encapsulated ZnO nanowires (Cr/Au-ZnO NWs, Ti-ZnO NWs and Pt-ZnO NWs) to reduce the impedance of the microelectrodes. Electrochemical impedance modelling and characterisation of Cr/Au-ZnO NWs, Ti-ZnO NWs and Pt-ZnO NWs are carried out in conjunction with controls of planar Cr/Au and pristine ZnO NWs. It was found that the ZnO NW microelectrodes that were encapsulated with a 10 nm thin layer of Ti or Pt demonstrated the lowest electrochemical impedance of 400 ± 25 kΩ at 1 kHz. The Ti and Pt encapsulated ZnO NWs have the potential to offer an alternative microelectrode modality that could be attractive to electrochemical and biological sensing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Maddah
- School of Chemical and Physical Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles P. Unsworth
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gideon J. Gouws
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Natalie O. V. Plank
- School of Chemical and Physical Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tandon P, Bhaskhar N, Shah N, Madugula S, Grosberg L, Fan VH, Hottowy P, Sher A, Litke AM, Chichilnisky EJ, Mitra S. Automatic Identification of Axon Bundle Activation for Epiretinal Prosthesis. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:2496-2502. [PMID: 34784278 PMCID: PMC8860174 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3128486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Retinal prostheses must be able to activate cells in a selective way in order to restore high-fidelity vision. However, inadvertent activation of far-away retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) through electrical stimulation of axon bundles can produce irregular and poorly controlled percepts, limiting artificial vision. In this work, we aim to provide an algorithmic solution to the problem of detecting axon bundle activation with a bi-directional epiretinal prostheses. Methods: The algorithm utilizes electrical recordings to determine the stimulation current amplitudes above which axon bundle activation occurs. Bundle activation is defined as the axonal stimulation of RGCs with unknown soma and receptive field locations, typically beyond the electrode array. The method exploits spatiotemporal characteristics of electrically-evoked spikes to overcome the challenge of detecting small axonal spikes. Results: The algorithm was validated using large-scale, single-electrode and short pulse, ex vivo stimulation and recording experiments in macaque retina, by comparing algorithmically and manually identified bundle activation thresholds. For 88% of the electrodes analyzed, the threshold identified by the algorithm was within ±10% of the manually identified threshold, with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Conclusion: This works presents a simple, accurate and efficient algorithm to detect axon bundle activation in epiretinal prostheses. Significance: The algorithm could be used in a closed-loop manner by a future epiretinal prosthesis to reduce poorly controlled visual percepts associated with bundle activation. Activation of distant cells via axonal stimulation will likely occur in other types of retinal implants and cortical implants, and the method may therefore be broadly applicable.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fabrication of Planar Microelectrode Array Using Laser-Patterned ITO and SU-8. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111347. [PMID: 34832760 PMCID: PMC8621540 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, microelectrode array (MEA) has been a powerful tool for in vitro neural electrophysiology because it provides a unique approach for monitoring the activity of a number of neurons over time. Due to the various applications of MEAs with different types of cells and tissues, there is an increasing need to customize the electrode designs. However, the fabrication of conventional MEAs requires several microfabrication procedures of deposition, etching, and photolithography. In this study, we proposed a simple fabrication method with a laser-patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) conductor and SU-8 photoresist insulation. Unlike in a conventional metal patterning process, only the outlines of ITO conductors are ablated by laser without removing background ITO. Insulation is achieved simply via SU-8 photolithography. The electrode sites are electroplated with iridium oxide (IrOX) to improve the electrochemical properties. The fabricated MEAs are electrochemically characterized and the stability of insulation is also confirmed by impedance monitoring for three weeks. Dissociated neurons of rat hippocampi are cultured on MEAs to verify the biocompatibility and the capacity for extracellular neural recording. The electrochemical and electrophysiological results with the fabricated MEAs are similar to those from conventional SiNX-insulated MEAs. Therefore, the proposed MEA with laser-patterned ITO and SU-8 is cost-effective and equivalently feasible compared with the conventional MEAs fabricated using thin-film microfabrication techniques.
Collapse
|
13
|
Didier CM, Kundu A, Rajaraman S. Rapid Makerspace Microfabrication and Characterization of 3D Microelectrode Arrays (3D MEAs) for Organ-on-a-Chip Models. JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS : A JOINT IEEE AND ASME PUBLICATION ON MICROSTRUCTURES, MICROACTUATORS, MICROSENSORS, AND MICROSYSTEMS 2021; 30:853-863. [PMID: 34949905 PMCID: PMC8691745 DOI: 10.1109/jmems.2021.3110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Integrated sensors in "on-a-chip" in vitro cellular models are a necessity for granularity in data collection required for advanced biosensors. As these models become more complex, the requirement for the integration of electrogenic cells is apparent. Interrogation of such cells, whether alone or within a connected cellular framework, are best achieved with microelectrodes, in the form of a microelectrode array (MEA). Makerspace microfabrication has thus far enabled novel and accessible approaches to meet these demands. Here, resin-based 3D printing, selective multimodal laser micromachining, and simple insulation strategies, define an approach to highly customizable and "on-demand" in vitro 3D MEA-based biosensor platforms. The scalability of this approach is aided by a novel makerspace microfabrication assisted technique denoted using the term Hypo-Rig. The MEA utilizes custom-defined metal microfabricated microelectrodes transitioned from planar (2D) to 3D using the Hypo-Rig. To simulate this transition process, COMSOL modeling is utilized to estimate transitionary forces and angles (with respect to normal). Practically, the Hypo-Rig demonstrated a force of ~40N, as well as a consistent 70° average angular transitionary performance which matched well with the COMSOL model. To illustrate the scalability potential, 3 × 3, 6 × 6, and 8 × 8 versions of the device were fabricated and characterized. The 3D MEAs, demonstrated impedance and phase measurements in the biologically relevant 1 kHz range of 45.4 kΩ, and -34.6° respectively, for polystyrene insulated, ~70μm sized microelectrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Didier
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, and the Nanoscience Technology Center at the University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Avra Kundu
- College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- Nanoscience Technology Center, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, the College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and the Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences at the University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stankova N, Nikolov A, Iordanova E, Yankov G, Nedyalkov N, Atanasov P, Tatchev D, Valova E, Kolev K, Armyanov S, Karashanova D, Fukata N. New Approach toward Laser-Assisted Modification of Biocompatible Polymers Relevant to Neural Interfacing Technologies. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13173004. [PMID: 34503043 PMCID: PMC8433805 DOI: 10.3390/polym13173004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a new approach toward a laser-assisted modification of biocompatible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers relevant to the fabrication of stretchable multielectrode arrays (MEAs) devices for neural interfacing technologies. These applications require high-density electrode packaging to provide a high-resolution integrating system for neural stimulation and/or recording. Medical grade PDMS elastomers are highly flexible with low Young’s modulus < 1 MPa, which are similar to soft tissue (nerve, brain, muscles) among the other known biopolymers, and can easily adjust to the soft tissue curvatures. This property ensures tight contact between the electrodes and tissue and promotes intensive development of PDMS-based MEAs interfacing devices in the basic neuroscience, neural prosthetics, and hybrid bionic systems, connecting the human nervous system with electronic or robotic prostheses for restoring and treating neurological diseases. By using the UV harmonics 266 and 355 nm of Nd:YAG laser medical grade PDMS elastomer is modified by ns-laser ablation in water. A new approach of processing is proposed to (i) activate the surface and to obtain tracks with (ii) symmetric U-shaped profiles and (iii) homogeneous microstructure This technology provides miniaturization of the device and successful functionalization by electroless metallization of the tracks with platinum (Pt) without preliminary sensitization by tin (Sn) and chemical activation by palladium (Pd). As a result, platinum black layers with a cauliflower-like structure with low values of sheet resistance between 1 and 8 Ω/sq are obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Stankova
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Shousse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.N.); (N.N.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anastas Nikolov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Shousse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.N.); (N.N.); (P.A.)
