1
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Morris G, Ehlers S, Rudolph M, Tormoehlen R, Field W. Pre/post-Test Evaluations of Agricultural Biosecurity Curriculum. J Agromedicine 2024; 29:384-391. [PMID: 38501899 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2024.2329153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this combined study, the efficacy of different educational methods in enhancing students' agricultural biosecurity knowledge, which is vital for public health, food security, and agricultural safety, was assessed. METHODS In-person and virtual learning methods, utilizing educational content developed for the Gearing Up for Safety program, were investigated with 692 total participants. In the in-person learning method, 459 students aged 12-20 received a 50-minute in-person training session using the Gearing Up for Safety lesson on agricultural biosecurity. A 20 question pre- and post-test gauged knowledge gain. In the virtual learning method, 223 students, aged 12-20 received two, 40-minute virtual training sessions using the same content. RESULTS Results of knowledge gain from the in-person method improved significantly from 55% to 77% (t(458) = -22.37, P < .001). Chi-squared analysis showed 19 out of the 20 questions significantly contributed to learning. Results of knowledge gain from the virtual method also showed a notable knowledge gain increase from 53% to 66% (t(222) = -11.86, P< .001). However, a chi-squared analysis revealed that only 10 of the 20 questions significantly contributed to learning. In-person learning effectively supported better understanding of general biosecurity. CONCLUSIONS Virtual education improved general understanding but required enhanced focus on topics like vaccination, pest management, and community biosecurity preparation for comprehensive knowledge. Both in-person and virtual learning resulted in an increase in agricultural biosecurity knowledge, with in-person learning exhibiting a higher proportion of significant knowledge gains. These findings emphasize the importance of diverse educational methods in preparing future agricultural workers to ensure safety and health in agricultural settings. Results were used to enhance the curricula content being made available as part of the Gearing Up for Safety program for young and beginning workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Morris
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shawn Ehlers
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Melissa Rudolph
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Roger Tormoehlen
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - William Field
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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2
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Ko C, Ko DW, Cho W. Predicting Disparity between ASF-Managed Areas and Wild Boar Habitats: A Case of South Korea. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3482. [PMID: 38003100 PMCID: PMC10668782 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting both domestic and wild boars. Since its first outbreak in South Korea in 2019, substantial efforts have been made to prevent ASF transmission by reducing the wild boar population and eliminating infected carcasses; however, the persistence of ASF transmission has posed challenges to these efforts. To improve ASF management strategies, the limitations of current management strategies must be identified by considering disparities between wild boar habitats and ASF-managed areas with environmental and anthropogenic characteristics of wild boars and their management strategies. Here, ensemble species distribution models were used to estimate wild boar habitats and potential ASF-managed areas, with elevation, distance to urban areas, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index as important variables. Binary maps of wild boar habitats and potential ASF-managed areas were generated using the maxSSS as the threshold criterion. Disparity areas of ASF management were identified by overlying regions evaluated as wild boar habitats with those not classified as ASF-managed areas. Dense forests near urban regions like Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do were evaluated as disparity areas having high risk of ASF transmission. These findings hold significant potential for refining ASF management strategies and establishing proactive control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanwoo Ko
- Department of Forest Resources, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongwook W. Ko
- Department of Forest, Environment, and Systems, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea;
| | - Wonhee Cho
- Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
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3
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Militzer N, McLaws M, Rozstalnyy A, Li Y, Dhingra M, Auplish A, Mintiens K, Sabirovic M, von Dobschuetz S, Heilmann M. Characterising Biosecurity Initiatives Globally to Support the Development of a Progressive Management Pathway for Terrestrial Animals: A Scoping Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2672. [PMID: 37627463 PMCID: PMC10451226 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
While biosecurity is of increasing importance globally, there is still limited evidence of the factors or elements that support the progressive and sustainable scaling up of biosecurity along the value chains from the local to the global level. To gain insight into the current body of literature on biosecurity, a mixed-methods approach was used based on a scoping literature review and an online survey with subject matter experts. Six databases were searched for published literature, and textual information from titles and abstracts of all included records (n = 266) were analysed through inductive content analysis to build biosecurity-relevant categories and identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of existing biosecurity systems or initiatives (such as projects or programs). Most records focused on initiatives in high-income countries, traditional livestock species (pigs, poultry, and large ruminants), and the production stage and had a disease-specific focus. No records described a comprehensive or global framework to progressively scale up biosecurity. Overall, the findings highlight the need for initiatives such as the FAO Progressive Management Pathway for Terrestrial Animal Biosecurity (FAO-PMP-TAB), which is a stepwise approach for strengthening biosecurity management along value chains to enhance the health, resilience, and sustainability of animal sectors. The findings highlight important elements and provide recommendations useful for developing approaches or a global framework to progressively improve biosecurity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Militzer
- Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Melissa McLaws
- Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Andriy Rozstalnyy
- Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Yushan Li
- Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Madhur Dhingra
- Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Aashima Auplish
- Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Koen Mintiens
- Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Mirzet Sabirovic
- Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Martin Heilmann
- Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
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4
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Saegerman C, Parisi G, Niemi J, Humblet MF, Ron-Román J, Souley Kouato B, Allepuz A, Porphyre V, Rodrigues da Costa M, Renault V. Evaluation Survey on Agreement with Existing Definitions of Biosecurity with a Focus on Livestock. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091518. [PMID: 37174555 PMCID: PMC10177301 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease prevention, including biosecurity, surveillance, and traceability are key aspects to minimize the risk of animal diseases causing harm to society. Diseases for which biosecurity are needed depend on species of interest, e.g., African swine fever, avian influenza, or foot-and-mouth disease. However, several definitions of biosecurity co-exist in the literature. Under the new COST Action "Biosecurity Enhanced Through Training Evaluation and Raising Awareness" (BETTER) CA20103, we launched an initial survey on the agreement with eight existing definitions of (livestock) biosecurity, to rank keywords to consider before attempting a more consolidated definition, and to select the desirable qualities of a definition of livestock biosecurity. Respondents (N = 316) had a male-female gender ratio close to one, were mostly between 25 and 54 years old, and had animal health as the main field of expertise (30% were government officials). The significant most popular biosecurity definition was the one that conceptualized the rules of 5B's (bio-exclusion, bio-containment, bio-compartmentation, bio-prevention, and bio-preservation). The top two keywords to consider for the consolidation of the biosecurity definition were "prevention" and "measures". The optimal biosecurity definition needs to be operational and related to animal health but also comprehensible, simple, and related to public health. The survey results highlight the need for the integration of more aspects in the existing definitions of livestock biosecurity (prevention of zoonoses and preservation of the environment and diversity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiege), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Unit of Faculty Biosecurity, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege University, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Gianni Parisi
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiege), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Jarkko Niemi
- Bioeconomy and Environment Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 60320 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Marie-France Humblet
- Unit of Faculty Biosecurity, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege University, 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Biosafety and Biosecurity Unit, Department of Occupational Safety and Health, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Jorge Ron-Román
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera de Ingeniería en Agropecuaria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí P.O. Box 171-5-231, Ecuador
| | - Bachir Souley Kouato
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN), Niamey P.O. Box 429, Niger
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincent Porphyre
- CIRAD, UMR SELMET, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, SELMET, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Rodrigues da Costa
- Centre for Epidemiology and Planetary Health (CEPH), Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Inverness Campus, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK
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Description of electroencephalographic data gathered using water-based medium-expansion foam as a depopulation method for nursery pigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16798. [PMID: 36207428 PMCID: PMC9546833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States' swine industry is under constant threat of foreign animal diseases, which may emerge without warning due to the globalized transportation networks moving people, animals, and products. Therefore, having disease control and elimination protocols in place prior to pathogen introduction is paramount for business continuity and economic recovery. During extraordinary circumstances, it may become necessary to depopulate large populations of animals, including swine, as a disease containment measure. Currently approved depopulation methods for swine present significant logistical challenges when scaled to large populations or performed in field conditions. In the United States, water-based foam is currently approved for poultry depopulation, and recent field studies demonstrate water-based foam is an effective depopulation alternative for swine. While effective, the speed at which water-based foam induces loss of consciousness prior to death, a major welfare consideration, has not been adequately investigated. In this study, 12 nursery pigs were terminated using water-based medium-expansion foam to quantify the time to induce loss of consciousness and ultimately brain death. Each pig was implanted with subdermal electrodes to capture electroencephalographic data, placed in a body sling, and suspended in a plastic bulk container that was subsequently filled with water-based foam. Electroencephalographic data was recorded for 15 min, during which the pigs remained immersed in the water-based foam. Conservatively, average (± SD) time to unconsciousness and brain death was 1 min, 53 s ± 36 s and 3 min, 3 s ± 56 s, respectively. The relatively rapid loss of consciousness compared to other methods limits the amount of distress and is overall a positive finding for the welfare of the pigs that might be depopulated with water-based foam. The findings of this study add additional evidence supporting the use of water-based medium-expansion foam for an emergency depopulation of swine.
