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Saha A, Das BK, Tiwari NK, Chauhan S, Jana C, Ramteke M, Johnson C, Baitha R, Swain HS, Ray A, Das Gupta S, Gogoi P, Kayal T. Dynamics of sediment phosphorus in the middle and lower stretch of River Ganga, India: insight into concentration, fractionation, and environmental risk assessment of phosphorus. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:336. [PMID: 39060460 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite continuous efforts, eutrophication is still occurring in freshwater and phosphorus (P) is the most important nutrients that drive the eutrophication in rivers and streams. However, little information is available about the distribution of P fractions in river sediment. Here, the sequential extraction approach was used to evaluate the sediment P fractionation and its content in the anthropogenically damaged river Ganga, India. Different sedimentary P fractions viz. exchangeable (Ex-P), aluminum bound (Al-P), iron bound (Fe-P), calcium bound (Ca-P), and organically bound phosphorus (Org-P), were quantified. Significantly higher level of total P was recorded in pre-monsoon season (438.5 ± 95.8 mg/kg), than other [winter (345.7 ± 110.6 mg/kg), post-monsoon (319.2 ± 136.3 mg/kg), and monsoon (288.6 ± 77.3 mg/kg)] seasons. Different P fractions such as Ex-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P and Org-P varied from 2.88-12.8 mg/kg, 7.64-98.8 mg/kg, 32.2-179.2 mg/kg, 51.97-286.1 mg/kg and 9.3-143.7 mg/kg, respectively, which correspondingly represented 0.5-10.54%, 3.41-20.18%, 17.27-37.82%, 37.35-60.2%, 4.15-25.88% of the Total P with a rank order of P-fractions was Ca-P > Fe-P > Org-P > Al-P > Ex-P. Bio-available P contributes a considerable portion (37.9-46.0%) of total P which may increase the eutrophication to overlying water. Results demonstrate that inorganic P species control the P bio-availability in both time and space. However, an estimated phosphorus pollution index based on sediment total P content showed no ecological risk of phosphorus to Ganga River sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy Saha
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - B K Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India.
| | - Nitish Kumar Tiwari
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Suraj Chauhan
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Chayna Jana
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Mitesh Ramteke
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Canciyal Johnson
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Raju Baitha
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Swain
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Archisman Ray
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Subhadeep Das Gupta
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Pranab Gogoi
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Tania Kayal
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
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Tiwari NK, Mohanty TR, Das Gupta S, Roy S, Swain HS, Baitha R, Ramteke MH, Das BK. Hemato-biochemical alteration in the bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) as a biomonitoring tool to assess riverine pollution and ecology: a case study from the middle and lower stretch of river Ganga. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:46826-46846. [PMID: 36723843 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fishes are poikilothermic animals and are rapid responders to any sort of ecological alteration. The responses in the fish can be easily assessed from their hematological and biochemical responses. To study the variation in the hemato-biochemical parameters in retort to ecological alteration and ecological regime, a study was conducted at six different sampling stations of the middle and lower stretches of river Ganga. Various hematological and biochemical responses of fishes were also monitored in response to multiple ecological alterations. For the assessment of ecological alteration, various indices were calculated such as the water pollution index (WPI), National Sanitation Foundation-water quality index (NSF-WQI), and Nemerow's pollution index (NPI) has been calculated based on various water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), electrical conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chlorinity (CL), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The hematological parameters such as WBC, RBC, platelet, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were monitored. The serum biochemical parameters such as SGPT, SGOT, ALP, amylase, bilirubin, glucose, triglyceride (TRIG), and cholesterol (CHOL) were investigated. The study revealed that NSF-WQI varied from 45.08 at Buxar to 110.63 at Rejinagar and showed a significantly positive correlation with SGPT, SGOT, ALP, TRIG, CHOL, and WBC, whereas a significantly negative correlation was observed between TRIG and RBC. WPI varied from 19 to 23 and showed a significant positive correlation with SGOT and a negative correlation was observed with total nitrogen. The PCA analysis illustrated the significance of both natural as well as anthropogenic factors on riverine ecology. Strong positive loading was observed with SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and platelet. The study signified the need for monitoring the hemato-biochemical responses of fishes in response to alterations in the ecological regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Kumar Tiwari
- National Mission For Clean Ganga Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
| | - Trupti Rani Mohanty
- National Mission For Clean Ganga Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhadeep Das Gupta
- National Mission For Clean Ganga Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreya Roy
- National Mission For Clean Ganga Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Swain
- National Mission For Clean Ganga Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
| | - Raju Baitha
- National Mission For Clean Ganga Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
| | - Mitesh Hiradas Ramteke
- National Mission For Clean Ganga Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- National Mission For Clean Ganga Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India.
