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Liang Z, Zhuang H, Cao X, Ma G, Shen L. Subcellular proteomics insights into Alzheimer's disease development. Proteomics Clin Appl 2024; 18:e2200112. [PMID: 37650321 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common dementias, is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment and decreased judgment function. The expected number of AD patient is increasing in the context of the world's advancing medical care and increasing human life expectancy. Since current molecular mechanism studies on AD pathogenesis are incomplete, there is no specific and effective therapeutic agent. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based unbiased proteomics studies provide an effective and comprehensive approach. Many advances have been made in the study of the mechanism, diagnostic markers, and drug targets of AD using proteomics. This paper focus on subcellular level studies, reviews studies using proteomics to study AD-associated mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic, and myelin damage, the protein composition of amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), changes in tissue extracellular vehicles (EVs) and exosome proteome, and the protein changes in ribosomes and lysosomes. The methods of sample separation and preparation and proteomic analysis as well as the main findings of these studies are involved. The results of these proteomics studies provide insights into the pathogenesis of AD and provide theoretical resource and direction for future research in AD, helping to identify new biomarkers and drugs targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xueshan Cao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Guanwei Ma
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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2
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Guo P, Meng C, Zhang S, Cai Y, Huang J, Shu J, Wang J, Cai C. Network-based analysis on the genes and their interactions reveals link between schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2024; 244:109802. [PMID: 38043643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder marked by impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors. Studies have suggested a strong connection between SCZ and Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, controversies exist and the underlying mechanisms linking these two disorders remain largely unknown. Therefore, systematic studies of SCZ- and AD-related genes will provide valuable insights into the molecular features of these two diseases and their comorbidities. In this study, we obtained 331 SCZ-related genes, 650 AD-related genes, 65 shared genes between SCZ and AD. Enrichment analysis shown that these 65 shared genes were mainly involved in cognition, neural development, synaptic transmission, drug reactions, metabolic processes and immune related processes, suggesting a complex mechanism for the co-existence of SCZ and AD. In addition, we performed pathway enrichment analysis and found a total of 57 common pathways between SCZ and AD, which could be largely grouped into three modules: immune module, neurodevelopment module and cancer module. We eventually identified the potential disease-related genes whose interactions provide clues to the overlapping symptoms between SCZ and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Guo
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Chao Meng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7 South Sudi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Shuyue Zhang
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Yingzi Cai
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Junkai Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, No.22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jianbo Shu
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Ju Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Chunquan Cai
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), No. 238 Longyan Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300134, China.
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3
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Cai Q, Tai HC. Super-Resolution Imaging of Tau Proteins in Isolated and Immobilized Brain Synaptosomes. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2754:445-456. [PMID: 38512681 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3629-9_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Tau protein has important physiological functions at both presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals. Pathological tau species are also associated with synaptic dysfunctions in several neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease. To understand tau distribution inside synaptic compartments, super-resolution imaging is required. Here, we describe a facile protocol to immobilize and image brain synaptosomes without aggregation artefacts, by substituting the standard fixative paraformaldehyde with ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate) (EGS). Super-resolution imaging of tau proteins is achieved through three-color direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). Tau protein is found to colocalize with synaptic vesicles as well as postsynaptic densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Hwan-Ching Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
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Ibrahim MJ, Baiju V, Sen S, Chandran PP, Ashraf GM, Haque S, Ahmad F. Utilities of Isolated Nerve Terminals in Ex Vivo Analyses of Protein Translation in (Patho)physiological Brain States: Focus on Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:91-103. [PMID: 37582987 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03562-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Synapses are the cellular substrates of higher-order brain functions, and their dysfunction is an early and primary pathogenic mechanism across several neurological disorders. In particular, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is categorized by prodromal structural and functional synaptic deficits, prior to the advent of classical behavioral and pathological features. Recent research has shown that the development, maintenance, and plasticity of synapses depend on localized protein translation. Synaptosomes and synaptoneurosomes are biochemically isolated synaptic terminal preparations which have long been used to examine a variety of synaptic processes ex vivo in both healthy and pathological conditions. These ex vivo preparations preserve the mRNA species and the protein translational machinery. Hence, they are excellent in organello tools for the study of alterations in mRNA levels and protein translation in neuropathologies. Evaluation of synapse-specific basal and activity-driven de novo protein translation activity can be conveniently performed in synaptosomal/synaptoneurosomal preparations from both rodent and human brain tissue samples. This review gives a quick overview of the methods for isolating synaptosomes and synaptoneurosomes before discussing the studies that have utilized these preparations to study localized synapse-specific protein translation in (patho)physiological situations, with an emphasis on AD. While the review is not an exhaustive accumulation of all the studies evaluating synaptic protein translation using the synaptosomal model, the aim is to assemble the most relevant studies that have done so. The hope is to provide a suitable research platform to aid neuroscientists to utilize the synaptosomal/synaptoneurosomal models to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction within the specific confines of mRNA localization and protein translation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jasim Ibrahim
- Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014
| | - Viswanath Baiju
- Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014
| | - Shivam Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014
| | - Pranav Prathapa Chandran
- Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University City, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014.
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Rivera J, Sharma B, Torres MM, Kumar S. Factors affecting the GABAergic synapse function in Alzheimer's disease: Focus on microRNAs. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102123. [PMID: 37967653 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disease characterized by the loss of cognitive function, confusion, and memory deficit. Accumulation of abnormal proteins, amyloid beta (Aß), and phosphorylated Tau (p-tau) forms plaques and tangles that deteriorate synapse function, resulting in neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD. The human brain is composed of different types of neurons and/or synapses that are functionally defective in AD. The GABAergic synapse, the most abundant inhibitory neuron in the human brain was found to be dysfunctional in AD and contributes to disrupting neurological function. This study explored the types of GABA receptors associated with neurological dysfunction and various biological and environmental factors that cause GABAergic neuron dysfunction in AD, such as Aβ, p-tau, aging, sex, astrocytes, microglia, APOE, mental disorder, diet, physical activity, and sleep. Furthermore, we explored the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of GABAergic synapse function in neurological disorders and AD states. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying GABAergic synapse dysfunction with a focus on miR-27b, miR-30a, miR-190a/b, miR-33, miR-51, miR-129-5p, miR-376-3p, miR-376c, miR-30b and miR-502-3p. The purpose of our article is to highlight the recent research on miRNAs affecting the regulation of GABAergic synapse function and factors that contribute to the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Rivera
- Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Bhupender Sharma
- Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Melissa M Torres
- Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA; L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.
