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Pec M, Ferreira EA, Peñaflor MFGV. Association of Non-host Crop Plants with Mandarin in Host Location and Survival of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:304-313. [PMID: 38091236 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Research efforts have been made to develop novel tactics, such as those targeting behavioral control, for management of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), vector of the causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing. Here, we investigated whether association of "Ponkan" mandarin (Citrus reticulata) with volatiles from non-host crops: avocado, passion fruit or coffee, alters host location by the Asian citrus psyllid; and whether they can be temporary hosts for the Asian citrus psyllid. In wind tunnel assays, we found that the association of mandarin seedling with avocado plant volatiles reduced in 30% the number of psyllids sitting on host plants compared to the mandarin alone. In contrast, passion fruit plant volatiles facilitated host location by psyllids, which found mandarin seedlings faster than when exposed to mandarin alone. The association with coffee volatiles did not alter the attractiveness of mandarin to the Asian citrus psyllid. Survival and half-lethal time (LT50) of D. citri fed on non-host plants were longer than those insects with water only, but shorter than those fed on mandarin. Among the non-host plants, D. citri performed better in coffee, followed by avocado and passion fruit plants. Our results indicate that the association of mandarin with avocado plant can be beneficial for Asian citrus psyllid management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Pec
- Dept of Entomology, Lab of Chemical Ecology of Insect-Plant Interaction (LEQIIP), Univ Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Univ of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Fernanda G V Peñaflor
- Dept of Entomology, Lab of Chemical Ecology of Insect-Plant Interaction (LEQIIP), Univ Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
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2
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Miranda MP, Fitches EC, Sukiran NA, Eduardo WI, Garcia RB, Jaciani FJ, Readshaw JJ, Bell J, Peña L. Spider venom neurotoxin based bioinsecticides: A novel bioactive for the control of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera). Toxicon 2024; 239:107616. [PMID: 38218384 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is a key vector of the phloem-limited bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) associated with huanglongbing (HLB), the most serious and currently incurable disease of citrus worldwide. Here we report the first investigation into the potential use of a spider venom-derived recombinant neurotoxin, ω/κ-HxTx-Hv1h (hereafter HxTx-Hv1h) when delivered alone or when fused to snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) to control D. citri. Proteins, including GNA alone, were purified from fermented transformed yeast Pichia pastoris cultures. Recombinant HxTx-Hv1h, HxTx-Hv1h/GNA and GNA were all orally toxic to D. citri, with Day 5 median lethal concentrations (LC50) derived from dose-response artificial diet assays of 27, 20 and 52 μM, respectively. Western analysis of whole insect protein extracts confirmed that psyllid mortality was attributable to protein ingestion and that the fusion protein was stable to cleavage by D. citri proteases. When applied topically (either via droplet or spray) HxTx-Hv1h/GNA was the most effective of the proteins causing >70 % mortality 5 days post treatment, some 2 to 3-fold higher levels of mortality as compared to the toxin alone. By contrast, no significant mortality or phenotypic effects were observed for bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.) fed on the recombinant proteins in acute toxicity assays. This suggests that HxTx-Hv1h/GNA has potential as a novel bioinsecticide for the management of D. citri offering both enhanced target specificity as compared to chemical pesticides and compatibility with integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo P Miranda
- Fund for Citrus Protection (Fundecitrus), Research and Development, Avenida Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 201, 14807- 040, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Fitches
- School of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
| | - Nur Afiqah Sukiran
- School of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Wellington I Eduardo
- Fund for Citrus Protection (Fundecitrus), Research and Development, Avenida Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 201, 14807- 040, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael B Garcia
- Fund for Citrus Protection (Fundecitrus), Research and Development, Avenida Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 201, 14807- 040, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabrício J Jaciani
- Fund for Citrus Protection (Fundecitrus), Research and Development, Avenida Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 201, 14807- 040, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Jennifer J Readshaw
- School of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Bell
- School of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Leandro Peña
- Instituto de Biologıa Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMCP-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
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Marin DR, Eduardo WI, Diniz AJF, Miranda MP, Zanardi OZ, Tomaseto AF, Garcia AG, Parra JRP, Volpe HXL. Density and Dispersal Radius of Tamarixia radiata for Control of Diaphorina citri in Citrus Groves. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s13744-023-01056-y. [PMID: 37369981 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) is the main parasitoid wasp released in abandoned, organic, and non-commercial citrus groves and in orange jasmine areas for biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (a vector of bacteria associated with huanglongbing), as a control tactic in a strategy termed External Management. The effectiveness of parasitism is influenced by the release density and radius of action of this parasitoid. This study determined the optimal release density and radius of action of T. radiata in a commercial citrus grove. Parasitoids were released at five densities (200, 400, 800, 1,600, and 3,200 wasps/ha) at the center of circular areas with four different radii (7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30 m). The parasitism rate was assessed using 'Valencia' sweet orange seedlings, each bearing 35 D. citri fourth-instar nymphs, attached to 26-year-old 'Valencia' sweet orange trees along the perimeter of each radius. For the 7.5-m radius, the highest parasitism rate (74.1%) was observed at the density of 3,200 wasps/ha. However, for the 15-m radius, the density of 3,200 wasps/ha resulted in lower parasitism (30.7%) of D. citri nymphs. No parasitism was observed for densities lower than 800 wasps/ha and release radii above 15 m. The highest parasitoid dispersal radius and area were 18.04 m and 114.02 m2, respectively, when 3,200 wasps were released. Therefore, 3,200 wasps/ha arranged at 56 equidistant release points (approximately 57 wasps/release point) is the recommended protocol for biological control of D. citri in citrus groves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Rogério Marin
