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Winther AR, Perrin A, Nordraak AOO, Kjos M, Porcellato D. An in vitro evaluation of the effect of antimicrobial treatment on bovine mammary microbiota. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18333. [PMID: 39112607 PMCID: PMC11306798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria have been an increasing problem in human medicine and animal husbandry since the introduction of antimicrobials on the market in the 1940s. Over the last decades, efforts to reduce antimicrobial usage in animal husbandry have been shown to limit the development of resistant bacteria. Despite this, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are still commonly detected and isolated worldwide. In this study, we investigated the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in bovine milk samples using a multiple approach based on culturing and amplicon sequencing. We first enriched milk samples obtained aseptically from bovine udders in the presence of two antimicrobials commonly used to treat mastitis and then described the resistant microbiota by amplicon sequencing and isolate characterization. Our results show that several commensal species and mastitis pathogens harbor antimicrobial resistance and dominate the enriched microbiota in milk in presence of antimicrobial agents. The use of the two different antimicrobials selected for different bacterial taxa and affected the overall microbial composition. These results provide new information on how different antimicrobials can shape the microbiota which is able to survive and reestablish in the udder and point to the fact that antimicrobial resistance is widely spread also in commensal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja R Winther
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens Vei 18, 1433, Ås, Norway.
| | - Aurelie Perrin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens Vei 18, 1433, Ås, Norway
- Institute Agro Dijon, 26 Bd Dr Petitjean, 21079, Dijon, France
| | - Anne O O Nordraak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens Vei 18, 1433, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Morten Kjos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens Vei 18, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Davide Porcellato
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens Vei 18, 1433, Ås, Norway
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Youngblom MA, Imhoff MR, Smyth LM, Mohamed MA, Pepperell CS. Portrait of a generalist bacterium: pathoadaptation, metabolic specialization and extreme environments shape diversity of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.18.553882. [PMID: 37645846 PMCID: PMC10462137 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.18.553882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative staphylococcus found in diverse environments including soil and freshwater, meat, and dairy foods. S. saprophyticus is also an important cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in humans, and mastitis in cattle. However, the genetic determinants of virulence have not yet been identified, and it remains unclear whether there are distinct sub-populations adapted to human and animal hosts. Using a diverse sample of S. saprophyticus isolates from food, animals, environmental sources, and human infections, we characterized the population structure and diversity of global populations of S. saprophyticus . We found that divergence of the two major clades of S. saprophyticus is likely facilitated by barriers to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and differences in metabolism. Using genome-wide association study (GWAS) tools we identified the first Type VII secretion system (T7SS) described in S. saprophyticus and its association with bovine mastitis. Finally, we found that in general, strains of S. saprophyticus from different niches are genetically similar with the exception of built environments, which function as a 'sink' for S. saprophyticus populations. This work increases our understanding of the ecology of S. saprophyticus and of the genomics of bacterial generalists. Data summary Raw sequencing data for newly sequenced S. saprophyticus isolates have been deposited to the NCBI SRA under the project accession PRJNA928770. A list of all genomes used in this work and their associated metadata are available in the supplementary material. Custom scripts used in the comparative genomics and GWAS analyses are available here: https://github.com/myoungblom/sapro_genomics . Impact statement It is not known whether human and cattle diseases caused by S. saprophyticus represent spillover events from a generalist adapted to survive in a range of environments, or whether the capacity to cause disease represents a specific adaptation. Seasonal cycles of S. saprophyticus UTIs and molecular epidemiological evidence suggest that these infections may be environmentally-acquired rather than via transmission from person to person. Using comparative genomics and genome wide association study tools, we found that S. saprophyticus appears adapted to inhabit a wide range of environments (generalist), with isolates from animals, food, natural environments and human infections being closely related. Bacteria that routinely switch environments, particularly between humans and animals, are of particular concern when it comes to the spread of antibiotic resistance from farm environments into human populations. This work provides a framework for comparative genomic analyses of bacterial generalists and furthers our understanding of how bacterial populations move between humans, animals, and the environment.
