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Li K, Chen L, Wang K, Jiang X, Ji Y, Fang S, Wei H. Emotional problems mediate the association between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity in adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:381. [PMID: 37259044 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been identified as a risk factor for obesity in both children and adolescents. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between ADHD and obesity are still unclear. This study aimed to test a theoretical model of whether anxiety/depression is an intermediary factor in the ADHD-obesity relationship. METHODS Data were derived from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a principal source of information on the health of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. A total of 35,108 adolescents aged 12-17 years old from 2010-2015 NHIS and 2016-2018 NHIS representing 46,550,729 individuals in the weighted population, had a parent-reported previous ADHD diagnosis, emotional problems, and height and weight data. Mediation analyses were used to explore whether anxiety/depression is an intermediary factor in the relationship between ever having ADHD and obesity. Mediation analyses were performed using multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS The findings showed that ADHD was a predictor of obesity. This relationship was partially mediated by depression(2010-2015: β=0.28, 95%CI:0.13-0.43; 2016-2018: β=0.26, 95%CI:0.03-0.49), as well as anxiety (2010-2015: β=0.28, 95%CI:0.18-0.38). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests the hypothetical role of depression and anxiety as underlying mechanisms in the association between ever having ADHD and obesity in adolescents. When treating children with ADHD, clinicians need to be particularly attentive to whether they show emotional problems and use interventions to eliminate anxiety/depression to protect against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, (Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center), Fujian Children's Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, 1st Affiliated Hospital to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Wuhan Children's Hospital(Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiting Ji
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuanfeng Fang
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Harris HA, Bowling A, Santos S, Greaves‐Lord K, Jansen PW. Child ADHD and autistic traits, eating behaviours and weight: A population-based study. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12951. [PMID: 35751176 PMCID: PMC9786764 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have an increased obesity risk. Although these conditions commonly co-occur, shared factors relating to obesity risk are unknown. OBJECTIVES To examine the shared and unique associations of ADHD and autistic traits with eating behaviours and BMI. METHODS Children (N = 4134) from the population-based Generation R Study were categorized into subgroups based on parent-reported ADHD and autistic traits scores at 6 years: ADHDHigh , ASDHigh , ADHD+ASDHigh and REF (reference group: ADHD+ASDLow ). Multiple linear regressions examined the associations between subgroups and eating behaviours (at 10 years) and BMIz (at 14 years), relative to REF. Mediation analyses tested the indirect effect of subgroup and BMIz through eating behaviours. RESULTS ADHD + ASDHigh children expressed both food approach (increased food responsiveness and emotional overeating) and avoidant eating behaviours (increased emotional undereating, satiety responsiveness/ slowness in eating and picky eating, and decreased enjoyment in food). ASDHigh children were more food avoidant, while ADHDHigh children had more food approach behaviours and greater BMIz. ADHDHigh and BMIz were indirectly associated with food responsiveness and emotional overeating. CONCLUSIONS ADHD and autistic trait phenotypes show distinct associations with potential obesity risk factors, and further research is needed to improve targeted early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Harris
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus MC, University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands,Generation R StudyErasmus MC, University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - April Bowling
- Department of Public Health and NutritionMerrimack College, School of Health SciencesNorth AndoverMassachusettsUSA,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Susana Santos
- Generation R StudyErasmus MC, University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands,Department of PediatricsErasmus MC – Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Greaves‐Lord
- Department of PediatricsErasmus MC – Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands,Department of PsychologyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,Autisme Team North‐NetherlandJonx part of Lentis Psychiatric InstituteGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Pauline W. Jansen
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus MC, University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands,Generation R StudyErasmus MC, University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Psychology, Education & Child StudiesErasmus University RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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3