| | - Ekaterina Iordanova
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Shousse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.I.); (G.Y.)
| | - Georgi Yankov
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Shousse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.I.); (G.Y.)
| | - Nikolay Nedyalkov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Shousse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.N.); (N.N.); (P.A.)
| | - Petar Atanasov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Shousse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.N.); (N.N.); (P.A.)
| | - Dragomir Tatchev
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. Bld.11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.T.); (E.V.); (K.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Eugenia Valova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. Bld.11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.T.); (E.V.); (K.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Konstantin Kolev
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. Bld.11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.T.); (E.V.); (K.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Stephan Armyanov
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. Bld.11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.T.); (E.V.); (K.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Daniela Karashanova
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G. Bonchev Street, Bl. 109, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Naoki Fukata
- International Center for Materials for Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1Namiki, Tsikuba 305-0044, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Woo H, Kim S, Nam H, Choi W, Shin K, Kim K, Yoon S, Kim GH, Kim J, Lim G. Au Hierarchical Nanostructure-Based Surface Modification of Microelectrodes for Improved Neural Signal Recording. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11765-11774. [PMID: 34387479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microelectrodes are widely used for neural signal analysis because they can record high-resolution signals. In general, the smaller the size of the microelectrode for obtaining a high-resolution signal, the higher the impedance and noise value of the electrodes. Therefore, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of neural signals, it is important to develop microelectrodes with low impedance and noise. In this research, an Au hierarchical nanostructure (AHN) was deposited to improve the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of a microelectrode. Au nanostructures on different scales were deposited on the electrode surface in a hierarchical structure using an electrochemical deposition method. The AHN-modified microelectrode exhibited an average of 80% improvement in impedance compared to a bare microelectrode. Through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis and impedance equivalent circuit modeling, the increase in the ECSA due to the AHN was confirmed. After evaluating the cell cytotoxicity of the AHN-modified microelectrode through an in vitro test, neural signals from rats were obtained in in vivo experiments. The AHN-modified microelectrode exhibited an approximate 9.79 dB improvement in SNR compared to the bare microelectrode. This surface modification technology is a post-treatment strategy used for existing fabricated electrodes, so it can be applied to microelectrode arrays and nerve electrodes made from various structures and materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wonsuk Choi
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kumjae Shin
- Construction Equipment Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 288-1, Daehak-ri, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38408, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Geon Hwee Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pimenta S, Rodrigues JA, Machado F, Ribeiro JF, Maciel MJ, Bondarchuk O, Monteiro P, Gaspar J, Correia JH, Jacinto L. Double-Layer Flexible Neural Probe With Closely Spaced Electrodes for High-Density in vivo Brain Recordings. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:663174. [PMID: 34211364 PMCID: PMC8239195 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.663174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible polymer neural probes are an attractive emerging approach for invasive brain recordings, given that they can minimize the risks of brain damage or glial scaring. However, densely packed electrode sites, which can facilitate neuronal data analysis, are not widely available in flexible probes. Here, we present a new flexible polyimide neural probe, based on standard and low-cost lithography processes, which has 32 closely spaced 10 μm diameter gold electrode sites at two different depths from the probe surface arranged in a matrix, with inter-site distances of only 5 μm. The double-layer design and fabrication approach implemented also provides additional stiffening just sufficient to prevent probe buckling during brain insertion. This approach avoids typical laborious augmentation strategies used to increase flexible probes’ mechanical rigidity while allowing a small brain insertion footprint. Chemical composition analysis and metrology of structural, mechanical, and electrical properties demonstrated the viability of this fabrication approach. Finally, in vivo functional assessment tests in the mouse cortex were performed as well as histological assessment of the insertion footprint, validating the biological applicability of this flexible neural probe for acquiring high quality neuronal recordings with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) and reduced acute trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pimenta
- CMEMS-UMinho, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José A Rodrigues
- CMEMS-UMinho, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Francisca Machado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João F Ribeiro
- CMEMS-UMinho, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marino J Maciel
- CMEMS-UMinho, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Patricia Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João Gaspar
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | - José H Correia
- CMEMS-UMinho, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luis Jacinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu L, Hu C, Huang Q, Jin K, Zhao P, Wang D, Hou W, Dong L, Hu S, Ma H. Trends and recent development of the microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 175:112854. [PMID: 33371989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we reviewed the history of microelectrode arrays (MEAs), compared different microfabrication techniques applied to modern MEAs in terms of their material characters, device properties and application scenarios. Then we discussed the biocompatibility of different MEAs as well as corresponding strategy of improvement. At last, we analyzed the growing trend of MEAs' technical route, expected application of MEAs in the field of Electrical impedance tomography (EIT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Chenxuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Qi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Kai Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics, School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin province, 130022, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics, School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin province, 130022, PR China
| | - Dongping Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, NO.1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, PR China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, NO.1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, PR China
| | - Siyi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Hanbin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Forro C, Caron D, Angotzi GN, Gallo V, Berdondini L, Santoro F, Palazzolo G, Panuccio G. Electrophysiology Read-Out Tools for Brain-on-Chip Biotechnology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:124. [PMID: 33498905 PMCID: PMC7912435 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain-on-Chip (BoC) biotechnology is emerging as a promising tool for biomedical and pharmaceutical research applied to the neurosciences. At the convergence between lab-on-chip and cell biology, BoC couples in vitro three-dimensional brain-like systems to an engineered microfluidics platform designed to provide an in vivo-like extrinsic microenvironment with the aim of replicating tissue- or organ-level physiological functions. BoC therefore offers the advantage of an in vitro reproduction of brain structures that is more faithful to the native correlate than what is obtained with conventional cell culture techniques. As brain function ultimately results in the generation of electrical signals, electrophysiology techniques are paramount for studying brain activity in health and disease. However, as BoC is still in its infancy, the availability of combined BoC-electrophysiology platforms is still limited. Here, we summarize the available biological substrates for BoC, starting with a historical perspective. We then describe the available tools enabling BoC electrophysiology studies, detailing their fabrication process and technical features, along with their advantages and limitations. We discuss the current and future applications of BoC electrophysiology, also expanding to complementary approaches. We conclude with an evaluation of the potential translational applications and prospective technology developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Forro
- Tissue Electronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53-80125 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Davide Caron
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Gian Nicola Angotzi
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (G.N.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Gallo
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Luca Berdondini
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (G.N.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Tissue Electronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53-80125 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.)