- Fund for Citrus Protection, Research and Development Dept, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- Citrosuco Agroindústria S.A. Research and Development Dept, Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wellington Ivo Eduardo
- Fund for Citrus Protection, Research and Development Dept, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre José Ferreira Diniz
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Engineering, Department of Plant Protection, Rural Engineering and Soils (DEFERS), São Paulo, Ilha Solteira, Brazil
| | | | - Odimar Zanuzo Zanardi
- Federal Institute of Santa Catarina (IFSC), Santa Catarina, São Miguel do Oeste, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano Gomes Garcia
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Dept of Entomology and Acarology, São Paulo Univ (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Postali Parra
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Dept of Entomology and Acarology, São Paulo Univ (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Liu X, Gmitter FG, Grosser JW, Wang Y. Effects of rootstocks on the flavor quality of huanglongbing-affected sweet orange juices using targeted flavoromics strategy. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5590-5599. [PMID: 36819231 PMCID: PMC9929620 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08182b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus greening disease or Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most destructive diseases affecting all varieties of citrus worldwide. Aimed at optimizing the scion/rootstock combination to improve HLB-affected orange juice quality, a flavoromics strategy was used to investigate the effects of six different rootstocks (CH, blue, 1804, FG, SW, and Volk) on flavor quality of HLB affected orange juices. A sensory quality test was conducted by a panel to evaluate the sensory attributes of different orange juices. The orange juice from rootstock CH had the best flavor quality with highest sweetness, low sourness and bitterness, while rootstocks Volk and FG produced the poorest quality orange juices. Chemical profile analysis resulted in semi-quantification of 89 metabolites including 57 nonvolatile compounds and 32 volatile compounds using UHPLC-MS and GC-MS, respectively. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that some specific sugar and sugar alcohols including raffinose, xylose, rhamnose, glucose, sorbitol, and myo-inositol made a strong positive contribution to sweetness. Meanwhile, several amino acids including alanine, glutamic acid, proline, arginine, serine, asparagine, as well as aspartic acid were responsible for positive flavor quality. On the other hand, some nucleotides and limonin increased bitterness. In addition, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated different rootstocks could affect aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, ABC transporters, and monoterpenoid biosynthesis. These results indicated different rootstocks can change specific metabolites and thus affect the flavor quality of orange juices. This study also provides reference for optimizing the scion/rootstock combination to improve HLB-affected orange juice quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida Lake Alfred Florida 33850 USA .,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Frederick G. Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of FloridaLake AlfredFlorida 33850USA
| | - Jude W. Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of FloridaLake AlfredFlorida 33850USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida Lake Alfred Florida 33850 USA .,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
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Ghosh D, Kokane S, Savita BK, Kumar P, Sharma AK, Ozcan A, Kokane A, Santra S. Huanglongbing Pandemic: Current Challenges and Emerging Management Strategies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:plants12010160. [PMID: 36616289 PMCID: PMC9824665 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB, aka citrus greening), one of the most devastating diseases of citrus, has wreaked havoc on the global citrus industry in recent decades. The culprit behind such a gloomy scenario is the phloem-limited bacteria "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas), which are transmitted via psyllid. To date, there are no effective long-termcommercialized control measures for HLB, making it increasingly difficult to prevent the disease spread. To combat HLB effectively, introduction of multipronged management strategies towards controlling CLas population within the phloem system is deemed necessary. This article presents a comprehensive review of up-to-date scientific information about HLB, including currently available management practices and unprecedented challenges associated with the disease control. Additionally, a triangular disease management approach has been introduced targeting pathogen, host, and vector. Pathogen-targeting approaches include (i) inhibition of important proteins of CLas, (ii) use of the most efficient antimicrobial or immunity-inducing compounds to suppress the growth of CLas, and (iii) use of tools to suppress or kill the CLas. Approaches for targeting the host include (i) improvement of the host immune system, (ii) effective use of transgenic variety to build the host's resistance against CLas, and (iii) induction of systemic acquired resistance. Strategies for targeting the vector include (i) chemical and biological control and (ii) eradication of HLB-affected trees. Finally, a hypothetical model for integrated disease management has been discussed to mitigate the HLB pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Ghosh
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, India
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.K.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sunil Kokane
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Brajesh Kumar Savita
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pranav Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.K.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ali Ozcan
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70200 Karaman, Turkey
- Scientific and Technological Studies Application and Research Center, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70200 Karaman, Turkey
| | - Amol Kokane
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- Departments of Chemistry, Nano Science Technology Center, and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.K.S.); (S.S.)