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Ravi P, Khan S. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Association With Obesity and Eating Disorders. Cureus 2020; 12:e12085. [PMID: 33489503 PMCID: PMC7805502 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common treatable psychiatric illnesses that affect all age groups from children to adults. Most commonly it is diagnosed in childhood or during teenage years. It can affect the mental and physical health of an individual and disrupt normal academic, career, and social functioning. The quality of life of the individual is affected; thus if diagnosed and treated, the results are good. Obesity and eating disorders are one of the comorbidities associated with ADHD and can lead to various other health problems. This study was done to find out the association between ADHD, obesity, eating disorders, and the effect of medication. We collected data from various studies through multiple electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. We found 8610 relevant articles and finally narrowed it down to 30 using various criteria. An association was found between ADHD, obesity, and eating disorders, although the mechanism linking ADHD, obesity, and eating disorders still remains unclear according to most studies. Some studies say ADHD medication helps in losing gained weight; some say they do not affect the weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Ravi
- Psychiatry, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Safeera Khan
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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4
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Yang Y, Duan C, Huang L, Xia X, Zhong Z, Wang B, Wang Y, Ding W. Juvenile high-fat diet-induced senescent glial cells in the medial prefrontal cortex drives neuropsychiatric behavioral abnormalities in mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 395:112838. [PMID: 32750465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in regulating anxiety-like phenotypes and social behaviors, and impairments in this brain region has been linked to social deficits in mammals. Childhood obesity is associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric behavioral abnormalities, including attenuated social preference and increased anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood. However, little data are available on the impact of obesity during adolescence on PFC-dependent behaviors. Herein, we use the mice pups to illuminate whether and how high-fat diet (HFD) feeding in adolescence affects medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)-dependent behaviors, and what the underlying cellular and molecular mechanism is. We found that juvenile HFD feeding results in the accumulation of senescent astrocytes and microglia in the mPFC of mice. Furthermore, we found a causal link between the accumulation of senescent glial cells and HFD-induced neuropsychiatric behavioral abnormalities. Pharmacological clearance of senescent glial cells in HFD-fed mice enhances neuronal activity and reserves synaptic excitatory/inhibitory balance, thus preserving normal behaviors. Collectively, these results show that senescent glial cells play a significant role in the initiation and progression of juvenile obesity-mediated neuropsychiatric behavioral abnormalities, and suggest that targeting senescent glial cells may provide a therapeutic avenue for the treatment of obesity-related neuropsychiatric disorders in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China.
| | - Chengxing Duan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiuwen Xia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhanqiong Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Baojia Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yili Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Weijun Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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von Gontard A, Mattheus H, Anagnostakou A, Sambach H, Breuer M, Kiefer K, Holländer T, Hussong J. Behavioral comorbidity, overweight, and obesity in children with incontinence: An analysis of 1638 cases. Neurourol Urodyn 2020; 39:1985-1993. [PMID: 32806882 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Children with nocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), and fecal incontinence (FI) are at risk for behavioral problems, overweight, and obesity. The aim of this study was to analyze the specific behavioral and weight comorbidity in subtypes of incontinence. METHODS A total of 1638 consecutive patients presented to a tertiary incontinence clinic from 2012 to 2018 was examined prospectively according to ICCS criteria. Behavioral symptoms were measured with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed according to ICD-10 criteria. Weight categories were calculated according to WHO recommendations. RESULTS The mean age was 7.8 years, 67% of patients were male. Fifty-seven percent had NE (n = 934), 33% DUI (n = 547), and 40% FI (n = 656). Boys had significantly higher rates of NE and FI than girls. Of all children, 39.2% (n = 539) had a clinically relevant CBCL total score. A total of 28.3% (n = 463) had an ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis, mainly ODD and ADHD, and 28.6% (n = 463) were overweight or obese. Boys were more often affected by behavioral symptoms, psychiatric disorders, and overweight/obesity. Children with NE had the highest rate of overweight/obesity. Except for primary nonmonosymptomatic NE, subtypes of incontinence did not differ regarding behavioral symptoms and weight categories. However, overweight/obesity was significantly associated with behavioral and psychiatric parameters. CONCLUSIONS Behavioral symptoms and psychiatric disorders, as well as overweight/obesity are important risk factors associated with incontinence, but the interaction between these factors is complex. In clinical settings, all children with incontinence should be screened with behavioral questionnaires. Also, weight should be measured, and overweight/obesity should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von Gontard