| | - Gemma Palazzolo
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Gabriella Panuccio
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vafaiee M, Mohammadpour R, Vossoughi M, Asadian E, Janahmadi M, Sasanpour P. Carbon Nanotube Modified Microelectrode Array for Neural Interface. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:582713. [PMID: 33520951 PMCID: PMC7839404 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.582713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) coatings have been shown over the past few years as a promising material for neural interface applications. In particular, in the field of nerve implants, CNTs have fundamental advantages due to their unique mechanical and electrical properties. In this study, carbon nanotubes multi-electrode arrays (CNT-modified-Au MEAs) were fabricated based on gold multi-electrode arrays (Au-MEAs). The electrochemical impedance spectra of CNT-modified-Au MEA and Au-MEA were compared employing equivalent circuit models. In comparison with Au-MEA (17 Ω), CNT-modified-Au MEA (8 Ω) lowered the overall impedance of the electrode at 1 kHz by 50%. The results showed that CNT-modified-Au MEAs have good properties such as low impedance, high stability and durability, as well as scratch resistance, which makes them appropriate for long-term application in neural interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Vafaiee
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Mohammadpour
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Vossoughi
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Asadian
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pezhman Sasanpour
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kundu A, McCoy L, Azim N, Nguyen H, Didier CM, Ausaf T, Sharma AD, Curley JL, Moore MJ, Rajaraman S. Fabrication and Characterization of 3D Printed, 3D Microelectrode Arrays for Interfacing with a Peripheral Nerve-on-a-Chip. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:3018-3029. [PMID: 34275292 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a nontraditional fabrication technique for the realization of three-dimensional (3D) microelectrode arrays (MEAs) capable of interfacing with 3D cellular networks in vitro. The technology uses cost-effective makerspace microfabrication techniques to fabricate the 3D MEAs with 3D printed base structures with the metallization of the microtowers and conductive traces being performed by stencil mask evaporation techniques. A biocompatible lamination layer insulates the traces for realization of 3D microtower MEAs (250 μm base diameter, 400 μm height). The process has additionally been extended to realize smaller electrodes (30 μm × 30 μm) at a height of 400 μm atop the 3D microtower using laser micromachining of an additional silicon dioxide (SiO2) insulation layer. A 3D microengineered, nerve-on-a-chip in vitro model for recording and stimulating electrical activity of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells has further been integrated with the 3D MEA. We have characterized the 3D electrodes for electrical, chemical, electrochemical, biological, and chip hydration stability performance metrics. A decrease in impedance from 1.8 kΩ to 670 Ω for the microtower electrodes and 55 to 39 kΩ for the 30 μm × 30 μm microelectrodes can be observed for an electrophysiologically relevant frequency of 1 kHz upon platinum electroless plating. Biocompatibility assays on the components of the system resulted in a large range (∼3%-70% live cells), depending on the components. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the resin material start to reveal possible compositional clues for the resin, and the hydration stability is demonstrated in in-vitro-like conditions for 30 days. The fabricated 3D MEAs are rapidly produced with minimal usage of a cleanroom and are fully functional for electrical interrogation of the 3D organ-on-a-chip models for high-throughput of pharmaceutical screening and toxicity testing of compounds in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avra Kundu
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Laurie McCoy
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Nilab Azim
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Charles M Didier
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Tariq Ausaf
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Anup D Sharma
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - J Lowry Curley
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Michael J Moore
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States.,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tanskanen JM, Ahtiainen A, Hyttinen JA. Toward Closed-Loop Electrical Stimulation of Neuronal Systems: A Review. Bioelectricity 2020; 2:328-347. [PMID: 34471853 PMCID: PMC8370352 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological neuronal cells communicate using neurochemistry and electrical signals. The same phenomena also allow us to probe and manipulate neuronal systems and communicate with them. Neuronal system malfunctions cause a multitude of symptoms and functional deficiencies that can be assessed and sometimes alleviated by electrical stimulation. Our working hypothesis is that real-time closed-loop full-duplex measurement and stimulation paradigms can provide more in-depth insight into neuronal networks and enhance our capability to control diseases of the nervous system. In this study, we review extracellular electrical stimulation methods used in in vivo, in vitro, and in silico neuroscience research and in the clinic (excluding methods mainly aimed at neuronal growth and other similar effects) and highlight the potential of closed-loop measurement and stimulation systems. A multitude of electrical stimulation and measurement-based methods are widely used in research and the clinic. Closed-loop methods have been proposed, and some are used in the clinic. However, closed-loop systems utilizing more complex measurement analysis and adaptive stimulation systems, such as artificial intelligence systems connected to biological neuronal systems, do not yet exist. Our review promotes the research and development of intelligent paradigms aimed at meaningful communications between neuronal and information and communications technology systems, "dialogical paradigms," which have the potential to take neuroscience and clinical methods to a new level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarno M.A. Tanskanen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Annika Ahtiainen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari A.K. Hyttinen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A simultaneous optical and electrical in-vitro neuronal recording system to evaluate microelectrode performance. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237709. [PMID: 32817653 PMCID: PMC7440637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives In this paper, we aim to detail the setup of a high spatio-temporal resolution, electrical recording system utilising planar microelectrode arrays with simultaneous optical imaging suitable for evaluating microelectrode performance with a proposed ′performance factor′ metric. Methods Techniques that would facilitate low noise electrical recordings were coupled with voltage sensitive dyes and neuronal activity was recorded both electrically via a customised amplification system and optically via a high speed CMOS camera. This technique was applied to characterise microelectrode recording performance of gold and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT/PSS) coated electrodes through traditional signal to noise (SNR) calculations as well as the proposed performance factor. Results Neuronal activity was simultaneously recorded using both electrical and optical techniques and this activity was confirmed via tetrodotoxin application to inhibit action potential firing. PEDOT/PSS outperformed gold using both measurements, however, the performance factor metric estimated a 3 fold improvement in signal transduction when compared to gold, whereas SNR estimated an 8 fold improvement when compared to gold. Conclusion The design and functionality of a system to record from neurons both electrically, through microelectrode arrays, and optically via voltage sensitive dyes was successfully achieved. Significance The high spatiotemporal resolution of both electrical and optical methods will allow for an array of applications such as improved detection of subthreshold synaptic events, validation of spike sorting algorithms and a provides a robust evaluation of extracellular microelectrode performance.