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6
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Marcatti M, Jamison D, Fracassi A, Zhang WR, Limon A, Taglialatela G. A method to study human synaptic protein-protein interactions by using flow cytometry coupled to proximity ligation assay (Syn-FlowPLA). J Neurosci Methods 2023; 396:109920. [PMID: 37459899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synapses are highly specialized sites characterized by intricate networks of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) important to maintain healthy synapses. Therefore, mapping these networks could address unsolved questions about human cognition, synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory in physiological and pathological conditions. The limitation of analyzing synaptic interactions in living humans has led to the development of methods to isolate synaptic terminals (synaptosomes) from cryopreserved human brains. NEW METHOD Here, we established a method to detect synaptic PPIs by applying flow cytometric proximity ligation assay (FlowPLA) to synaptosomes isolated from frozen human frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus (HP) (Syn-FlowPLA). RESULTS Applying this method in synaptosomes, we were able to detect the known post-synaptic interactions between distinct subtypes of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) and their anchoring postsynaptic density 95 protein (PSD95). Moreover, we detected the known pre-synaptic interactions between the SNARE complex proteins synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP25), synaptobrevin (VAMP2), and syntaxin 1a (STX1A). As a negative control, we analyzed the interaction between mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and PSD95, which are not expected to be physically associated. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS PPIs have been studied in vitro primarily by co-immunoprecipitation, affinity chromatography, protein-fragment complementation assays (PCAs), and flow cytometry. All these are valid approaches; however, they require more steps or combination with other techniques. PLA technology identifies PPIs with high specificity and sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The Syn-FlowPLA described here allows rapid analyses of PPIs, specifically within the synaptic compartment isolated from frozen autopsy specimens, achieving greater target sensitivity. Syn-FlowPLA, as presented here, is therefore a useful method to study human synaptic PPI in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Marcatti
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA
| | - Danielle Jamison
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA
| | - Anna Fracassi
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA
| | - Wen-Ru Zhang
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA
| | - Agenor Limon
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA.
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Cavaliere G, Catapano A, Trinchese G, Cimmino F, Penna E, Pizzella A, Cristiano C, Lama A, Crispino M, Mollica MP. Butyrate Improves Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Impairment in Cerebral Cortex and Synaptic Fraction in an Animal Model of Diet-Induced Obesity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010004. [PMID: 36670866 PMCID: PMC9854835 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by cognitive impairment and behavioural abnormalities. The incidence of NDDs in recent years has increased globally and the pathological mechanism is not fully understood. To date, plentiful evidence has showed that metabolic alterations associated with obesity and related issues such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may represent an important risk factor, linking obesity and NDDs. Numerous studies have indicated a correlation between diet and brain activities. In this context, a key role is played by mitochondria located in the synaptic fraction; indeed, it has been shown that high-fat diets cause their dysfunction, affecting synaptic plasticity. In this scenario, the use of natural molecules that improve brain mitochondrial function represents an important therapeutic approach to treat NDDs. Recently, it was demonstrated that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid is capable of counteracting obesity in an animal model, modulating mitochondrial function. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the effects of butyrate on neuroinflammatory state, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain cortex and in the synaptic fraction of a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Our data have shown that butyrate partially reverts neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the brain cortex and synaptic area, improving mitochondrial function and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Catapano
- Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiano Cimmino
- Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Penna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Pizzella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Cristiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-679-990
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Wei A, Wang L. Prediction of Synaptically Localized RNAs in Human Neurons Using Developmental Brain Gene Expression Data. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081488. [PMID: 36011399 PMCID: PMC9408096 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nervous system, synapses are special and pervasive structures between axonal and dendritic terminals, which facilitate electrical and chemical communications among neurons. Extensive studies have been conducted in mice and rats to explore the RNA pool at synapses and investigate RNA transport, local protein synthesis, and synaptic plasticity. However, owing to the experimental difficulties of studying human synaptic transcriptomes, the full pool of human synaptic RNAs remains largely unclear. We developed a new machine learning method, called PredSynRNA, to predict the synaptic localization of human RNAs. Training instances of dendritically localized RNAs were compiled from previous rodent studies, overcoming the shortage of empirical instances of human synaptic RNAs. Using RNA sequence and gene expression data as features, various models with different learning algorithms were constructed and evaluated. Strikingly, the models using the developmental brain gene expression features achieved superior performance for predicting synaptically localized RNAs. We examined the relevant expression features learned by PredSynRNA and used an independent test dataset to further validate the model performance. PredSynRNA models were then applied to the prediction and prioritization of candidate RNAs localized to human synapses, providing valuable targets for experimental investigations into neuronal mechanisms and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wei
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Liangjiang Wang
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-864-656-0733
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9