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Mattheus
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Anagnostakou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Heike Sambach
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Breuer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kiefer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Holländer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Justine Hussong
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
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Development and validation of a short form Children's power of Food Scale. Appetite 2019; 147:104549. [PMID: 31809813 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a shortened form of the Children's Power of Food Scale (C-PFS), which measures anticipated reward from consuming highly palatable foods (i.e., hedonic hunger). Presently, two gaps exist with the C-PFS: the need for a shorter tighter measure, and evidence to support similar item function across populations. METHOD Ninth grade students (N = 3277; 14.1 ± 0.4 years; 53.5% Female; 47% Hispanic) from 10 Los Angeles high schools completed the C-PFS and other surveys in class. Factor analysis, graded response modeling, and differential item functioning explored the structure of the 15 C-PFS items and identified a reduced set that parsimoniously taps hedonic hunger across the latent continuum and exhibits item-level invariance across sex, race/ethnicity, and weight status. Construct validity was examined via associations of self-reported dietary intake, impulsivity, and body mass index (BMI) to C-PFS scores. RESULTS Factor analytic models supported a single, primary dimension of hedonic hunger that accounted for 61% of the variance across all 15-items (α = 0.94). Adequate severity, discriminatory ability, and non-overlapping item-difficulty were observed for 11-items, of which 9-items were found to have item-level invariance across demographic and weight status groupings. Poor performing items were removed to create a 9-item scale (C-PFS-9; α = 0.93). Construct validity was demonstrated as higher C-PFS-9 scores were significantly related to greater sweet (β = 0.32, [95%CI = 0.23, 0.41], p < .001) and fatty food intake (β = 0.34, [95%CI = 0.26, 0.43], p < .001) and impulsivity resulting from positive (β = 0.11, [95%CI = 0.02, 0.21], p < .05) and negative mood (β = 0.36, [95%CI = 0.28, 0.45], p < .001). Females, relative to males, reported higher C-PFS-9 scores (β = 0.10, [95%CI = 0.02, 0.17], p < .05) and associations with BMI were mixed. CONCLUSION The C-PFS-9 possesses excellent psychometric properties and retains the original construct coverage of hedonic hunger without a marked decrease in information obtained.
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Ben Amor L, Lachal J. [Impulsivity and obesity in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A clinical, neuropsychological and magnetic resonance spectroscopy exploratory study]. Encephale 2019; 45:494-500. [PMID: 31492416 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Relationship between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and obesity in adults and children had previously been established in research studies. Brain imaging studies pointed out the important role of the prefrontal region in both ADHD and obesity. However, the underlying link between ADHD and obesity is not well understood. The hypothesis that impulsivity could play a role has been explored in clinical studies of ADHD and Binge Eating Disorders or Loss of Control Eating, with contradictory results. Our study aims to compare children with ADHD and obesity to children with ADHD and normal weight. We propose to compare these two populations with clinical, neuropsychological and brain spectroscopy investigation, focusing specifically on impulsivity items. METHOD Ten children presenting overweight or obesity were selected from a larger population of children with ADHD (5-12y) and paired with regard to gender and age with ten children with ADHD and normal weight from the same population. Conners Rating scales version parents (CPRS) and teachers (CTRS), Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPT-II), and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) metabolites in five regions of interest (left and right prefrontal, left and right striatal and left cerebellum regions) were measured for all the children. For MRS, ratio to creatinine levels of following metabolites were measured: glycerophosphocholine+phosphocholine/creatinine (GPC+PCh/Cr), glutamate+glutamine (Glu+Gln/Cr), myoinositol (mI/Cr) et N-acétylaspartate+N-acétylaspartylglutamate (NAA+NAAG/Cr). RESULTS Hyperactivity/Impusivity and Conners Global Index (CGI) subscales of Conners rating scales showed a higher rate of impulsivity in children with ADHD and obesity as compared to children with ADHD and normal weight. Neuropsychological results were comparable in the two groups. Finally, MRS showed a higher GPC+PCh/Cr ratio in right prefrontal cortex in children with ADHD and obesity as compared to children with ADHD and normal weight. CONCLUSIONS Our results are concordant with the hypothesis that impulsivity could be the link between obesity and ADHD in a population of children with ADHD. The right prefrontal regions seem to be areas of interests that need more research in the study of the link between obesity and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ben Amor