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6
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O'Hara KC, Beltrán-Alcrudo D, Hovari M, Tabakovski B, Martínez-López B. Network analysis of live pig movements in North Macedonia: Pathways for disease spread. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:922412. [PMID: 36016804 PMCID: PMC9396142 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.922412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Globalization of trade, and the interconnectivity of animal production systems, continues to challenge efforts to control disease. A better understanding of trade networks supports development of more effective strategies for mitigation for transboundary diseases like African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). North Macedonia, bordered to the north and east by countries with ongoing ASF outbreaks, recently reported its first incursion of ASF. This study aimed to describe the distribution of pigs and pig farms in North Macedonia, and to characterize the live pig movement network. Network analyses on movement data from 2017 to 2019 were performed for each year separately, and consistently described weakly connected components with a few primary hubs that most nodes shipped to. In 2019, the network demonstrated a marked decrease in betweenness and increase in communities. Most shipments occurred within 50 km, with movements <6 km being the most common (22.5%). Nodes with the highest indegree and outdegree were consistent across years, despite a large turnover among smallholder farms. Movements to slaughterhouses predominated (85.6%), with movements between farms (5.4%) and movements to market (5.8%) playing a lesser role. This description of North Macedonia's live pig movement network should enable implementation of more efficient and cost-effective mitigation efforts strategies in country, and inform targeted educational outreach, and provide data for future disease modeling, in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C. O'Hara
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Beltrán-Alcrudo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark Hovari
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Blagojcho Tabakovski
- Food and Veterinary Agency, Republic of North Macedonia, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Martínez-López
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7
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Padalino B, Cirone F, Zappaterra M, Tullio D, Ficco G, Giustino A, Ndiana LA, Pratelli A. Factors Affecting the Development of Bovine Respiratory Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study in Beef Steers Shipped From France to Italy. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:627894. [PMID: 34262960 PMCID: PMC8273259 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.627894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex, multifactorial syndrome and one of the major welfare and economical concerns for the cattle industry. This 1-year cross-sectional study was aimed at documenting the prevalence of BRD-related pathogens and clinical signs before and after a long journey and at identifying possible predisposition factors. Male Limousine beef steers (n = 169) traveling from France to Italy were health checked and sampled with Deep Nasopharyngeal Swabs (DNS) at loading (T0) and 4 days after arrival (T1). Real-time quantitative PCR was used to quantify the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine adenovirus (BAdV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), Histophilus somni, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, and Pasteurella multocida. Weather conditions at departure and arrival were recorded, and the travel conditions were taken from the travel documentation. At T0, even if no animals displayed clinical signs, some of them were already positive for one or more pathogens. At T1, the number of animals displaying clinical signs and positive for BCoV, BAdV, BRSV, H. somni, M. haemolytica, M. bovis, and P. multocida increased dramatically (p < 0.001). Transport also significantly increased co-infection passing from 16.0% at T0 to 82.8% at T1 (p < 0.001). An extra stop during the journey seemed to favor BRSV, M. haemolytica, and P. multocida (p < 0.05). Weather conditions, in particular sudden climate changes from departure to arrival and daily temperature variance, were found to be predisposing factors for many of the pathogens. The farm of arrival also played a role for BRSV, BAdV, and H. somni (p < 0.05). BCoV increased dramatically, but no associations were found confirming that it spreads easily during transport phases. Our findings increased our understanding of factors increasing the likelihood of BRD-related pathogens shedding and can be useful to minimize the incidence of BRD and to implement animal transport regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Cirone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Tullio
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale della Provincia di Bari (ASL BA) – Local Health Authority Veterinary Service, Bari, Italy
| | - Gigliola Ficco