Collapse
|
23
|
Didier C, Kundu A, Rajaraman S. Capabilities and limitations of 3D printed microserpentines and integrated 3D electrodes for stretchable and conformable biosensor applications. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:15. [PMID: 34567630 PMCID: PMC8433388 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We explore the capabilities and limitations of 3D printed microserpentines (µserpentines) and utilize these structures to develop dynamic 3D microelectrodes for potential applications in in vitro, wearable, and implantable microelectrode arrays (MEAs). The device incorporates optimized 3D printed µserpentine designs with out-of-plane microelectrode structures, integrated on to a flexible Kapton® package with micromolded PDMS insulation. The flexibility of the optimized, printed µserpentine design was calculated through effective stiffness and effective strain equations, so as to allow for analysis of various designs for enhanced flexibility. The optimized, down selected µserpentine design was further sputter coated with 7-70 nm-thick gold and the performance of these coatings was studied for maintenance of conductivity during uniaxial strain application. Bending/conforming analysis of the final devices (3D MEAs with a Kapton® package and PDMS insulation) were performed to qualitatively assess the robustness of the finished device toward dynamic MEA applications. 3D microelectrode impedance measurements varied from 4.2 to 5.2 kΩ during the bending process demonstrating a small change and an example application with artificial agarose skin composite model to assess feasibility for basic transdermal electrical recording was further demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Didier
- Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826 USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
| | - Avra Kundu
- Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826 USA
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826 USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816 USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Morales-Carvajal PM, Kundu A, Didier CM, Hart C, Sommerhage F, Rajaraman S. Makerspace microfabrication of a stainless steel 3D microneedle electrode array (3D MEA) on a glass substrate for simultaneous optical and electrical probing of electrogenic cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41577-41587. [PMID: 35516576 PMCID: PMC9057996 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06070d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfabrication and assembly of 3D MEA based on a glass-stainless steel platform is shown utilizing non-traditional “Makerspace Microfabrication” techniques featuring cost-effective, rapid fabrication and an assorted biocompatible material palette.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Avra Kundu
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC)
- University of Central Florida
- Orlando
- USA
| | - Charles M. Didier
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC)
- University of Central Florida
- Orlando
- USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Cacie Hart
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC)
- University of Central Florida
- Orlando
- USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
| | - Frank Sommerhage
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC)
- University of Central Florida
- Orlando
- USA
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC)
- University of Central Florida
- Orlando
- USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Garma LD, Ferrari LM, Scognamiglio P, Greco F, Santoro F. Inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS multi-electrode arrays for low-cost in vitro electrophysiology. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3776-3786. [PMID: 31616896 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00636b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) have become a key element in the study of cellular phenomena in vitro. Common modern MEAs are still based on costly microfabrication techniques, making them expensive tools that researchers are pushed to reuse, compromising the reproducibility and the quality of the acquired data. There is a need to develop novel fabrication strategies, able to produce disposable devices that incorporate advanced technologies beyond the standard metal electrodes on rigid substrates. Here we present an innovative fabrication process for the production of polymer-based flexible MEAs. The device fabrication exploited inkjet printing, as this low-cost manufacturing method allows for an easy and reliable patterning of conducting polymers. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) was used as the sole conductive element of the MEAs. The physical structure and the electrical properties of the plastic/printed MEAs (pMEAs) were characterised, showing a low impedance that is maintained also in the long term. The biocompatibility of the devices was demonstrated, and their capability to successfully establish a tight coupling with cells was proved. Furthermore, the pMEAs were used to monitor the extracellular potentials from cardiac cell cultures and to record high quality electrophysiological signals from them. Our results validate the use of pMEAs as in vitro electrophysiology platforms, pushing for the adoption of innovative fabrication techniques and the use of new materials for the production of MEAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D Garma
- Tissue Electronics, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy.
| | - Laura M Ferrari
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics@SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Italy.
| | - Paola Scognamiglio
- Tissue Electronics, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Greco
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics@SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Italy. and Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Austria.
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Tissue Electronics, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang Y, Graham ES, Unsworth CP. First observations of spontaneous bursting in human hNT neurons with a customised neural chip platform. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab4b24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
27
|
Obien MEJ, Frey U. Large-Scale, High-Resolution Microelectrode Arrays for Interrogation of Neurons and Networks. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 22:83-123. [PMID: 31073933 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11135-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High-density microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs) are increasingly being used for the observation and manipulation of neurons and networks in vitro. Large-scale electrode arrays allow for long-term extracellular recording of the electrical activity from thousands of neurons simultaneously. Beyond population activity, it has also become possible to extract information of single neurons at subcellular level (e.g., the propagation of action potentials along axons). In effect, HD-MEAs have become an electrical imaging platform for label-free extraction of the structure and activation of cells in cultures and tissues. The quality of HD-MEA data depends on the resolution of the electrode array and the signal-to-noise ratio. In this chapter, we begin with an introduction to HD-MEA signals. We provide an overview of the developments on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor or CMOS-based HD-MEA technology. We also discuss the factors affecting the performance of HD-MEAs and the trending application requirements that drive the efforts for future devices. We conclude with an outlook on the potential of HD-MEAs for advancing basic neuroscience and drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Engelene J Obien
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.