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Kumar S, Orlov E, Gowda P, Bose C, Swerdlow RH, Lahiri DK, Reddy PH. Synaptosome microRNAs regulate synapse functions in Alzheimer's disease. NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:47. [PMID: 35941185 PMCID: PMC9359989 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-022-00319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are found in nerve terminals, synaptic vesicles, and synaptosomes, but it is unclear whether synaptic and cytosolic miRNA populations differ in Alzheimer's disease (AD) or if synaptosomal miRNAs affect AD synapse activity. To address these questions, we generated synaptosomes and cytosolic fractions from postmortem brains of AD and unaffected control (UC) samples and analyzed them using a global Affymetrix miRNAs microarray platform. A group of miRNAs significantly differed (P < 0.0001) with high fold changes variance (+/- >200-fold) in their expressions in different comparisons: (1) UC synaptosome vs UC cytosol, (2) AD synaptosomes vs AD cytosol, (3) AD cytosol vs UC cytosol, and (4) AD synaptosomes vs UC synaptosomes. MiRNAs data analysis revealed that some potential miRNAs were consistently different across sample groups. These differentially expressed miRNAs were further validated using AD postmortem brains, brains of APP transgenic (Tg2576), Tau transgenic (P301L), and wild-type mice. The miR-501-3p, miR-502-3p, and miR-877-5p were identified as potential synaptosomal miRNAs upregulated with disease progression based on AD Braak stages. Gene Ontology Enrichment and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of synaptosomal miRNAs showed the involvement of miRNAs in nervous system development, cell junction organization, synapse assembly formation, and function of GABAergic synapse. This is the first description of synaptic versus cytosolic miRNAs in AD and their significance in synapse function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Kumar
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 9410, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Erika Orlov
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 9410, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Prashanth Gowda
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 9410, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Chhanda Bose
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 9410, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- grid.266515.30000 0001 2106 0692Department of Neurology, the University of Kansas Medical Center, University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS 66205 USA
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics’ Departments of Psychiatry and Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine’ Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 9410, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 9410, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 9410, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 9410, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA
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10
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Podvin S, Jiang Z, Boyarko B, Rossitto LA, O’Donoghue A, Rissman RA, Hook V. Dysregulation of Neuropeptide and Tau Peptide Signatures in Human Alzheimer's Disease Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1992-2005. [PMID: 35758417 PMCID: PMC9264367 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction and loss occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, which results in cognitive deficits and brain neurodegeneration. Neuropeptides comprise the major group of synaptic neurotransmitters in the nervous system. This study evaluated neuropeptide signatures that are hypothesized to differ in human AD brain compared to age-matched controls, achieved by global neuropeptidomics analysis of human brain cortex synaptosomes. Neuropeptidomics demonstrated distinct profiles of neuropeptides in AD compared to controls consisting of neuropeptides derived from chromogranin A (CHGA) and granins, VGF (nerve growth factor inducible), cholecystokinin, and others. The differential neuropeptide signatures indicated differences in proteolytic processing of their proneuropeptides. Analysis of cleavage sites showed that dibasic residues at the N-termini and C-termini of neuropeptides were the main sites for proneuropeptide processing, and data also showed that the AD group displayed differences in preferred residues adjacent to the cleavage sites. Notably, tau peptide signatures differed in the AD compared to age-matched control human brain cortex synaptosomes. Unique tau peptides were derived from the tau protein through proteolysis using similar and differential cleavage sites in the AD brain cortex compared to the control. Protease profiles differed in the AD compared to control, indicated by proteomics data. Overall, these results demonstrate that dysregulation of neuropeptides and tau peptides occurs in AD brain cortex synaptosomes compared to age-matched controls, involving differential cleavage site properties for proteolytic processing of precursor proteins. These dynamic changes in neuropeptides and tau peptide signatures may be associated with the severe cognitive deficits of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ben Boyarko
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Leigh-Ana Rossitto
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony O’Donoghue
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department
of Neurosciences, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Veterans
Affairs San Diego Health System, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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11
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Hacioglu C, Kar F, Kar E, Kara Y, Kanbak G. Effects of Curcumin and Boric Acid Against Neurodegenerative Damage Induced by Amyloid Beta (1-42). Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3793-3800. [PMID: 33237490 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synaptosomes are used as an ex vivo model in the investigation of neuronal transmission and neurodegenerative processes. In this study, we aimed to determine the protective effects of boric acid (BA) and curcumin, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, on Aβ1-42 induced neurodegenerative damage. Synaptosomes obtained from the rat cerebral cortex were divided into five groups: control, 10 μM Aβ1-42, 10 μM Aβ1-42 + 25 mM BA, 10 μM Aβ1-42 + 10 μM curcumin, and 10 μM Aβ1-42 + 25 mM BA+10 μM curcumin. Synaptosomes treated with Aβ1-42 caused a significant decline in synaptophysin levels and increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, DNA fragmentation values, and nitric oxide (NO) levels compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Synaptosomes treated with BA showed a significant reduction in MDA and NO levels against Aβ1-42 exposure (P < 0.01). In addition, curcumin treatment has been found to cause a significant reduction in AChE activities and MDA levels in synaptosomes (P < 0.05). Co-administration of BA and curcumin on synaptosomes exposed to Aβ1-42 resulted in a significant decrease in DNA fragmentation values, MDA levels, and AChE activities. Curcumin and BA + curcumin combination showed an enhancement in synaptophysin levels of Aβ1-42-induced synaptosomes (P < 0.01). The results showed that BA and curcumin had protective effects on rat brain synaptosomes against Aβ1-42 exposure. BA and curcumin treatment can have abilities to prevent the alterations of the cholinergic system and inhibit oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex synapses of Aβ1-42 exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyhan Hacioglu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Kar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Kar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Yakup Kara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Gungor Kanbak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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12