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First report of the presence of enterotoxin gene in coagulase-negative staphylococci recovered from meat of snails ( Achatina achatina). J Vet Res 2022; 66:161-165. [PMID: 35892102 PMCID: PMC9281525 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been suggested that coagulase-negative staphylococci can serve as reservoirs of virulence genes for other bacteria. This study assessed the presence of such genes in selected isolates recovered from meat of the giant African snail (Achatina achatina). Material and Methods Virulence genes were detected using a polymerase chain reaction targeting specific primers. Two representative isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results The results showed that the staphylococcal enterotoxin A gene (sea) was present in five out of the eight isolates studied. The isolates expressed resistance mainly to three antibiotics: chloramphenicol, norfloxacin and cloxacillin in descending order of incidence. Most importantly, the Staphylococcus sciuri isolate NEDU 181, in addition to being resistant to the three aforementioned antibiotics, also harboured the sea gene. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, the presence of toxigenic and antibiotic-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. in commercially-available fresh snail meat. With staphylococcal enterotoxin A known to survive cooking temperature, this presents a food safety concern.
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Marzoli F, Turchi B, Pedonese F, Torracca B, Bertelloni F, Cilia G, Cerri D, Fratini F. Coagulase negative staphylococci from ovine bulk-tank milk: Effects of the exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of disinfectants for teat-dipping. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 76:101656. [PMID: 33915404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Teat-dipping is one of the most effective methods to prevent mammary infections in ruminants, including sub-clinical mastitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Improper disinfectant application could expose microorganisms to sub-inhibitory concentrations leading to phenotypic variations. In this study, 12 chlorhexidine-digluconate (CHDG)-tolerant (of which 4 qac positive) and 12 benzalkonium chloride (BC)-tolerant (of which 7 qac-positive) CoNS isolates from ovine milk were exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of CHDG and BC, respectively. Changes in disinfectant susceptibility against BC and CHDG, antibiotic resistance against 12 antibiotics and biofilm production were then assessed for both groups. After CHDG stress, 67 % and 83 % of the CHDG-stressed isolates doubled their MICs for BC and CHDG, respectively and 2 qac-negative isolates showed a four-fold increase of their MBCs for CHDG. After BC stress, MICs for BC and CHDG doubled in 58 % and 83 % of the BC-stressed isolates, respectively, while one qac-positive isolate increased four-fold the MIC for BC. Cross-resistance to antibiotics was assessed by disc diffusion method. Some qac-positive isolates varied their resistance profile, while a blaZ-positive isolate showed a resistant phenotype against ampicillin only after the exposure to the disinfectant. As for qac-positive isolates, one CHDG-stressed and 2 BC-stressed increased their resistance to kanamycin and cefoxitin, respectively. The Congo Red Agar test was carried out to assess the in vitro slime production: all isolates were negative after stress. In conclusion, sub-inhibitory exposure to disinfectants may affect disinfectant and antibiotic susceptibility, the latter in particular for qac-positive isolates and those hosting unexpressed antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Marzoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pedonese
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Torracca
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cilia
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
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Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Canine Staphylococcus spp. Isolates. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030515. [PMID: 33801518 PMCID: PMC7998746 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are reservoirs of different Staphylococcus species, but at the same time, they could develop several clinical forms caused by these bacteria. The aim of the present investigation was to characterize 50 clinical Staphylococcus isolates cultured from sick dogs. Bacterial species determination, hemolysins, protease, lipase, gelatinase, slime, and biofilm production, presence of virulence genes (lukS/F-PV, eta, etb, tsst, icaA, and icaD), methicillin resistance, and antimicrobial resistance were investigated. Most isolates (52%) were Staphylococcus pseudointermedius, but 20% and 8% belonged to Staphylococcusxylosus and Staphylococcus chromogenes, respectively. Gelatinase, biofilm, and slime production were very common characters among the investigated strains with 80%, 86%, and 76% positive isolates, respectively. Virulence genes were detected in a very small number of the tested strains. A percentage of 14% of isolates were mecA-positive and phenotypically-resistant to methicillin. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 76% of tested staphylococci; in particular, high levels of resistance were detected for ampicillin, amoxicillin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. In conclusion, although staphylococci are considered to be opportunistic bacteria, the obtained data showed that dogs may be infected by Staphylococcus strains with important virulence characteristics and a high antimicrobial resistance.