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Leong SS, Leong SCT, Beattie GAC. Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Huanglongbing in Citrus for Sarawak, East Malaysia, Borneo. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13100960. [PMID: 36292909 PMCID: PMC9604280 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, transmits ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), a phloem-limited bacterium associated with the severe Asian form of huanglongbing (HLB), and the most destructive disease of citrus. The pathogen and the psyllid, both of South Asian origin, are now widespread in citrus regions of Asia and the Americas. There is no cure for the disease. Application of synthetic pesticides, in some instances more frequently than fortnightly, to minimise incidence of ACP in citrus orchards, has not prevented inevitable impacts of the disease in regions of Asia where CLas is present. Despite the inevitable spread of the disease, significant progress has been made in Sarawak since the mid-1990s towards effectively implementing integrated pest management (IPM) programs for stemming the impact of the disease and detrimental consequences of over-reliance on synthetic pesticides. Growers are encouraged to plant pathogen-free trees, remove diseased trees, monitor incidence of the psyllid, and to use pesticides judiciously to reduce their detrimental impacts on natural enemies. Knowledge has been enhanced through research on seasonal incidence of the psyllid, use of mineral oils, development of protocols and iodine−starch test kits for detecting infected trees, PCR for confirming the presence of CLas in symptomatic leaves, methods for monitoring incidence the psyllid, and training extension staff and growers. However, major impediments to increasing the average longevity of trees beyond <5 years in poorly managed orchards, based on marcotting (air layering), and >12 years in well-managed orchards, based on pathogen-free trees, still need to be addressed. These include grower knowledge, marcotting, aggressive marketing of synthetic pesticides, high prices of mineral oils, spray application procedures, and better reliance on natural enemies of the psyllid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui S. Leong
- Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Nyabau Road, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Institute of Ecosystem Science Borneo, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Nyabau Road, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Stephen C. T. Leong
- Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Nyabau Road, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - George A. C. Beattie
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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Lefèvre T, Sauvion N, Almeida RP, Fournet F, Alout H. The ecological significance of arthropod vectors of plant, animal, and human pathogens. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:404-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Parra JRP, Coelho A. Insect Rearing Techniques for Biological Control Programs, a Component of Sustainable Agriculture in Brazil. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010105. [PMID: 35055948 PMCID: PMC8778874 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the importance of rearing insects, whether on a small scale for research or a large scale for mass rearing, for use in biological control (BC) programs with macro-organisms. These inter- or multidisciplinary research programs are necessarily long-term and depend on rearing techniques for their complete development. Some successful examples of BC in Brazil are presented, including case studies of Trichogramma spp. These required broad bioecological studies that provided the basis for both mass rearing and transfer of the necessary technology to farmers. This has allowed Brazil to occupy a leadership position in biological control in “Open Fields”. For example, about three million ha are being treated with Trichogramma galloi (a native parasitoid), and about three and a half million ha with Cotesia flavipes (an exotic parasitoid) to control Diatraea saccharalis, the sugarcane borer. These natural enemies are produced by commercial firms, or by laboratories in sugar and alcohol plants themselves, in the case of C. flavipes.