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Bhattacharya U, Jhou JF, Zou YF, Abrigo G, Lin SW, Chen YH, Chien FC, Tai HC. Surface charge manipulation and electrostatic immobilization of synaptosomes for super-resolution imaging: a study on tau compartmentalization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18583. [PMID: 34545174 PMCID: PMC8452691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptosomes are subcellular fractions prepared from brain tissues that are enriched in synaptic terminals, widely used for the study of neural transmission and synaptic dysfunction. Immunofluorescence imaging is increasingly applied to synaptosomes to investigate protein localization. However, conventional methods for imaging synaptosomes over glass coverslips suffer from formaldehyde-induced aggregation. Here, we developed a facile strategy to capture and image synaptosomes without aggregation artefacts. First, ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate) (EGS) is chosen as the chemical fixative to replace formaldehyde. EGS/glycine treatment makes the zeta potential of synaptosomes more negative. Second, we modified glass coverslips with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to impart positive charges. EGS-fixed synaptosomes spontaneously attach to modified glasses via electrostatic attraction while maintaining good dispersion. Individual synaptic terminals are imaged by conventional fluorescence microscopy or by super-resolution techniques such as direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). We examined tau protein by two-color and three-color dSTORM to understand its spatial distribution within mouse cortical synapses, observing tau colocalization with synaptic vesicles as well postsynaptic densities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia-Fong Jhou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fong Zou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Gerald Abrigo
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Ching Chien
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hwan-Ching Tai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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13
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Di Paolo A, Garat J, Eastman G, Farias J, Dajas-Bailador F, Smircich P, Sotelo-Silveira JR. Functional Genomics of Axons and Synapses to Understand Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:686722. [PMID: 34248504 PMCID: PMC8267896 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.686722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional genomics studies through transcriptomics, translatomics and proteomics have become increasingly important tools to understand the molecular basis of biological systems in the last decade. In most cases, when these approaches are applied to the nervous system, they are centered in cell bodies or somatodendritic compartments, as these are easier to isolate and, at least in vitro, contain most of the mRNA and proteins present in all neuronal compartments. However, key functional processes and many neuronal disorders are initiated by changes occurring far away from cell bodies, particularly in axons (axopathologies) and synapses (synaptopathies). Both neuronal compartments contain specific RNAs and proteins, which are known to vary depending on their anatomical distribution, developmental stage and function, and thus form the complex network of molecular pathways required for neuron connectivity. Modifications in these components due to metabolic, environmental, and/or genetic issues could trigger or exacerbate a neuronal disease. For this reason, detailed profiling and functional understanding of the precise changes in these compartments may thus yield new insights into the still intractable molecular basis of most neuronal disorders. In the case of synaptic dysfunctions or synaptopathies, they contribute to dozens of diseases in the human brain including neurodevelopmental (i.e., autism, Down syndrome, and epilepsy) as well as neurodegenerative disorders (i.e., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases). Histological, biochemical, cellular, and general molecular biology techniques have been key in understanding these pathologies. Now, the growing number of omics approaches can add significant extra information at a high and wide resolution level and, used effectively, can lead to novel and insightful interpretations of the biological processes at play. This review describes current approaches that use transcriptomics, translatomics and proteomic related methods to analyze the axon and presynaptic elements, focusing on the relationship that axon and synapses have with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Di Paolo
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Joaquin Garat
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Guillermo Eastman
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Joaquina Farias
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Polo de Desarrollo Universitario “Espacio de Biología Vegetal del Noreste”, Centro Universitario Regional Noreste, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Federico Dajas-Bailador
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Smircich
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José Roberto Sotelo-Silveira
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
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14
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Chemical Stimulation of Rodent and Human Cortical Synaptosomes: Implications in Neurodegeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051174. [PMID: 34065927 PMCID: PMC8151714 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity events, including long-term potentiation (LTP), are often regarded as correlates of brain functions of memory and cognition. One of the central players in these plasticity-related phenomena is the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptor (AMPAR). Increased levels of AMPARs on postsynaptic membranes thus constitute a biochemical measure of LTP. Isolated synaptic terminals (synaptosomes) are an excellent ex vivo tool to monitor synaptic physiology in healthy and diseased brains, particularly in human research. We herein describe three protocols for chemically-induced LTP (cLTP) in synaptosomes from both rodent and human brain tissues. Two of these chemical stimulation protocols are described for the first time in synaptosomes. A pharmacological block of synaptosomal actin dynamics confirmed the efficiency of the cLTP protocols. Furthermore, the study prototypically evaluated the deficiency of cLTP in cortical synaptosomes obtained from human cases of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FLTD), as well as an animal model that mimics FLTD.