- MaxWell Biosystems, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Urs Frey
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lee M, Shim HJ, Choi C, Kim DH. Soft High-Resolution Neural Interfacing Probes: Materials and Design Approaches. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2741-2749. [PMID: 31002760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neural interfacing probes are located between the nervous system and the implanted electronic device in order to acquire information on the complex neuronal activity and to reconstruct impaired neural connectivity. Despite remarkable advancement in recent years, conventional neural interfacing is still unable to completely accomplish these goals, especially in long-term brain interfacing. The major limitation arises from physical and mechanical differences between neural interfacing probes and neural tissues that cause local immune responses and production of scar cells near the interface. Therefore, neural interfaces should ideally be extremely soft and have the physical scale of cells to mitigate the boundary between biotic and abiotic systems. Soft materials for neural interfaces have been intensively investigated to improve both interfacing and long-term signal transmission. The design and fabrication of micro and nanoscale devices have drastically decreased the stiffness of probes and enabled single-neuron measurement. In this Mini Review, we discuss materials and design approaches for developing soft high-resolution neural probes intended for long-term brain interfacing and outline existent challenges for achieving next-generation neural interfacing probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mincheol Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Shim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoon Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Viswam V, Obien MEJ, Franke F, Frey U, Hierlemann A. Optimal Electrode Size for Multi-Scale Extracellular-Potential Recording From Neuronal Assemblies. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:385. [PMID: 31105515 PMCID: PMC6498989 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in microfabrication technology have enabled the production of devices containing arrays of thousands of closely spaced recording electrodes, which afford subcellular resolution of electrical signals in neurons and neuronal networks. Rationalizing the electrode size and configuration in such arrays demands consideration of application-specific requirements and inherent features of the electrodes. Tradeoffs among size, spatial density, sensitivity, noise, attenuation, and other factors are inevitable. Although recording extracellular signals from neurons with planar metal electrodes is fairly well established, the effects of the electrode characteristics on the quality and utility of recorded signals, especially for small, densely packed electrodes, have yet to be fully characterized. Here, we present a combined experimental and computational approach to elucidating how electrode size, and size-dependent parameters, such as impedance, baseline noise, and transmission characteristics, influence recorded neuronal signals. Using arrays containing platinum electrodes of different sizes, we experimentally evaluated the electrode performance in the recording of local field potentials (LFPs) and extracellular action potentials (EAPs) from the following cell preparations: acute brain slices, dissociated cell cultures, and organotypic slice cultures. Moreover, we simulated the potential spatial decay of point-current sources to investigate signal averaging using known signal sources. We demonstrated that the noise and signal attenuation depend more on the electrode impedance than on electrode size, per se, especially for electrodes <10 μm in width or diameter to achieve high-spatial-resolution readout. By minimizing electrode impedance of small electrodes (<10 μm) via surface modification, we could maximize the signal-to-noise ratio to electrically visualize the propagation of axonal EAPs and to isolate single-unit spikes. Due to the large amplitude of LFP signals, recording quality was high and nearly independent of electrode size. These findings should be of value in configuring in vitro and in vivo microelectrode arrays for extracellular recordings with high spatial resolution in various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Viswam
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie Engelene J. Obien
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Franke
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gold-Plated Electrode with High Scratch Strength for Electrophysiological Recordings. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2985. [PMID: 30814648 PMCID: PMC6393511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39138-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi electrode arrays (MEA) have been exploited in different electrophysiological applications. In neurological applications, MEAs are the vital interfaces between neurons and the electronic circuits with dual role; transmitting electric signal to the neurons and converting neural activity to the electric signal. Since the performance of the electrodes has a direct effect on the quality of the recorded neuronal signal, as well as the stimulation, the true choice of electrode material for MEA is crucial. Gold is one of the best candidates for fabrication of MEAs due to its high electrical conductivity, biocompatibility and good chemical stability. However, noble metals such as gold do not adhere well to the glass substrate. Consequently while exposing to the water, gold films are damaged, which impose limitations in the exploiting of gold thin films as the electrode. In this paper, a simple and cost effective method for the fabrication of gold electrode arrays is proposed. Using various mechanical (adhesion test and scratch strength), morphological (AFM and SEM) and electrochemical methods, the fabricated electrodes are characterized. The results show that the fabricated electrode arrays have significantly high scratch strength and stability within the aqueous medium. In addition, the electrical properties of the electrodes have been improved. The proposed electrodes have the potential to be exploited in other applications including electronics, electrochemistry, and biosensors.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhao Y, Kankala RK, Wang SB, Chen AZ. Multi-Organs-on-Chips: Towards Long-Term Biomedical Investigations. Molecules 2019; 24:E675. [PMID: 30769788 PMCID: PMC6412790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With advantageous features such as minimizing the cost, time, and sample size requirements, organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems have garnered enormous interest from researchers for their ability for real-time monitoring of physical parameters by mimicking the in vivo microenvironment and the precise responses of xenobiotics, i.e., drug efficacy and toxicity over conventional two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, as well as animal models. Recent advancements of OOC systems have evidenced the fabrication of 'multi-organ-on-chip' (MOC) models, which connect separated organ chambers together to resemble an ideal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model for monitoring the complex interactions between multiple organs and the resultant dynamic responses of multiple organs to pharmaceutical compounds. Numerous varieties of MOC systems have been proposed, mainly focusing on the construction of these multi-organ models, while there are only few studies on how to realize continual, automated, and stable testing, which still remains a significant challenge in the development process of MOCs. Herein, this review emphasizes the recent advancements in realizing long-term testing of MOCs to promote their capability for real-time monitoring of multi-organ interactions and chronic cellular reactions more accurately and steadily over the available chip models. Efforts in this field are still ongoing for better performance in the assessment of preclinical attributes for a new chemical entity. Further, we give a brief overview on the various biomedical applications of long-term testing in MOCs, including several proposed applications and their potential utilization in the future. Finally, we summarize with perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Ai-Zheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
This paper presents a multidisciplinary experiment where a population of neurons, dissociated from rat hippocampi, has been cultivated over a CMOS-based micro-electrode array (MEA) and its electrical activity has been detected and mapped by an advanced spike-sorting algorithm implemented on FPGA. MEAs are characterized by low signal-to-noise ratios caused by both the contactless sensing of weak extracellular voltages and the high noise power coming from cells and analog electronics signal processing. This low SNR forces to utilize advanced noise rejection algorithms to separate relevant neural activity from noise, which are usually implemented via software/off-line. However, off-line detection of neural spikes cannot be obviously used for real-time electrical stimulation. In this scenario, this paper presents a proper FPGA-based system capable to detect in real-time neural spikes from background noise. The output signals of the proposed system provide real-time spatial and temporal information about the culture electrical activity and the noise power distribution with a minimum latency of 165 ns. The output bit-stream can be further utilized to detect synchronous activity within the neural network.