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Nasaj M, Saeidi Z, Tahmasebi H, Dehbashi S, Arabestani MR. Prevalence and distribution of resistance and enterotoxins/enterotoxin-like genes in different clinical isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Eur J Med Res 2020; 25:48. [PMID: 33046122 PMCID: PMC7552519 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00447-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) is considered to be the major reservoirs for genes facilitating the evolution of S. aureus as a successful pathogen. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone, determining of the prevalence of insertion sequence elements IS256, IS257 and different superantigens (SAgs) among CoNS isolates obtained from various clinical sources. Materials and methods The current study conducted on a total of the 91 CoNS species recovered from clinical specimens in Hamadan hospitals in western Iran in 2017–2019. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method and the presence of the IS256 and IS257, genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone and enterotoxins/enterotoxin-like encoding genes were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results Among genes encoding classic enterotoxins, sec was the most frequent which was carried by 48.4% of the 91 isolates, followed by seb in 27.5% of the isolates. None of the CoNS isolates was found to be positive to enterotoxin-like encoding genes. In 11(12%) of all isolates that were phenotypically resistant to levofloxacin, 9 isolates (81.8%) were positive for gyrB, 8 isolates (72.7%) were positive for gyrA, 8 isolates (72.7%) harbored grlB and 7 isolates (63.6%) were found to carry grlA. The IS256 and IS257 were identified in 31.8% and 74.7% of the isolates, respectively. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant association between the occurrence of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) encoding genes and antimicrobial resistance. Conclusion Antimicrobial resistant determinants and SEs are co-present in clinical CoNS isolates that confer selective advantage for colonization and survival in hospital settings. The coexistence of insertion elements and antibiotic resistance indicate their role in pathogenesis and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Nasaj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran
| | - Zahra Saeidi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran
| | - Hamed Tahmasebi
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Sanaz Dehbashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran. .,Nutrition Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR, Iran.
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Frequency and Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Wild Birds in Spain. Detection of tst-Carrying S. sciuri Isolates. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091317. [PMID: 32872433 PMCID: PMC7564563 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) species from wild birds in Spain, as well as to analyze the antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype and the virulence gene content. During 2015–2016, tracheal samples of 242 wild birds were collected in different regions of Spain for staphylococci recovery. The species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF. The antimicrobial resistance phenotype and genotype was investigated by the disk diffusion method and by PCR, respectively. The presence of the virulence genes lukF/S-PV, tst, eta, etb, etd and scn was investigated by PCR. Moreover, CoNS carrying the mecA gene were subjected to SCCmec typing. Of the tested animals, 60% were CoNS-carriers, and 173 CoNS isolates were recovered from the 146 positive animals, which belonged to 11 species, with predominance of S. sciuri (n = 118) and S. lentus (n = 25). A total of 34% of CoNS isolates showed a multidrug resistance phenotype, and 42 mecA-positive methicillin-resistant CoNS (MRCoNS) were detected. The isolates showed resistance to the following antimicrobials (percentage of resistant isolates/antimicrobial resistance genes detected): penicillin (49/ blaZ, mecA), cefoxitin (24/ mecA), erythromycin and/or clindamycin (92/ erm(B), erm(C), erm(43), msr(A), mph(C), lnu(A), lsa(B), vga(A) and sal(A)), gentamicin and/or tobramycin (5/ aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, ant(4′)-Ia), streptomycin (12/str), tetracycline (17/ tet(K), tet(L), tet(M)), ciprofloxacin (4), chloramphenicol (1/ fexA), fusidic acid (86/ fusB, fusD) and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (1/ dfrK). None of the isolates harbored the lukF/S-PV, eta, etb, etd and scn genes, but two S. sciuri isolates (1%) carried the tst gene. Wild birds are frequently colonized by CoNS species, especially S. sciuri. We identified scavenging on intensively produced livestock and feeding on landfills as risk factors for CoNS carriage. High proportions of MRCoNS and multidrug resistant CoNS were detected, which coupled with the presence of important virulence genes is of concern.