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15
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Nahar M, Jat D. Long-Term Exposure of Alcohol Induced Behavioral Impairments and Oxidative Stress in the Brain Mitochondria and Synaptosomes of Adult Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2021; 18:110-124. [PMID: 33728993 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism causes deleterious effects such as physiological and neuronal alterations leading to the cognitive and other behavioral impairments. Mitochondrial and synaptosomal deteriorations in the brain of alcoholic persons exhibited metabolic, biochemical changes and other related risk factors, which mainly affect the brain function. This study aimed to assess the effect of chronic alcohol-induced mitochondrial and synaptosomal oxidative damage along with behavioral impairment in adult zebrafish. Zebrafish of control group received the system water and normal diet ad libitum (group I); the other groups were treated with 0.20% alcohol (group II) and 0.40% alcohol (group III) directly in fish tank for 22 days. The result revealed significant increase in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione, and significant decline in the activity of catalase and Na+/K+ ATPase compared to control. Furthermore, the alcohol-treated zebrafish also showed significant behavioral alterations. Collectively, this regulatory mechanism demonstrates the effect of long-term alcohol consumption in the zebrafish. Our results indicate that this recreational drug "alcohol" is harmful to brain mitochondria and synaptosomes, which are the main organelles, and play an important role in memory, learning, cognitive function, and ATP formation in the brain, which may represent a significant public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nahar
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Deepali Jat
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
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16
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Picone P, Porcelli G, Bavisotto CC, Nuzzo D, Galizzi G, Biagio PLS, Bulone D, Di Carlo M. Synaptosomes: new vesicles for neuronal mitochondrial transplantation. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:6. [PMID: 33407593 PMCID: PMC7789323 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction is a critical factor in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, mitochondrial transplantation has been advised as an innovative and attractive strategy to transfer and replace damaged mitochondria. Here we propose, for the first time, to use rat brain extracted synaptosomes, a subcellular fraction of isolated synaptic terminal that contains mitochondria, as mitochondrial delivery systems. Results Synaptosome preparation was validated by the presence of Synaptophysin and PSD95. Synaptosomes were characterized in terms of dimension, zeta potential, polydispersity index and number of particles/ml. Nile Red or CTX-FITCH labeled synaptosomes were internalized in LAN5 recipient cells by a mechanism involving specific protein–protein interaction, as demonstrated by loss of fusion ability after trypsin treatment and using different cell lines. The loading and release ability of the synaptosomes was proved by the presence of curcumin both into synaptosomes and LAN5 cells. The vitality of mitochondria transferred by Synaptosomes was demonstrated by the presence of Opa1, Fis1 and TOM40 mitochondrial proteins and JC-1 measurements. Further, synaptosomes deliver vital mitochondria into the cytoplasm of neuronal cells as demonstrated by microscopic images, increase of TOM 40, cytochrome c, Hexokinase II mitochondrial proteins, and presence of rat mitochondrial DNA. Finally, by using synaptosomes as a vehicle, healthy mitochondria restored mitochondrial function in cells containing rotenone or CCCp damaged mitochondria. Conclusions Taken together these results suggest that synaptosomes can be a natural vehicle for the delivery of molecules and organelles to neuronal cells. Further, the replacement of affected mitochondria with healthy ones could be a potential therapy for treating neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Picone
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l' Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB) CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetana Porcelli
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l' Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB) CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Istituto di Biofisica (IBF) (sez. Palermo) CNR, via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze, e Diagnostica Avanzata (BIND) (Sez. Anatomia Umana), Università di Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy.,Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienze e Tecnologie (IEMEST), via M. Miraglia, 20, 90139, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l' Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB) CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giacoma Galizzi
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l' Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB) CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi San Biagio
- Istituto di Biofisica (IBF) (sez. Palermo) CNR, via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Donatella Bulone
- Istituto di Biofisica (IBF) (sez. Palermo) CNR, via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marta Di Carlo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l' Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB) CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy.
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17
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Anastassova N, Aluani D, Kostadinov A, Rangelov M, Todorova N, Hristova-Avakumova N, Argirova M, Lumov N, Kondeva-Burdina M, Tzankova V, Yancheva D. Evaluation of the combined activity of benzimidazole arylhydrazones as new anti-Parkinsonian agents: monoamine oxidase-B inhibition, neuroprotection and oxidative stress modulation. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2299-2309. [PMID: 33818516 PMCID: PMC8354139 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.309843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotective drugs and selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors can slow down the progression and improve symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Since there is an implication of oxidative stress in the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, the compounds possessing an ability to reduce the oxidative stress are prime candidates for neuroprotection. Thereby our current study is focused on the development of new multi-target PD drugs capable of inhibiting the activity of monoamine oxidase-B while exerting neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. A small series of benzimidazole derivatives containing hydroxy and methoxy arylhydrazone fragments has been synthesized and the neurotoxicity of the compounds has been evaluated in vitro on neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and on isolated rat brain synaptosomes by measuring the cell viability and the levels of reduced glutathione and a good safety profile has been shown. The 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy substituted arylhydrazone 7 was the least toxic on neuronal SH-SY5Y cells and showed the lowest neurotoxicity in rat brain synaptosomes. The neuroprotective properties of the test compounds were further assessed using two models: H2O2 -induced oxidative stress on SH-SY5Y cells and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain synaptosomes. Compound 7 showed more pronounced neuroprotective activity on SH-SY5Y cells, compared to the referent melatonin and rasagiline. It also preserved the synaptosomal viability and the reduced glutathione levels; the effects were stronger than those of rasagiline and comparable to melatonin. All the tested compounds were capable to inhibit human monoamine oxidase-B enzyme to a significant extent, however, compound 7 exerted the most prominent inhibitory activity, similar to selegiline and rasagiline. The carried out molecular docking studies revealed that the activity is related to the appropriate molecular structure enabling the ligand to enter deeper in the narrow and highly lipophylic active site pocket of the human monoamine oxidase-B and has a favoring interaction with the key amino acid residues Tyr326 and Cys172. Since much scientific evidence points out the implication of iron dyshomeostasis in PD, the compounds were tested to reduce the ferrous iron induced oxidative molecular damage on biologically important molecules in an in vitro lecithin containing model system. All the investigated compounds denoted protection effect, stronger than the one of the referent melatonin. In order to support the assignments of the significant neuroprotective and antioxidant pharmacological activities, the radical-scavenging mechanisms of the most promising compound 7 were evaluated using DFT methods. It was found that the most probable free radicals scavenging mechanism in nonpolar phase is the hydrogen atom transfer from the amide group of compound 7, while in polar medium the process is expected to occur by a proton transfer. The current study outlines a perspective leading structure, bearing the potential for a new anti-PD drug. All performed procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care Committee of the Medical University of Sofia (Bulgarian Agency for Food Safety with Permission № 190, approved on February 6, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Anastassova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Denitsa Aluani
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anton Kostadinov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Miroslav Rangelov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nadezhda Todorova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nadya Hristova-Avakumova