Collapse
|
33
|
Rihani RT, Kim H, Black BJ, Atmaramani R, Saed MO, Pancrazio JJ, Ware TH. Liquid Crystal Elastomer-Based Microelectrode Array for In Vitro Neuronal Recordings. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E416. [PMID: 30424349 PMCID: PMC6211140 DOI: 10.3390/mi9080416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-based biomedical electronics provide a tunable platform to interact with nervous tissue both in vitro and in vivo. Ultimately, the ability to control functional properties of neural interfaces may provide important advantages to study the nervous system or to restore function in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a class of smart materials that reversibly change shape when exposed to a variety of stimuli. Our interest in LCEs is based on leveraging this shape change to deploy electrode sites beyond the tissue regions exhibiting inflammation associated with chronic implantation. As a first step, we demonstrate that LCEs are cellular compatible materials that can be used as substrates for fabricating microelectrode arrays (MEAs) capable of recording single unit activity in vitro. Extracts from LCEs are non-cytotoxic (>70% normalized percent viability), as determined in accordance to ISO protocol 10993-5 using fibroblasts and primary murine cortical neurons. LCEs are also not functionally neurotoxic as determined by exposing cortical neurons cultured on conventional microelectrode arrays to LCE extract for 48 h. Microelectrode arrays fabricated on LCEs are stable, as determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Examination of the impedance and phase at 1 kHz, a frequency associated with single unit recording, showed results well within range of electrophysiological recordings over 30 days of monitoring in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Moreover, the LCE arrays are shown to support viable cortical neuronal cultures over 27 days in vitro and to enable recording of prominent extracellular biopotentials comparable to those achieved with conventional commercially-available microelectrode arrays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashed T Rihani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Bryan J Black
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Rahul Atmaramani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Mohand O Saed
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Joseph J Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Taylor H Ware
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kim Y, Meade SM, Chen K, Feng H, Rayyan J, Hess-Dunning A, Ereifej ES. Nano-Architectural Approaches for Improved Intracortical Interface Technologies. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:456. [PMID: 30065623 PMCID: PMC6056633 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes (IME) are neural devices that initially were designed to function as neuroscience tools to enable researchers to understand the nervous system. Over the years, technology that aids interfacing with the nervous system has allowed the ability to treat patients with a wide range of neurological injuries and diseases. Despite the substantial success that has been demonstrated using IME in neural interface applications, these implants eventually fail due to loss of quality recording signals. Recent strategies to improve interfacing with the nervous system have been inspired by methods that mimic the native tissue. This review focusses on one strategy in particular, nano-architecture, a term we introduce that encompasses the approach of roughening the surface of the implant. Various nano-architecture approaches have been hypothesized to improve the biocompatibility of IMEs, enhance the recording quality, and increase the longevity of the implant. This review will begin by introducing IME technology and discuss the challenges facing the clinical deployment of IME technology. The biological inspiration of nano-architecture approaches will be explained as well as leading fabrication methods used to create nano-architecture and their limitations. A review of the effects of nano-architecture surfaces on neural cells will be examined, depicting the various cellular responses to these modified surfaces in both in vitro and pre-clinical models. The proposed mechanism elucidating the ability of nano-architectures to influence cellular phenotype will be considered. Finally, the frontiers of next generation nano-architecture IMEs will be identified, with perspective given on the future impact of this interfacing approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youjoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Seth M. Meade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Keying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - He Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jacob Rayyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Allison Hess-Dunning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Evon S. Ereifej
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Joo S, Nam Y. Slow-Wave Recordings From Micro-Sized Neural Clusters Using Multiwell Type Microelectrode Arrays. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 66:403-410. [PMID: 29993399 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2843793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of microelectrode array (MEA) recordings is a very effective neurophysiological method because it is able to continuously and noninvasively obtain the spatiotemporal information of electrical activity from many neurons constituting a neural network. Very recently, studies have been published that used MEAs for the measurement of a low-frequency component of electrical activity as an indicator of diverse activity of cultured neurons. The occurrence of low-frequency activities has electrophysiological information that does not include the information from fast spikes. However, there is no in vitro experimental model suitable for measuring the low-frequency activities (slow-waves) for further study. METHODS Neural clusters consisting of dozens of neurons were placed directly onto each electrode of an MEA from which fast spikes and slow-waves were measured. RESULTS We obtained sufficient data on the early development patterns of the slow-waves and the spikes measured from many independent neural clusters confirming that the slow-waves occurred first before the emergence of the spikes in the neural clusters. We also showed that changes in the occurrence frequency of the slow-waves for synaptic blockers were measured from a large number of independent cultures. CONCLUSION Microsized neural cluster arrays, which can be combined with conventional MEAs, are suitable for multiple simultaneous recordings of slow-waves. SIGNIFICANCE Our technology provides a simple but useful method to study the generation of a low-frequency component of the electrical activity in cultured neural networks that are not yet well known as well as to expand the use of conventional MEAs.
Collapse
|
36
|
Di Maria F, Lodola F, Zucchetti E, Benfenati F, Lanzani G. The evolution of artificial light actuators in living systems: from planar to nanostructured interfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4757-4780. [PMID: 29663003 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Artificially enhancing light sensitivity in living cells allows control of neuronal paths or vital functions avoiding the wiring associated with the use of stimulation electrodes. Many possible strategies can be adopted for reaching this goal, including the direct photoexcitation of biological matter, the genetic modification of cells or the use of opto-bio interfaces. In this review we describe different light actuators based on both inorganic and organic semiconductors, from planar abiotic/biotic interfaces to nanoparticles, that allow transduction of a light signal into a signal which in turn affects the biological activity of the hosting system. In particular, we will focus on the application of thiophene-based materials which, thanks to their unique chemical-physical properties, geometrical adaptability, great biocompatibility and stability, have allowed the development of a new generation of fully organic light actuators for in vivo applications.