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Alam MW, Rahman MM, Bhuyan MS, Senapathi V, Chung SY, Karthikeyan S, Sekar S, Elzain HE, Nadiri AA. Inferences on metal pollution in the natural spawning zone of Bangladesh river and pollution management strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:56. [PMID: 36326897 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the metal concentrations in the Halda River in Bangladesh to determine the quality of the water and sediment in the natural spawning zone. Fe > Zn > Cr > Cd > Cu was the order of the metals in water, whereas Fe > Zn > Cd > Cu was the order in sediments. Almost all of the heavy metals in the water and sediment had been found within the established limits, with the exception of Cr and Fe in the river and Cu in the sediment. In the case of water, Cr vs. Zn was found to have the strongest correlation (r = 0.96). Due to the coagulation and adsorption processes, it was shown that Fe and Zn had a substantial correlation of 0.96, Cu and Cd of 0.91, and Cr of 0.78 with Zn. Hazard quotient values of Cd show the not potable nature of Halda river surface water and might give adverse health effects for all age groups except Cu and Zn. Pollution load index values indicated the uncontaminated nature of the river bottom sediments. Natural and human activities were the key factors influencing the accumulation and movement of heavy metals in the water and sediments. Contamination sources are industrial effluents, garbage runoff, farming operations, and oil spills from fishing vessels which are comparable according to multivariate statistical analysis. Ion exchange, absorption, precipitation, complexation, filtration, bio-absorption, redox reaction, and reverse osmosis were considered to be effective for the degradation of metal concentrations. The feasibility of the suggested metal reduction procedures has to be studied to know which is optimally appropriate for this river region. It is expected that this study could provide a useful suggestion to decrease the metal pollution in the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Wahidul Alam
- Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Marine Sciences & Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mostafizur Rahman
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Marine Sciences & Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
| | - Md Simul Bhuyan
- Bangladesh Oceanographic Research Institute, Cox's Bazar-4730, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sang Yong Chung
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608737, South Korea.
| | - Sivakumar Karthikeyan
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, India
| | - Selvam Sekar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi, 628008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ata Allah Nadiri
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Environment, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
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Maftei AE, Buzatu A, Buzgar N, Apopei AI. Spatial Distribution of Minor Elements in the Tazlău River Sediments: Source Identification and Evaluation of Ecological Risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234664. [PMID: 31771109 PMCID: PMC6926686 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Minor elements received more attention in recent years due to their contamination susceptibility and environmental impact. Surface sediment samples were collected from 29 sites and total contents of eight minor elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) were investigated in order to determine the geostatistical distribution and to predict ecological implications. The relationship between metals and ecological implications was analyzed by using the geochemical normalization approach and ecological prediction indicators such as the enrichment factor (EF), the contamination degree (CD), the environmental toxicity quotient (ETQ), and the health risk assessment. Based on the studied toxic metals, it was observed that the most toxic element in Tazlău River sediments is Cr. The assessment results of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks via dermal contact indicate that the study area shows no human health risk. The correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA) provide an overview of the major sources, anthropogenic versus geogenic, where Cr and Cd mainly originate from anthropogenic sources, while Pb is derived from a geogenic source. The approaches used in this study will provide a baseline regarding the accumulation of minor elements in the sediment and will be useful for other studies to easily identify the major contaminates and to estimate the health human risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea E. Maftei
- Department of Research, Faculty of Geography and Geology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 20A Carol I Blv., 700505 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Andrei Buzatu
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Geography and Geology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 20A Carol I Blv., 700505 Iasi, Romania; (N.B.); (A.I.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicolae Buzgar
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Geography and Geology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 20A Carol I Blv., 700505 Iasi, Romania; (N.B.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Andrei I. Apopei
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Geography and Geology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 20A Carol I Blv., 700505 Iasi, Romania; (N.B.); (A.I.A.)
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Siddiqui E, Pandey J. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in water and surface sediment and evaluation of ecological risks associated with sediment contamination in the Ganga River: a basin-scale study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10926-10940. [PMID: 30783925 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated eight heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Fe) in water and bed sediment at 9 study sites along with 2320 km stretch of the Ganga River. Principal component analysis (PCA) and indices such as geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), pollution indices, and sediment quality guidelines were used to assess source apportionment and magnitude of contamination. Concentrations of Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Fe in water have exceeded their respective standards in the middle and lower reaches of the river. Sediment Cr and Ni have reached probable effective concentration (PEC) at Kannauj, imposing likely threats to sediment dwellers. Highest Igeo values were recorded for Cr, Cd, and Pb at Kannauj, Rajghat, and Howrah. We further tested ecological risks (Er) and potential ecological risks (PERI) to assess individual and cumulative effects and found the Kannauj, Rajghat, and Howrah sites under the high-risk category. The modified pollution index (MPI) and the modified degree of contamination (mCd) also revealed the middle and lower river reaches under moderately to the heavily polluted category. Our study provides the first detailed watershed-scale database on heavy metal concentration in water and bed sediment, the magnitude of contamination, and likely ecological risks to aquatic organisms in the Ganga River. Given that the Ganga water is used for drinking and irrigation and the river harbors a diversity of habitats for fisheries, the study merits attention from a human health perspective as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekabal Siddiqui
- Ganga River Ecology Research Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jitendra Pandey
- Ganga River Ecology Research Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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