- Siciliani S.p.A. Industria Lavorazione Carne, Bari, Italy
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Daniels ME, Smith MH, Packham AE, Meehan CL, Bautois A, Byrne B, Smith WA. Associations between faecal pathogen detection, E. coli concentrations and youth exhibitor biosecurity practices at California county fairs. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:737-746. [PMID: 33780154 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interactions with livestock in public settings such as county and state fairs can expose people and other livestock to faecal material capable of spreading zoonotic enteric pathogens. The goal of this study was to understand these risks by screening livestock faeces (n = 245) and livestock bedding (n = 155) for common zoonotic pathogens (Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Salmonella and Campylobacter spp.) and by measuring faecal indicator, Escherichia coli, concentrations in drinking water (n = 153), feed containers (n = 124) and bedding material (n = 157) in four livestock species (cattle, sheep, goats and swine) from county fairs in California, USA. Results indicated that sheep were most likely to have pathogens detected in faeces and that Giardia was the most frequently detected pathogen in both faeces (11%) and bedding (21%) across all livestock species. Additionally, increasing the number of animals in a holding pen at fairs, increasing the stocking density of animals in transport trailers to fairs, and having access to water in transport trailers significantly increased the odds of detecting pathogens in livestock faeces of any animal species. Observing solid material in water, stale feed and soiled bedding was associated with detecting higher E. coli concentrations. These findings provide evidence of faecal pathogens present at county fairs and suggest that site observations can aid in assessing levels of faecal exposure. The findings also indicate that the use of biosecurity measures such as (a) routine changing of livestock drinking water, feed and bedding, (b) not overstocking animals in holding pens and trailers and (c) keeping species in separate holding areas may reduce the risk of humans and livestock being exposed to faecal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles E Daniels
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Martin H Smith
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrea E Packham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Meehan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Bautois
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Woutrina A Smith
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Tanquilut NC, Espaldon MVO, Eslava DF, Ancog RC, Medina CDR, Paraso MGV, Domingo RD, Dewulf J. Quantitative assessment of biosecurity in broiler farms using Biocheck.UGent in Central Luzon, Philippines. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3047-3059. [PMID: 32475441 PMCID: PMC7597688 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosecurity status of 397 broiler farms in Central Luzon, the highest poultry meat-producing region in the Philippines, was assessed using Biocheck.Ugent. This online biosecurity assessment tool quantifies biosecurity level or compliance of surveyed farms. The system generates scores that reflect the current biosecurity status of each farm in terms of the different external and internal biosecurity measures being implemented in each farm. It was initially developed for pigs and broilers but recently is available for layers, swine, and cattle (beef, dairy, and veal). The overall biosecurity score of broiler farms in Central Luzon was 71.2%, with average external and internal biosecurity scores of 68.5 and 77.2%, respectively. Bataan had the highest biosecurity scores (76.5%) compared with the other 6 provinces. This was also true for the external and internal biosecurity scores of the province, with mean scores of 72.1 and 80.1%, respectively. Of the 11 subcategories of external and internal biosecurity that were assessed, purchase of day-old chicks, feeds and water supply, supply of materials, cleaning and disinfection, and materials between compartments had scores higher than the global scores. Low scores were generated from transport of live animals and infrastructure and biological vectors. The mean biosecurity score of farms with traditional/conventional type of housing was 7.8% lower than that with tunnel vent housing. Every year as the farm gets older, there was a corresponding drop of 0.2% in the biosecurity score. Biosecurity measures are in place in broiler farms in the country. However, there were areas with low scores which need to be prioritized to improve and upgrade the farms' biosecurity status. To date, this is the first quantitative assessment of biosecurity in broiler farms in the Philippines. High biosecurity scores may entail greater protection from disease incursion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Tanquilut
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Pampanga State Agricultural University, Magalang, Pampanga, Philippines; School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines.