Collapse
|
37
|
Joo S, Song SY, Nam YS, Nam Y. Stimuli-Responsive Neuronal Networking via Removable Alginate Masks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Joo
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Seuk Young Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sung Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonkey Nam
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kundu A, Ausaf T, Rajaraman S. 3D Printing, Ink Casting and Micromachined Lamination (3D PICLμM): A Makerspace Approach to the Fabrication of Biological Microdevices. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E85. [PMID: 30393360 PMCID: PMC6187583 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel benchtop-based microfabrication technology: 3D printing, ink casting, micromachined lamination (3D PICLμM) for rapid prototyping of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and biological devices. The technology uses cost-effective, makerspace-type microfabrication processes, all of which are ideally suited for low resource settings, and utilizing a combination of these processes, we have demonstrated the following devices: (i) 2D microelectrode array (MEA) targeted at in vitro neural and cardiac electrophysiology, (ii) microneedle array targeted at drug delivery through a transdermal route and (iii) multi-layer microfluidic chip targeted at multiplexed assays for in vitro applications. The 3D printing process has been optimized for printing angle, temperature of the curing process and solvent polishing to address various biofunctional considerations of the three demonstrated devices. We have depicted that the 3D PICLμM process has the capability to fabricate 30 μm sized MEAs (average 1 kHz impedance of 140 kΩ with a double layer capacitance of 3 μF), robust and reliable microneedles having 30 μm radius of curvature and ~40 N mechanical fracture strength and microfluidic devices having 150 μm wide channels and 400 μm fluidic vias capable of fluid mixing and transmitted light microparticle visualization. We believe our 3D PICLμM is ideally suited for applications in areas such as electrophysiology, drug delivery, disease in a dish, organ on a chip, environmental monitoring, agricultural therapeutic delivery and genomic testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avra Kundu
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Tariq Ausaf
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
- Bridging the Innovation Development Gap (BRIDG), Neo City, FL 34744, USA.
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A biopotential optrode array: operation principles and simulations. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2690. [PMID: 29426924 PMCID: PMC5807498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose an optical electrode ’optrode’ sensor array for biopotential measurements. The transduction mechanism is based on deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystals which realign, altering the optrode’s light reflectance properties, relative to applied potential fields of biological cells and tissue. A computational model of extracellular potential recording by the optrode including the electro-optical transduction mechanism is presented, using a combination of time-domain and frequency-domain finite element analysis. Simulations indicate that the device has appropriate temporal response to faithfully transduce neuronal spikes, and spatial resolution to capture impulse propagation along a single neuron. These simulations contribute to the development of multi-channel optrode arrays for spatio-temporal mapping of electric events in excitable biological tissue.
Collapse
|
40
|
Convertino D, Luin S, Marchetti L, Coletti C. Peripheral Neuron Survival and Outgrowth on Graphene. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:1. [PMID: 29403346 PMCID: PMC5786521 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene displays properties that make it appealing for neuroregenerative medicine, yet its interaction with peripheral neurons has been scarcely investigated. Here, we culture on graphene two established models for peripheral neurons: PC12 cells and DRG primary neurons. We perform a nano-resolved analysis of polymeric coatings on graphene and combine optical microscopy and viability assays to assess the material cytocompatibility and influence on differentiation. We find that differentiated PC12 cells display a remarkably increased neurite length on graphene (up to 27%) with respect to controls. Notably, DRG primary neurons survive both on bare and coated graphene. They present dense axonal networks on coated graphene, while they form cell islets characterized by dense axonal bundles on uncoated graphene. These findings indicate that graphene holds potential for nerve tissue regeneration and might pave the road to novel concepts of active nerve conduits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Convertino
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Laura Marchetti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Coletti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pas J, Pitsalidis C, Koutsouras DA, Quilichini PP, Santoro F, Cui B, Gallais L, O'Connor RP, Malliaras GG, Owens RM. Neurospheres on Patterned PEDOT:PSS Microelectrode Arrays Enhance Electrophysiology Recordings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Pas
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Dimitrios A. Koutsouras
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
| | | | - Francesca Santoro
- Department of Chemistry; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare; Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Naples 80125 Italy
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Laurent Gallais
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS, Centrale Marseille; Institut Fresnel; 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Rodney P. O'Connor
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
- Electrical Engineering Division; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB3 0FA UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cottet J, Vaillier C, Buret F, Frénéa-Robin M, Renaud P. A reproducible method for μm precision alignment of PDMS microchannels with on-chip electrodes using a mask aligner. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:064111. [PMID: 29308100 PMCID: PMC5738258 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a reproducible method for μm precision alignment of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels with coplanar electrodes using a conventional mask aligner for lab-on-a-chip applications. It is based on the use of a silicon mold in combination with a PMMA sarcophagus for precise control of the parallelism between the top and bottom surfaces of molded PDMS. The alignment of the fabricated PDMS slab with electrodes patterned on a glass chip is then performed using a conventional mask aligner with a custom-made steel chuck and magnets. This technique allows to bond and align chips with a resolution of less than 2 μm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - C Vaillier
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, STI IMT LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Buret
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, AMPERE, F-69130, Ecully, France
| | - M Frénéa-Robin
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, AMPERE, F-69130, Ecully, France
| | - P Renaud
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, STI IMT LMIS4, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mena GE, Grosberg LE, Madugula S, Hottowy P, Litke A, Cunningham J, Chichilnisky EJ, Paninski L. Electrical stimulus artifact cancellation and neural spike detection on large multi-electrode arrays. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005842. [PMID: 29131818 PMCID: PMC5703587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous electrical stimulation and recording using multi-electrode arrays can provide a valuable technique for studying circuit connectivity and engineering neural interfaces. However, interpreting these measurements is challenging because the spike sorting process (identifying and segregating action potentials arising from different neurons) is greatly complicated by electrical stimulation artifacts across the array, which can exhibit complex and nonlinear waveforms, and overlap temporarily with evoked spikes. Here we develop a scalable algorithm based on a structured Gaussian Process model to estimate the artifact and identify evoked spikes. The effectiveness of our methods is demonstrated in both real and simulated 512-electrode recordings in the peripheral primate retina with single-electrode and several types of multi-electrode stimulation. We establish small error rates in the identification of evoked spikes, with a computational complexity that is compatible with real-time data analysis. This technology may be helpful in the design of future high-resolution sensory prostheses based on tailored stimulation (e.g., retinal prostheses), and for closed-loop neural stimulation at a much larger scale than currently possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo E. Mena
- Statistics Department, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Grosberg
- Department of Neurosurgery and Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sasidhar Madugula
- Department of Neurosurgery and Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Paweł Hottowy
- Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alan Litke
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - John Cunningham
- Statistics Department, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind and Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - E. J. Chichilnisky
- Department of Neurosurgery and Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Liam Paninski