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Argirova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Lumov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Virginia Tzankova
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Denitsa Yancheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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18
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Morales-Martínez A, Zamorano-Carrillo A, Montes S, El-Hafidi M, Sánchez-Mendoza A, Soria-Castro E, Martínez-Lazcano JC, Martínez-Gopar PE, Ríos C, Pérez-Severiano F. Rich fatty acids diet of fish and olive oils modifies membrane properties in striatal rat synaptosomes. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 24:1-12. [PMID: 30822260 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1584692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Essential fatty acids (EFAs) and non-essential fatty acids (nEFAs) exert experimental and clinical neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. The main EFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), nEFAs, and oleic acid (OA) contained in olive and fish oils are inserted into the cell membranes, but the exact mechanism through which they exert neuroprotection is still unknown. Objectives and Methods: In this study, we assessed the fatty acids content and membrane fluidity in striatal rat synaptosomes after fatty acid-rich diets (olive- or a fish-oil diet, 15% w/w). Then, we evaluated the effect of enriching striatum synaptosomes with fatty acids on the oxidative damage produced by the prooxidants ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) or quinolinic acid (QUIN). Results and Discussion: Lipid profile analysis in striatal synaptosomes showed that EPA content increased in the fish oil group in comparison with control and olive groups. Furthermore, we found that synaptosomes enriched with fatty acids and incubated with QUIN or FeSO4 showed a significant oxidative damage reduction. Results suggest that EFAs, particularly EPA, improve membrane fluidity and confer antioxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Morales-Martínez
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Bioquímica y Biofísica Computacional, ENMH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Absalom Zamorano-Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Bioquímica y Biofísica Computacional, ENMH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sergio Montes
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mohammed El-Hafidi
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alicia Sánchez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elizabeth Soria-Castro
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - Camilo Ríos
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Francisca Pérez-Severiano
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
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19
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Proteomic Characterization of Synaptosomes from Human Substantia Nigra Indicates Altered Mitochondrial Translation in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122580. [PMID: 33276480 PMCID: PMC7761546 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Additionally, numerous studies indicate an altered synaptic function during disease progression. To gain new insights into the molecular processes underlying the alteration of synaptic function in PD, a proteomic study was performed. Therefore, synaptosomes were isolated by density gradient centrifugation from SNpc tissue of individuals at advanced PD stages (N = 5) as well as control subjects free of pathology (N = 5) followed by mass spectrometry-based analysis. In total, 362 proteins were identified and assigned to the synaptosomal core proteome. This core proteome comprised all proteins expressed within the synapses without regard to data analysis software, gender, age, or disease. The differential analysis between control subjects and PD cases revealed that CD9 antigen was overrepresented and fourteen proteins, among them Thymidine kinase 2 (TK2), mitochondrial, 39S ribosomal protein L37, neurolysin, and Methionine-tRNA ligase (MARS2) were underrepresented in PD suggesting an alteration in mitochondrial translation within synaptosomes.
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20
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Kumar S, Reddy PH. The role of synaptic microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165937. [PMID: 32827646 PMCID: PMC7680400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structurally and functionally active synapses are essential for neurotransmission and for maintaining normal synaptic and cognitive functions. Researchers have found that synaptic dysfunction is associated with the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and synaptic dysfunction is even one of the main physiological hallmarks of AD. MiRNAs are present in small, subcellular compartments of the neuron such as neural dendrites, synaptic vesicles, and synaptosomes are known as synaptic miRNAs. Synaptic miRNAs involved in governing multiple synaptic functions that lead to healthy brain functioning and synaptic activity. However, the precise role of synaptic miRNAs has not been determined in AD progression. This review emphasizes the presence of miRNAs at the synapse, synaptic compartments and roles of miRNAs in multiple synaptic functions. We focused on synaptic miRNAs alteration in AD, and how the modulation of miRNAs effect the synaptic functions in AD. We also discussed the impact of synaptic miRNAs in AD progression concerning the synaptic ATP production, mitochondrial function, and synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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21
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Gulyássy P, Puska G, Györffy BA, Todorov-Völgyi K, Juhász G, Drahos L, Kékesi KA. Proteomic comparison of different synaptosome preparation procedures. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1529-1543. [PMID: 33211194 PMCID: PMC7695668 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Synaptosomes are frequently used research objects in neurobiology studies focusing on synaptic transmission as they mimic several aspects of the physiological synaptic functions. They contain the whole apparatus for neurotransmission, the presynaptic nerve ending with synaptic vesicles, synaptic mitochondria and often a segment of the postsynaptic membrane along with the postsynaptic density is attached to its outer surface. As being artificial functional organelles, synaptosomes are viable for several hours, retain their activity, membrane potential, and capable to store, release, and reuptake neurotransmitters. Synaptosomes are ideal subjects for proteomic analysis. The recently available separation and protein detection techniques can cope with the reduced complexity of the organelle and enable the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of thousands of proteins shaping the structural and functional characteristics of the synapse. Synaptosomes are formed during the homogenization of nervous tissue in the isoosmotic milieu and can be isolated from the homogenate by various approaches. Each enrichment method has its own benefits and drawbacks and there is not a single method that is optimal for all research purposes. For a proper proteomic experiment, it is desirable to preserve the native synaptic structure during the isolation procedure and keep the degree of contamination from other organelles or cell types as low as possible. In this article, we examined five synaptosome isolation methods from a proteomic point of view by the means of electron microscopy, Western blot, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to compare their efficiency in the isolation of synaptosomes and depletion of contaminating subcellular structures. In our study, the different isolation procedures led to a largely overlapping pool of proteins with a fairly similar distribution of presynaptic, active zone, synaptic vesicle, and postsynaptic proteins; however, discrete differences were noticeable in individual postsynaptic proteins and in the number of identified transmembrane proteins. Much pronounced variance was observed in the degree of contamination with mitochondrial and glial structures. Therefore, we suggest that in selecting the appropriate isolation method for any neuroproteomics experiment carried out on synaptosomes, the degree and sort/source of contamination should be considered as a primary aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Gulyássy
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Gina Puska
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Development Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, 1078, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE NAP Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Balázs A Györffy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,ELTE-NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Todorov-Völgyi
- MTA-ELTE NAP Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Adrienna Kékesi
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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22