| | - M V O Espaldon
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - D F Eslava
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - R C Ancog
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - C D R Medina
- Crop Protection Cluster, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - M G V Paraso
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - R D Domingo
- Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - J Dewulf
- Unit of Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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10
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Tanquilut NC, Espaldon MVO, Eslava DF, Ancog RC, Medina CDR, Paraso MGV, Domingo RD. Biosecurity assessment of layer farms in Central Luzon, Philippines. Prev Vet Med 2019; 175:104865. [PMID: 31838402 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biosecurity assessment in poultry farms is important for disease prevention and control. When specific biosecurity measures are assessed, they become more useful if they are quantified. While there are qualitative means to assess biosecurity, specific improvements can be implemented easily when compliance to biosecurity measures are quantified. To quantify biosecurity measures in 124 layer farms in Central Luzon, a survey was carried out using a modified Biocheck.UGent biosecurity scoring system. The study revealed that external and internal biosecurity scores among layer farms in Central Luzon were widely spread out suggesting that compliance to various biosecurity measures differed from farm to farm. This further suggests that layer farms need to improve their biosecurity practices. The overall biosecurity score of layer farms in the region is 65.9 % while the total regional scores for external and internal biosecurity are 63.3 % and 71.9 %, respectively. Bulacan had the highest overall biosecurity across provinces which was followed by Bataan. The two highest mean external biosecurity scores were those of the subcategories, supply of materials (mean = 87.1) and purchase of pullets (mean = 83.7) while the lowest was that of the category, transport of animals (mean = 50.6). In the internal biosecurity category, materials and measures between compartments had the highest mean score. Low to negligible correlations between external and internal biosecurity were seen among layer farms except for the province of Tarlac. This suggests that a farm with low external biosecurity score also had low internal biosecurity score while high external biosecurity score was equated to high internal biosecurity score. Analysis also showed that large commercials farms had biosecurity ratings that were 6.84 higher compared to small commercial farms. Results of this study may be beneficial for farmers to make necessary improvement to increase level of compliance to biosecurity measures. Policies to impose, implement and monitor compliance may also be instituted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Tanquilut
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Pampanga State Agricultural University, Magalang, Pampanga, Philippines; School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
| | - M V O Espaldon
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - D F Eslava
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - R C Ancog
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - C D R Medina
- Crop Protection Cluster, University of the Philippines, Laguna, Philippines; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - M G V Paraso
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Pampanga State Agricultural University, Magalang, Pampanga, Philippines; School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines; Crop Protection Cluster, University of the Philippines, Laguna, Philippines; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines; Bureau of Animal Industry, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - R D Domingo
- Crop Protection Cluster, University of the Philippines, Laguna, Philippines; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines; Department of Agriculture
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Wu T, Perrings C. The live poultry trade and the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza: Regional differences between Europe, West Africa, and Southeast Asia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208197. [PMID: 30566454 PMCID: PMC6300203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, avian influenzas have posed an increasing international threat to human and livestock health. In particular, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 has spread across Asia, Africa, and Europe, leading to the deaths of millions of poultry and hundreds of people. The two main means of international spread are through migratory birds and the live poultry trade. We focus on the role played by the live poultry trade in the spread of H5N1 across three regions widely infected by the disease, which also correspond to three major trade blocs: the European Union (EU), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Across all three regions, we found per-capita GDP (a proxy for modernization, general biosecurity, and value-at-risk) to be risk reducing. A more specific biosecurity measure-general surveillance-was also found to be mitigating at the all-regions level. However, there were important inter-regional differences. For the EU and ASEAN, intra-bloc live poultry imports were risk reducing while extra-bloc imports were risk increasing; for ECOWAS the reverse was true. This is likely due to the fact that while the EU and ASEAN have long-standing biosecurity standards and stringent enforcement (pursuant to the World Trade Organization's Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures), ECOWAS suffered from a lack of uniform standards and lax enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Charles Perrings
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
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