- Statistics Department, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind and Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Viswam V, Obien M, Frey U, Franke F, Hierlemann A. Acquisition of Bioelectrical Signals with Small Electrodes. IEEE BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CONFERENCE : HEALTHCARE TECHNOLOGY : [PROCEEDINGS]. IEEE BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:1-4. [PMID: 29780971 DOI: 10.1109/biocas.2017.8325216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms of recording bioelectrical signals from different types of electrogenic cells (neurons, cardiac cells etc.) by means of planar metal electrodes have been extensively studied, the recording characteristics and conditions for very small electrode sizes are not yet established. Here, we present a combined experimental and computational approach to elucidate, how the electrode size influences the recorded signals, and how inherent properties of the electrode, such as impedance, noise, and transmission characteristics shape the signal. We demonstrate that good quality recordings can be achieved with electrode diameters of less than 10 µm, provided that impedance reduction measures have been implemented and provided that a set of requirements for signal amplification has been met.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Viswam
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie Obien
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland.,MaxWell Biosystems AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland.,MaxWell Biosystems AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Franke
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Morrison M, Maia PD, Kutz JN. Preventing Neurodegenerative Memory Loss in Hopfield Neuronal Networks Using Cerebral Organoids or External Microelectronics. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2017; 2017:6102494. [PMID: 29312461 PMCID: PMC5605816 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing technologies have made significant progress towards linking the brain with brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) which have the potential to aid damaged brains to perform their original motor and cognitive functions. We consider the viability of such devices for mitigating the deleterious effects of memory loss that is induced by neurodegenerative diseases and/or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Our computational study considers the widely used Hopfield network, an autoassociative memory model in which neurons converge to a stable state pattern after receiving an input resembling the given memory. In this study, we connect an auxiliary network of neurons, which models the BMI device, to the original Hopfield network and train it to converge to its own auxiliary memory patterns. Injuries to the original Hopfield memory network, induced through neurodegeneration, for instance, can then be analyzed with the goal of evaluating the ability of the BMI to aid in memory retrieval tasks. Dense connectivity between the auxiliary and Hopfield networks is shown to promote robustness of memory retrieval tasks for both optimal and nonoptimal memory sets. Our computations estimate damage levels and parameter ranges for which full or partial memory recovery is achievable, providing a starting point for novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Morrison
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P. D. Maia
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J. N. Kutz
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kang H, Kim JY, Choi YK, Nam Y. Feasibility Study of Extended-Gate-Type Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors for Neural Recording. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17040705. [PMID: 28350370 PMCID: PMC5421665 DOI: 10.3390/s17040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a high performance silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (transconductance as high as 34 µS and sensitivity as 84 nS/mV) is extensively studied and directly compared with planar passive microelectrode arrays for neural recording application. Electrical and electrochemical characteristics are carefully characterized in a very well-controlled manner. We especially focused on the signal amplification capability and intrinsic noise of the transistors. A neural recording system using both silicon nanowire field-effect transistor-based active-type microelectrode array and platinum black microelectrode-based passive-type microelectrode array are implemented and compared. An artificial neural spike signal is supplied as input to both arrays through a buffer solution and recorded simultaneously. Recorded signal intensity by the silicon nanowire transistor was precisely determined by an electrical characteristic of the transistor, transconductance. Signal-to-noise ratio was found to be strongly dependent upon the intrinsic 1/f noise of the silicon nanowire transistor. We found how signal strength is determined and how intrinsic noise of the transistor determines signal-to-noise ratio of the recorded neural signals. This study provides in-depth understanding of the overall neural recording mechanism using silicon nanowire transistors and solid design guideline for further improvement and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongki Kang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jee-Yeon Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Yoonkey Nam
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Recent Advances in Biosensing for Neurotransmitters and Disease Biomarkers using Microelectrodes. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
48
|
Weidlich S, Krause KJ, Schnitker J, Wolfrum B, Offenhäusser A. MEAs and 3D nanoelectrodes: electrodeposition as tool for a precisely controlled nanofabrication. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:095302. [PMID: 28139471 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa57b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are gaining increasing importance for the investigation of signaling processes between electrogenic cells. However, efficient cell-chip coupling for robust and long-term electrophysiological recording and stimulation still remains a challenge. A possible approach for the improvement of the cell-electrode contact is the utilization of three-dimensional structures. In recent years, various 3D electrode geometries have been developed, but we are still lacking a fabrication approach that enables the formation of different 3D structures on a single chip in a controlled manner. This, however, is needed to enable a direct and reliable comparison of the recording capabilities of the different structures. Here, we present a method for a precisely controlled deposition of nanoelectrodes, enabling the fabrication of multiple, well-defined types of structures on our 64 electrode MEAs towards a rapid-prototyping approach to 3D electrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Weidlich
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kim YH, Kim GH, Kim MS, Jung SD. Iridium Oxide-Electrodeposited Nanoporous Gold Multielectrode Array with Enhanced Stimulus Efficacy. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7163-7168. [PMID: 27736070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A multielectrode array (MEA) was fabricated with electrodes consisting of iridium oxide (IrOx) electrochemically deposited on nanoporous gold (NPG) to improve the moderate charge injection limit (ca. 1 mC cm-2) of NPG MEA. IrOx was electrodeposited by performing cyclic voltammetry with an IrOx deposition solution. The IrOx was electrodeposited on Au (EIROF/Au) and on NPG (EIROF/NPG) MEA, and the samples were analyzed in terms of the charge injection limit, charge storage capacity (CSC), and electrochemical impedance. The charge injection limit of the EIROF(100-cycled)/NPG MEA was estimated to be 2.3 mC cm-2 by measuring the voltage transient, and this value is sufficiently greater than the neural damage threshold (ca. 1 mC cm-2) and is also comparable to that of sputtered IrOx films. Considering the low charge injection limit (<0.1 mC cm-2) for the EIROF(100-cycled)/Au MEA, the high charge injection limit for the EIROF/NPG MEA was explained to be a result of synergetic combination of the inherently large surface area of the NPG and electrically active EIROF. The EIROF(100-cycled)/NPG exhibited an impedance of 9.7 ± 0.45 kΩ at 1 kHz and a CSC of 8 mC/cm-2, respectively, obtained via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and integration of the cathodic current in a cyclic voltammogram. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are used to conduct an elemental mapping analysis of the cross-sectional structure of the EIROF/NPG and revealed that the EIROF had been uniformly deposited on the surface of the interconnected Au. The efficacy of the improvement in the charge injection limit of the EIROF/NPG MEA was evaluated with rat hippocampal slices. The EIROF/NPG electrodes exhibited a steeper increase in the negative peak amplitude of the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), even with an electrical stimulation of a lower amplitude (1-4 V), prolonged negative fEPSPs wave after peak response, and decreased serial reduction of fEPSPs compared to NPG MEA, all of which strongly indicate an improved charge injection for the EIROF/NPG MEA over NPG MEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hee Kim
- Synaptic Devices Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute , 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Gook Hwa Kim
- Synaptic Devices Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute , 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine , 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 570-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Don Jung
- Synaptic Devices Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute , 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-700, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Okano K, Hsu HY, Li YK, Masuhara H. In situ patterning and controlling living cells by utilizing femtosecond laser. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|