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Ahmad F, Liu P. Synaptosome as a tool in Alzheimer's disease research. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147009. [PMID: 32659233 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synapse dysfunction is an integral feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. In fact, prodromal manifestation of structural and functional deficits in synapses much prior to appearance of overt pathological hallmarks of the disease indicates that AD might be considered as a degenerative disorder of the synapses. Several research instruments and techniques have allowed us to study synaptic function and plasticity and their alterations in pathological conditions, such as AD. One such tool is the biochemically isolated preparations of detached and resealed synaptic terminals, the "synaptosomes". Because of the preservation of many of the physiological processes such as metabolic and enzymatic activities, synaptosomes have proved to be an indispensable ex vivo model system to study synapse physiology both when isolated from fresh or cryopreserved tissues, and from animal or human post-mortem tissues. This model system has been tremendously successful in the case of post-mortem tissues because of their accessibility relative to acute brain slices or cultures. The current review details the use of synaptosomes in AD research and its potential as a valuable tool in furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis and in devising and testing of therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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23
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Positive surface charge of GluN1 N-terminus mediates the direct interaction with EphB2 and NMDAR mobility. Nat Commun 2020; 11:570. [PMID: 31996679 PMCID: PMC6989673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) to dendritic spines is essential for excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity. Rather than remaining trapped at synaptic sites, NMDA receptors undergo constant cycling into and out of the postsynaptic density. Receptor movement is constrained by protein-protein interactions with both the intracellular and extracellular domains of the NMDAR. The role of extracellular interactions on the mobility of the NMDAR is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the positive surface charge of the hinge region of the N-terminal domain in the GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR is required to maintain NMDARs at dendritic spine synapses and mediates the direct extracellular interaction with a negatively charged phospho-tyrosine on the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB2. Loss of the EphB-NMDAR interaction by either mutating GluN1 or knocking down endogenous EphB2 increases NMDAR mobility. These findings begin to define a mechanism for extracellular interactions mediated by charged domains.
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24
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Chukwurah E, Osmundsen A, Davis SW, Lizarraga SB. All Together Now: Modeling the Interaction of Neural With Non-neural Systems Using Organoid Models. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:582. [PMID: 31293366 PMCID: PMC6598414 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex development of the human nervous system has been traditionally studied using a combination of animal models, human post-mortem brain tissue, and human genetics studies. However, there has been a lack of experimental human cellular models that would allow for a more precise elucidation of the intricate dynamics of early human brain development. The development of stem cell technologies, both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), has given neuroscientists access to the previously inaccessible early stages of human brain development. In particular, the recent development of three-dimensional culturing methodologies provides a platform to study the differentiation of stem cells in both normal development and disease states in a more in vivo like context. Three-dimensional neural models or cerebral organoids possess an innate advantage over two-dimensional neural cultures as they can recapitulate tissue organization and cell type diversity that resemble the developing brain. Brain organoids also provide the exciting opportunity to model the integration of different brain regions in vitro. Furthermore, recent advances in the differentiation of non-neuronal tissue from stem cells provides the opportunity to study the interaction between the developing nervous system and other non-neuronal systems that impact neuronal function. In this review, we discuss the potential and limitations of the organoid system to study in vitro neurological diseases that arise in the neuroendocrine and the enteric nervous system or from interactions with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Chukwurah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Center for Childhood Neurotherapeutics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Allison Osmundsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Center for Childhood Neurotherapeutics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Shannon W. Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Center for Childhood Neurotherapeutics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Sofia B. Lizarraga
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Center for Childhood Neurotherapeutics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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25
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Ahmad F, Das D, Kommaddi RP, Diwakar L, Gowaikar R, Rupanagudi KV, Bennett DA, Ravindranath V. Isoform-specific hyperactivation of calpain-2 occurs presymptomatically at the synapse in Alzheimer's disease mice and correlates with memory deficits in human subjects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13119. [PMID: 30177812 PMCID: PMC6120938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain hyperactivation is implicated in late-stages of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, calpains are also critical for synaptic function and plasticity, and hence memory formation and learning. Since synaptic deficits appear early in AD pathogenesis prior to appearance of overt disease symptoms, we examined if localized dysregulation of calpain-1 and/or 2 contributes to early synaptic dysfunction in AD. Increased activity of synaptosomal calpain-2, but not calpain-1 was observed in presymptomatic 1 month old APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice (a mouse model of AD) which have no evident pathological or behavioural hallmarks of AD and persisted up to 10 months of age. However, total cellular levels of calpain-2 remained unaffected. Moreover, synaptosomal calpain-2 was hyperactivated in frontal neocortical tissue samples of post-mortem brains of AD-dementia subjects and correlated significantly with decline in tests for cognitive and memory functions, and increase in levels of β-amyloid deposits in brain. We conclude that isoform-specific hyperactivation of calpain-2, but not calpain-1 occurs at the synapse early in the pathogenesis of AD potentially contributing to the deregulation of synaptic signaling in AD. Our findings would be important in paving the way for potential therapeutic strategies for amelioration of cognitive deficits observed in ageing-related dementia disorders like AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- 0000 0001 0482 5067grid.34980.36Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Debajyoti Das
- 0000 0001 0482 5067grid.34980.36Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Reddy Peera Kommaddi
- 0000 0001 0482 5067grid.34980.36Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Latha Diwakar
- 0000 0001 0482 5067grid.34980.36Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Ruturaj Gowaikar
- 0000 0001 0482 5067grid.34980.36Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Khader Valli Rupanagudi
- 0000 0001 0482 5067grid.34980.36Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - David A. Bennett
- 0000 0001 0705 3621grid.240684.cRush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India. .,Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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26
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Dienel GA. Metabolomic Assays of Postmortem Brain Extracts: Pitfalls in Extrapolation of Concentrations of Glucose and Amino Acids to Metabolic Dysregulation In Vivo in Neurological Diseases. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:2239-2260. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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27
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HIV-1 proteins dysregulate motivational processes and dopamine circuitry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7869. [PMID: 29777165 PMCID: PMC5959859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivational alterations, such as apathy, in HIV-1+ individuals are associated with decreased performance on tasks involving frontal-subcortical circuitry. We used the HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat to assess effect of long-term HIV-1 protein exposure on motivated behavior using sucrose (1–30%, w/v) and cocaine (0.01–1.0 mg/kg/infusion) maintained responding with fixed-ratio (FR) and progressive-ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. For sucrose-reinforced responding, HIV-1 Tg rats displayed no change in EC50 relative to controls, suggesting no change in sucrose reinforcement but had a downward shifted concentration-response curves, suggesting a decrease in response vigor. Cocaine-maintained responding was attenuated in HIV-1 Tg rats (FR1 0.33 mg/kg/infusion and PR 1.0 mg/kg/infusion). Dose-response tests (PR) revealed that HIV-1 Tg animals responded significantly less than F344 control rats and failed to earn significantly more infusions of cocaine as the unit dose increased. When choosing between cocaine and sucrose, control rats initially chose sucrose but with time shifted to a cocaine preference. In contrast, HIV-1 disrupted choice behaviors. DAT function was altered in the striatum of HIV-1 Tg rats; however, prior cocaine self-administration produced a unique effect on dopamine homeostasis in the HIV-1 Tg striatum. These findings of altered goal directed behaviors may determine neurobiological mechanisms of apathy in HIV-1+ patients.