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Ruiz-Ripa L, Feßler AT, Hanke D, Eichhorn I, Azcona-Gutiérrez JM, Alonso CA, Pérez-Moreno MO, Aspiroz C, Bellés A, Schwarz S, Torres C. Mechanisms of Linezolid Resistance Among Clinical Staphylococcus spp. in Spain: Spread of Methicillin- and Linezolid-Resistant S. epidermidis ST2. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:145-153. [PMID: 32456543 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the mechanisms of linezolid resistance and the molecular characteristics of clinical Staphylococcus aureus (n = 2) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 15) isolates obtained from four Spanish hospitals. The detection of linezolid resistance mechanisms (mutations and acquisition of resistance genes) was performed by PCR/sequencing. The antimicrobial resistance and virulence profile was determined, and the isolates were typed by different molecular techniques. Moreover, the genetic environment of the cfr gene was determined by whole-genome sequencing. The cfr gene was detected in one methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) that also displayed the amino acid change Val118Ala in the ribosomal protein L4. The second S. aureus isolate was methicillin susceptible and showed different alterations in the ribosomal protein L4. All remaining linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 14) and Staphylococcus hominis isolates (n = 1) showed the mutation G2576T (n = 14) or C2534T (n = 1) in the 23S rRNA. Moreover, different amino acid changes were detected in the ribosomal proteins L3 and L4 in S. epidermidis isolates. All S. epidermidis isolates belonged to the multilocus sequence type ST2. Linezolid-resistant staphylococci (LRS) showed a multiresistance phenotype, including methicillin resistance that was detected in all isolates but one, and was mediated by the mecA gene. The cfr gene in the MRSA isolate was located together with the fexA gene on a conjugative 38,864 bp plasmid. Linezolid- and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis ST2 showing mutations in the 23S rRNA and in the ribosomal proteins L3 and L4 are spread among Spanish hospitals, whereas LRS carrying acquired linezolid resistance genes are rarely detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ruiz-Ripa
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Aspiroz
- Servicio Microbiología, Hospital Royo-Villanova, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alba Bellés
- Sección Microbiología, Hospital Universitari Arnau Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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Ruiz-Ripa L, Feßler AT, Hanke D, Sanz S, Olarte C, Mama OM, Eichhorn I, Schwarz S, Torres C. Coagulase-negative staphylococci carrying cfr and PVL genes, and MRSA/MSSA-CC398 in the swine farm environment. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108631. [PMID: 32273010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed at characterizing four Staphylococcus aureus and 68 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), recovered from the air and liquid manure tank of two swine farms with intensive- and semi-extensive-production types, for their antimicrobial resistance pheno-/genotypes and their virulence gene content. Molecular typing was performed by spa typing, MLST, agr typing, and SCCmec typing, where applicable. Conjugation experiments were performed to assess the transferability of the linezolid resistance gene cfr, and its genetic environment was determined by Whole-Genome-Sequencing. The four S. aureus (intensive-production farm, IP-farm) were typed as t011-agrI-CC398-ST398, were scn-negative and two of them were methicillin-resistant (MRSA) with the mecA gene (SCCmec-V). Multidrug resistance was seen in 87 % of the CoNS. Statistically significant differences among the antimicrobial resistance rates of CoNS from the two farms were observed for cefoxitin, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Eight methicillin-resistant CoNS, which were recovered from the IP-farm, carried the mecA gene. One S. simulans isolate was PVL-positive and three S. cohnii eta-positive. One S. equorum and one S. arlettae showed linezolid resistance and carried the cfr gene (IP-farm), which was non-transferable by conjugation into S. aureus. The cfr genetic context in both isolates was identical, with the lsa(B) gene located upstream of cfr. The environment of swine farms might contribute to the dissemination of CoNS that show multidrug resistance and harbor important virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ruiz-Ripa
- Department of Food and Agriculture, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susana Sanz
- Department of Food and Agriculture, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Olarte
- Department of Food and Agriculture, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Torres