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Alquézar B, Carmona L, Bennici S, Miranda MP, Bassanezi RB, Peña L. Cultural Management of Huanglongbing: Current Status and Ongoing Research. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:11-25. [PMID: 34645319 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0358-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), formerly known as greening, is a bacterial disease restricted to some Asian and African regions until two decades ago. Nowadays, associated bacteria and their vectors have spread to almost all citrus-producing regions, and it is currently considered the most devastating citrus disease. HLB management can be approached in terms of prevention, limiting or avoiding pathogen and associated vectors to reach an area, or in terms of control, trying to reduce the impact of the disease by adopting different cultural strategies depending on infestation/infection levels. In both cases, control of psyllid populations is currently the best way to stop HLB spread. Best cultural actions (CHMAs, TPS system) to attain this goal and, thus, able to limit HLB spread, and ongoing research in this regard is summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Alquézar
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Fundecitrus), Vila Melhado, 14807-040 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Carmona
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Stefania Bennici
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcelo P Miranda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Renato B Bassanezi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Leandro Peña
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Fundecitrus), Vila Melhado, 14807-040 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Bertanha LA, Diniz AJF, Garcia AG, Parra JRP. Determining the Minimum Temperature for Storage of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Adults for Biological Control of Asian Citrus Psyllid. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:114-120. [PMID: 33502718 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to control the spread of the huanglongbing (HLB) disease in citrus plants, one of the main approaches is management of its vector, the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. The intensive use of chemicals to control the psyllid has caused concern due to the damage to the environment and human health, and biological control has been a more sustainable and environmentally safe strategy. For D. citri, the parasitoid wasp Tamarixia radiata Waterston has been used successfully in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, reducing populations of D. citri nymphs by up 80% in some municipalities. Mass rearing of wasps is required to provide efficient control, which implies that quality control is required, especially in storage and transportation. In most cases, the insects are not used on the same day of emergence, which makes it necessary to develop strategies to delay development without negatively affecting the wasps. Here, we evaluated the survival of T. radiata adults over eight different exposure times (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 days) in three different temperatures (7, 9, and 11°C). After these periods, they were transferred to climate chambers at 25°C and their survival curves over 30 days were analyzed. We concluded that adults can be maintained at 9°C for up to 6 days without significant damage to their survival during and after the exposure period, functioning well for D. citri IPM implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laisy Alberti Bertanha
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano Gomes Garcia
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - José Roberto Postali Parra
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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11
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Guo CF, Pan HP, Zhang LH, Ou D, Lu ZT, Khan MM, Qiu BL. Comprehensive Assessment of Candidate Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies Using RT-qPCR in Tamarixia radiata, a Predominant Parasitoid of Diaphorina citri. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1178. [PMID: 33050374 PMCID: PMC7601638 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) is a predominant parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), a destructive citrus pest and vector of huanglongbing (HLB) disease in the fields of southern China. To explore the functioning of target genes in T. radiata, the screening of specific reference genes is critical for carrying out the reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) under different experimental conditions. However, no reference gene(s) for T. radiata has yet been reported. Here, we selected seven housekeeping genes of T. radiate and evaluated their stability under the six conditions (developmental stage, sex, tissue, population, temperature, diet) by using RefFinder software, which contains four different programs (geNorm, ΔCt, BestKeeper, and NormFinder). Pairwise variation was analyzed by geNorm software to determine the optimal number of reference genes during the RT-qPCR analysis. The results reveal better reference genes for differing research foci: 18S and EF1A for the developmental stage; PRS18 and EF1A for sex, PRS18 and RPL13 for different tissues (head, thorax, abdomen); EF1A and ArgK between two populations; β-tubulin and EF1A for different temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35 °C); and ArgK and PRS18 for different feeding diets. Furthermore, when the two optimal and two most inappropriate reference genes were chosen in different temperatures and tissue treatments, respectively, the corresponding expression patterns of HSP70 (as the reporter gene) differed substantially. Our study provides, for the first time, a more comprehensive list of optimal reference genes from T. radiata for use in RT-qPCR analysis, which should prove beneficial for subsequent functional investigations of target gene(s) in this natural enemy of ACP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.-F.G.); (H.-P.P.); (L.-H.Z.); (D.O.); (Z.-T.L.); (M.M.K.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Peng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.-F.G.); (H.-P.P.); (L.-H.Z.); (D.O.); (Z.-T.L.); (M.M.K.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li-He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.-F.G.); (H.-P.P.); (L.-H.Z.); (D.O.); (Z.-T.L.); (M.M.K.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Da Ou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.-F.G.); (H.-P.P.); (L.-H.Z.); (D.O.); (Z.-T.L.); (M.M.K.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zi-Tong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.-F.G.); (H.-P.P.); (L.-H.Z.); (D.O.); (Z.-T.L.); (M.M.K.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muhammad Musa Khan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.-F.G.); (H.-P.P.); (L.-H.Z.); (D.O.); (Z.-T.L.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.-F.G.); (H.-P.P.); (L.-H.Z.); (D.O.); (Z.-T.L.); (M.M.K.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
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