- Département de psychiatrie, CHU de Sainte-Justine, 3175, chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Département de psychiatrie, université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - J Lachal
- Département de psychiatrie, université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; APHP, hôpital Cochin, Maison de Solenn, 75014 Paris, France; Université de Paris, PCPP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Inserm, CESP, faculté de médecine, UVSQ, université Paris-Sud, université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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8
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Agnafors S, Norman Kjellström A, Torgerson J, Rusner M. Somatic comorbidity in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:1517-1525. [PMID: 30895480 PMCID: PMC6800882 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the adult population, psychiatric disorders are associated with somatic illness. Explanatory life style factors have been found, but also a failure to recognize somatic illness in this group. Another factor is side effects from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs. Given the psychiatric-somatic comorbidity in the adult population, it is of interest to investigate whether an association exists already during childhood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of somatic illness in children and adolescents with a psychiatric diagnose. Data were obtained from the regional health care database Vega, Sweden. Psychiatric and somatic diagnoses obtained during 2011-2013 for individuals aged 3-18 years were extracted. Descriptive statistics were used to examine difference in somatic morbidity between children with and without psychiatric diagnoses. Logistic regression was used in age-stratified models to test the association between psychiatric and somatic diagnoses. Anxiety and behavioral disorders were associated with all somatic conditions investigated at nearly all ages. The same applied to substance use, investigated at age 9-18 years. Affective disorders were associated with all somatic conditions at age 12-18 years. Psychotic conditions were associated with asthma, bowel disorders and myalgia in adolescents. Children with psychiatric disorders are at remarkably high risk for concurrent somatic illness. The associations span across many types of conditions and across all ages. The results support the need for awareness of somatic morbidity in child and adolescent psychiatric clinical settings, and the need for coordinated health care for children with comorbid states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Agnafors
- Division of Children's and Women's Health, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden. .,Department of Research, Södra Älvsborgs Hospital, Borås, Sweden.
| | - Anna Norman Kjellström
- Department of Data Management and Analysis, Head Office, Region Västra Götaland, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Jarl Torgerson
- Department of Psychosis, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marie Rusner
- Department of Research, Södra Älvsborgs Hospital, Borås, Sweden ,Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Vevera J, Zarrei M, Hartmannová H, Jedličková I, Mušálková D, Přistoupilová A, Oliveriusová P, Trešlová H, Nosková L, Hodaňová K, Stránecký V, Jiřička V, Preiss M, Příhodová K, Šaligová J, Wei J, Woodbury-Smith M, Bleyer AJ, Scherer SW, Kmoch S. Rare copy number variation in extremely impulsively violent males. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12536. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vevera
- Department of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine; Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
- Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education; Prague Czech Republic
- Psychology Department; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Hana Hartmannová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Jedličková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Dita Mušálková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Anna Přistoupilová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petra Oliveriusová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Helena Trešlová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Nosková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hodaňová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Jiřička
- Prison Service of the Czech Republic, Directorate General; Department of Psychology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Marek Preiss
- Psychology Department; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
- Psychology Department; University of New York in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Příhodová
- Psychology Department; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Jana Šaligová
- Children's Faculty Hospital; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Kosice Slovakia
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Pavel Jozef Šafárik University Kosice; Kosice Slovakia
| | - John Wei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Marc Woodbury-Smith
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Anthony J. Bleyer
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Medical Center Blvd.; Winston-Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
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