- Department of Food and Agriculture, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
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Helak I, Daczkowska-Kozon EG, Dłubała AA. Short communication: Enterotoxigenic potential of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine milk in Poland. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3076-3081. [PMID: 32037175 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to assess the enterotoxigenic potential of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from bovine milk in Poland. We analyzed CNS isolates collected from 133 bovine milk batches from dairy farms in the Western Pomerania district during 2 milking seasons. A total of 163 isolates were screened by multiplex/duplex PCR for the presence of 18 of 25 enterotoxin genes identified so far in Staphylococcus aureus. The CNS strains presumed to be potentially enterotoxigenic were identified at the species level based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. Based on the presence of an amplicon matching D, G, or O enterotoxin genes, we initially identified 32 of the 163 CNS isolates tested as potentially enterotoxigenic. However, only 8 of these strains were confirmed as such. All 8 of these CNS strains, identified as Staphylococcus haemolyticus, harbored the seg genes, a prerequisite for enterotoxin G production, but so far not connected with staphylococcal foodborne poisoning cases. None of the CNS bovine milk isolates tested was a potential producer of classical A to E staphylococcal enterotoxins. Results of our surveys revealed a low prevalence of enterotoxigenic CNS among the milk isolates from dairy farms in the Western Pomerania district, Poland, suggesting that they pose only a mild health risk in milk. In our opinion, confirmed formation of nonspecific amplicons leading to false-positive results excludes multiplex/duplex PCR as the sole method for assessing the enterotoxigenic potential of CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Helak
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-459-Szczecin, Poland
| | - E G Daczkowska-Kozon
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-459-Szczecin, Poland
| | - A A Dłubała
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-459-Szczecin, Poland.
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Turchi B, Bertelloni F, Marzoli F, Cerri D, Tola S, Azara E, Longheu CM, Tassi R, Schiavo M, Cilia G, Fratini F. Coagulase negative staphylococci from ovine milk: Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of susceptibility to antibiotics, disinfectants and biofilm production. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.106030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abbondio M, Fois I, Longheu C, Azara E, Tola S. Biofilm production, quorum sensing system and analysis of virulence factors of Staphylococcus epidermidis collected from sheep milk samples. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Comprehensive Virulence Gene Profiling of Bovine Non- aureus Staphylococci Based on Whole-Genome Sequencing Data. mSystems 2019; 4:mSystems00098-18. [PMID: 30863792 PMCID: PMC6401416 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00098-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are the most frequently isolated pathogens from milk in dairy cattle worldwide. The virulence factors (VFs) and mechanisms by which these bacteria cause udder infection are not fully known. We determined the distribution and associations of 191 VFs in 25 NAS species and investigated the relationship between VFs and disease. Although the overall number of VFs was not associated with disease severity, increasing numbers of toxin and host immune evasion genes specifically were associated with more severe disease outcomes. These findings suggest that the development of disease and the interactions of VFs with the host are complex and determined by the interplay of genes rather than just the presence of virulence genes. Together, our results provide foundational genetic knowledge to other researchers to design and conduct further experiments, focusing on understanding the synergy between VFs and roles of individual NAS species in IMI and characterizing species-specific effects on udder health. Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are the most frequently isolated pathogens from intramammary infection (IMI) in dairy cattle. Virulence factors (VFs) and mechanisms by which NAS cause IMI are not fully known. Herein, we analyzed the distribution of 191 VFs in 441 genomes of 25 NAS species, after classifying VFs into functional categories: adherence (n = 28), exoenzymes (n = 21), immune evasion (n = 20), iron metabolism (n = 29), and toxins (n = 93). In addition to establishing VF gene profiles, associations of VF genes between and among functional categories were computed, revealing distinctive patterns of association among VFs for various NAS species. Associations were also computed for low, medium, and high somatic cell count (SCC) and clinical mastitis (CM) isolates, demonstrating distinctive patterns of associations for low SCC and CM isolates, but no differences between high SCC and CM isolates. To determine whether VF distributions had any association with SCC or CM, various clustering approaches, including complete linkages, Ward clustering, and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, were applied. However, no clustering of isolates representing low SCC, medium SCC, or high SCC or CM was identified. Regression analysis to test for associations with individual VF functional categories demonstrated that each additional toxin and host immune evasion gene increased the odds of having high SCC or CM, although an overall increase in the number of VFs was not associated with increased SCC or occurrence of CM. In conclusion, we established comprehensive VF gene profiling, determined VF gene distributions and associations, calculated pathogenic potentials of all NAS species, and detected no clear link between VF genes and mastitis. IMPORTANCE Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are the most frequently isolated pathogens from milk in dairy cattle worldwide. The virulence factors (VFs) and mechanisms by which these bacteria cause udder infection are not fully known. We determined the distribution and associations of 191 VFs in 25 NAS species and investigated the relationship between VFs and disease. Although the overall number of VFs was not associated with disease severity, increasing numbers of toxin and host immune evasion genes specifically were associated with more severe disease outcomes. These findings suggest that the development of disease and the interactions of VFs with the host are complex and determined by the interplay of genes rather than just the presence of virulence genes. Together, our results provide foundational genetic knowledge to other researchers to design and conduct further experiments, focusing on understanding the synergy between VFs and roles of individual NAS species in IMI and characterizing species-specific effects on udder health.
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Corbeil A, Labrie J, Goetz C, Dufour S, Doghri I, Rivière L, Jacques M. Short communication: Search for superantigen genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine milk in Canada. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2008-2010. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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De Visscher A, Piepers S, Haesebrouck F, Supré K, De Vliegher S. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species in bulk milk: Prevalence, distribution, and associated subgroup- and species-specific risk factors. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:629-642. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pedroso S, Sandes S, Luiz K, Dias R, Filho R, Serufo J, Farias L, Carvalho M, Bomfim M, Santos S. Biofilm and toxin profile: A phenotypic and genotypic characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from human bloodstream infections. Microb Pathog 2016; 100:312-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kürekci C. Short communication: Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and resistant traits of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from cheese samples in Turkey. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2675-2679. [PMID: 26874419 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 17 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolates obtained from 72 cheese samples were included in this study. Coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates obtained in this study comprised 6 (35.3%) Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 3 (17.6%) Staphylococcus epidermidis, 2 (11.8%) Staphylococcus hominis, 2 (11.8%) Staphylococcus haemolyticus, 1 (5.9%) Staphylococcus xylosus, 1 (5.9%) Staphylococcus vitulinus, 1 (5.9%) Staphylococcus lentus, and 1 (5.9%) Staphylococcus warneri. The disc diffusion assay revealed that the highest occurrence of resistance was found for penicillin (76.5%), erythromycin (35.3%), tetracycline (29.4%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (17.6%) among CNS isolates. However, all CNS isolates were found to be susceptible to vancomycin, streptomycin, linezolid, and gentamycin. Of the isolates, 64.7% carried at least one of the following antimicrobial resistance genes: mecA, tet(M), erm(B), blaZ, ant(4')-la, aph(3')-IIIa, and lnu(A). The results suggest that improved hygienic conditions, such as safer handling of raw milk, proper cleaning, and sanitation during the manufacturing in the dairies, are urgently needed in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Kürekci
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
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