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28
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Kong D, Tian X, Li Y, Zhang S, Cheng Y, Huo L, Ma H, Yang Z, Ren L, Zhang M, Zhang W. Revealing the Inhibitory Effect of Ginseng on Mitochondrial Respiration through Synaptosomal Proteomics. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700354. [PMID: 29687596 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng, the active ingredients of which are ginsenosides, is the most popular herbal medicine and has potential merit in the treatment of cerebral disorders. To better understand the function of Ginseng in the cerebral system, we examined changes in the protein expression profiles of synaptosomes extracted from the cerebral cortical and hippocampal tissues of rats administered a high or low dose of Ginseng for 2 weeks. More than 5000 proteins belonging to synaptosomes were simultaneously identified and quantitated by an approach combining tandem mass tags with 2D liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Regarding differentially expressed proteins, downregulated proteins were much more highly induced than upregulators in the cerebral cortical and hippocampal synaptosomes, regardless of the dose of Ginseng. Bioinformatic analysis indicated the majority of the altered proteins to be located in the mitochondria, directly or indirectly affecting mitochondrial oxidative respiration. Further functional experiments using the substrate-uncoupler inhibitor titration approach confirmed that three representative ginsenosides were able to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Our results demonstrate that Ginseng can regulate the function of mitochondria and alter the energy metabolism of cells, which may be useful for the treatment of central nervous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Kong
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, P. R. China
| | - Yunshan Li
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, P. R. China
| | - Saihang Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, P. R. China
| | - Yiru Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, P. R. China
| | - Lifang Huo
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Ma
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, P. R. China
| | - Zuxiao Yang
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, P. R. China
| | - Leiming Ren
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, P. R. China
| | - Mingquan Zhang
- Department of Basic Theory of Chinese Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050017, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, P. R. China
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29
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DeVos SL, Corjuc BT, Oakley DH, Nobuhara CK, Bannon RN, Chase A, Commins C, Gonzalez JA, Dooley PM, Frosch MP, Hyman BT. Synaptic Tau Seeding Precedes Tau Pathology in Human Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:267. [PMID: 29740275 PMCID: PMC5928393 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is defined by the presence of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates as well as extracellular amyloid-beta plaques. The presence and spread of tau pathology through the brain is classified by Braak stages and thought to correlate with the progression of AD. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have examined the ability of tau pathology to move from one neuron to the next, suggesting a "prion-like" spread of tau aggregates may be an underlying cause of Braak tau staging in AD. Using the HEK293 TauRD-P301S-CFP/YFP expressing biosensor cells as a highly sensitive and specific tool to identify the presence of seed competent aggregated tau in brain lysate-i.e., tau aggregates that are capable of recruiting and misfolding monomeric tau-, we detected substantial tau seeding levels in the entorhinal cortex from human cases with only very rare NFTs, suggesting that soluble tau aggregates can exist prior to the development of overt tau pathology. We next looked at tau seeding levels in human brains of varying Braak stages along six regions of the Braak Tau Pathway. Tau seeding levels were detected not only in the brain regions impacted by pathology, but also in the subsequent non-pathology containing region along the Braak pathway. These data imply that pathogenic tau aggregates precede overt tau pathology in a manner that is consistent with transneuronal spread of tau aggregates. We then detected tau seeding in frontal white matter tracts and the optic nerve, two brain regions comprised of axons that contain little to no neuronal cell bodies, implying that tau aggregates can indeed traverse along axons. Finally, we isolated cytosolic and synaptosome fractions along the Braak Tau Pathway from brains of varying Braak stages. Phosphorylated and seed competent tau was significantly enriched in the synaptic fraction of brain regions that did not have extensive cellular tau pathology, further suggesting that aggregated tau seeds move through the human brain along synaptically connected neurons. Together, these data provide further evidence that the spread of tau aggregates through the human brain along synaptically connected networks results in the pathogenesis of human Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. DeVos
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Bianca T. Corjuc
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Derek H. Oakley
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chloe K. Nobuhara
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Riley N. Bannon
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Alison Chase
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Caitlin Commins
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Jose A. Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Patrick M. Dooley
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Matthew P. Frosch
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
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30
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Sabbagh MN. Editorial Introduction to the Special Issue from the International Symposium on Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Neurol Ther 2017; 6:1-4. [PMID: 28733962 PMCID: PMC5520814 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-017-0068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan N Sabbagh
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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